Izinzuzo Zokugaywa kabusha kweplanethi ziningi, ngenxa yalesi senzo umjikelezo wempilo wanoma iyiphi impahla ungandiswa ukuze uguqulwe ube umkhiqizo ongasetshenziswa isikhathi eside, esikhundleni sokuwuguqula ube udoti futhi ungcolise. Ukugaywa kabusha kuguqula izinto zibe enye into efana nomlingo. Kulesi sihloko sizokukhombisa izigaba, izinhlobo kanye nezinzuzo zokugaywa kabusha. Jabula, funda, zindla futhi wenze!
Izinzuzo zokugaywa kabusha
Izinzuzo zokugaywa kabusha ziningi, njengoba kuvumela ukuphinda kusetshenziswe lezo zinto ezibhekwa njengemfucuza, udoti noma imfucuza, ukuziguqula futhi uzinikeze ukusetshenziswa okusha. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ukugwema ukunqwabelana kwemfucuza, ukulondoloza izinsiza, ukonga amandla nemali. Kusuka lapha kuthola ukubaluleka kwalesi sibonelo sentuthuko esimeme, esivuna ukongiwa kwemvelo okusekelwe ebhalansini phakathi kwezomnotho, imvelo kanye nenhlalakahle okusekelwe ezintathu «R» ukunciphisa, recycle kanye nemfucuza.
Ukuvuselela kabusha kufanele kusetshenziswe uma ufuna ukukhulelwa umphakathi othuthuke ngempela, njengoba ukusebenzisa kabusha kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise udoti endaweni, imvelo izovikeleka kakhulu futhi uzokwazi ukunikeza okungcono kakhulu kwayo. Ukuba nengqondo ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla kungagwema ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo futhi kunganciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nayo yonke imiphumela edalwa yilokhu.
Izigaba Zokugaywa kabusha
Umsebenzi wokugaywa kabusha kufanele udlule ezigabeni ezehlukene ukuze ufeze inhloso yawo, okuwukunikeza ukusetshenziswa okusha kulokho obekubhekwa njengokuwudoti okwesikhashana. Ukuze inqubo yenziwe ngendlela efanele, okokuqala, ukuqoqwa kufanele kwenziwe, okuhlanganisa ukuqoqa noma ukuqoqa imikhiqizo ethile engase ibe yimfucuza.
Okulandelayo, kuyadingeka ukuyihlukanisa noma ukuyihlukanisa, okungukuthi, ukuyala izinto ngamaqembu ukuze zihlanzwe ngokwemvelo yazo. Okokugcina, ukukhiqiza, yilapho ukuguqulwa komkhiqizo kukhiqizwa khona. Lokhu kuwumjikelezo futhi kungaphinda izikhathi ezimbalwa, kokubili ekhaya nasezingeni lezimboni.
Izinhlobo zokugaywa kabusha
Ukuqonda ukuthi ukugaywa kabusha kuyinqubo yokuhlaziya lokho ngesikhathi esisodwa okwakubhekwa njengokuwudoti, ngezinqubo zemishini, zamakhemikhali noma zebhayoloji futhi ngale ndlela uthole into entsha, umkhiqizo noma amandla. Ngalo mqondo, kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokugaywa kabusha, lapha sikubonisa ezivame kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokugaywa kabusha, sithola umshini, osebenzisa umsebenzi wezandla noma ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ekhethekile ukwenza inqubo. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokucubungula ipulasitiki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithola ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali okusebenzisa amasu nezinqubo ezikhiqiza izinguquko esakhiweni somkhiqizo, isibonelo esiyi-hydrogenation, ukuqhekeka okushisayo nokuqedwa, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngokuqondene nohlobo lokugaywa kabusha kwamandla, yilona elisetshenziswa lapho impahla noma izinto zingakwazi ukucutshungulwa futhi zisetshenziswe ngenye indlela, isibonelo salokhu yi-pyrolysis ne-gasification. Ezinye izinhlobo zokugaywa kabusha zingokwebhayoloji, ezisuselwe ekwelashweni noma ekucekeleni phansi kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlukanisiwe noma cha. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kukhona noma ukungabikho komoya-mpilo, futhi ngosizo lwenqubo yemishini.
Isibonelo salokhu izitshalo zokwenza umquba, okuyizinto eziphilayo ezikhiqizwa udoti wezolimo noma izingadi, eziphathwa ukuze kusheshiswe ukubola kwazo futhi zisetshenziswe njengomanyolo. Phakathi kwalokhu kukhona ne-biogas, okuyigesi evuthayo ekhiqizwa endaweni yemvelo noma emishinini ethile, ngokusabela kokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukugaywa kabusha ngezinsalela
Lesi sitayela sokugaywa kabusha sibandakanya ukonga amandla ukuze kugwenywe ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela kusizakale lokho obekungabhekwa njengodoti ngaphambili ukuze kusetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo emisha. Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zokugaywa kabusha.
Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwephepha kanye namakhadibhodi
Lolu hlobo lokugaywa kabusha luletha izinzuzo ezinkulu emhlabeni. Kuyinqubo elula, lapho kuhlukaniswa kokubili amaphepha namakhadibhodi, kukhunjulwa ukuthi iphepha lasekhishini alisebenziseki kabusha, noma amanabukeni ephepha anebala, noma amakhadibhodi, i-polyethylene ne-aluminium packaging, ngokufanayo nephepha. amafutha, aqukethe amalebula anamathelayo, izithombe noma ama-x-ray.
ukugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki
Ipulasitiki ikhona kuzo zonke izinto ezisizungezile, ezimele iphesenti eliphezulu lemfucuza eqinile etholakala emhlabeni. Kungumkhiqizo owusizo kakhulu, kodwa phakathi kwezakhiwo zawo ukumelana kwawo okukhulu nezinqubo ze-biodegradation, okungukuthi, isigaba saso sokubola kwemvelo ngenxa yesenzo sezinto eziphilayo kungathatha isikhathi eside, okudala izinkinga ezinkulu emhlabeni.
Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe ingilazi
Ukugaywa kabusha kwengilazi kuyinqubo eyenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili ngokuwashwa nokuchotshozwa noma ukucibilika nokuncibilika emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kwengeza isihlabathi, i-sodium hydroxide kanye ne-limestone. Le nqubo ingenziwa izikhathi eziningi njengoba kudingekile futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa ngemibala ekhanyayo ensundu noma eluhlaza. Ngenxa yalezi zinqubo, kungenzeka ukugwema ukugcwala kwezindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu futhi ukhiqize imililo emikhulu ebangelwa isenzo selanga nengilazi.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwezindwangu nezicathulo
Ngokuqondene nokugaywa kabusha kwezindwangu, lapho zilahlekelwa usizo lwazo lokuqala, zingase ziphazamiseke ukuze zenze eminye imikhiqizo, zingashiswa ukuze zikhiqize amandla.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza yemvelo (i-biowaste)
Imikhiqizo ye-organic ibhekisela kuzo zonke lezo zinsalela ezibolayo zemvelo yezilwane noma zemifino. Lezi zingakhiqizwa ekhaya noma ezingeni lezimboni. Kuyinqubo yebhayoloji ngokuphelele yemvelo ye-anaerobic kanye ne-aerobic, okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa umoya-mpilo njenge-ejenti eyinhloko, okunikeza ithuba ekudaleni ama-microorganisms ukwenza umquba we-homogeneous onenani eliphezulu lomsebenzi wezolimo.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri namabhethri
Ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinsimbi ezisindayo kumaseli namabhethri, athathwa njengento enobuthi obuphezulu emvelweni. Ukufeza inqubo efanele yokuvuselela kabusha, kunconywa ukugaya ngendlela yesiqandisi. Ngokulandelayo, kufanele idlule ohlelweni lokuhlukanisa, okuthi, ngenxa yetafula elidlidlizayo, lisize ukuhlonza izinsimbi eziyinsimbi nezingeyona insimbi, ipulasitiki, iphepha nothuli lwebhethri. Lesi sakamuva singaphansi kwenqubo ye-hydrometallurgical, lapho ukukhishwa nokubuyiswa kwezinsimbi kusetshenziswa izixazululo eziwuketshezi, ezinamanzi kanye ne-organic. Ukugaywa kabusha kwemishini kusetshenziselwa le nqubo.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwe-Scrap noma insimbi
Ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha izinsalela zensimbi noma izingxenye zensimbi, inqubo yomshini kufanele isetshenziswe ngokomgomo ovumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinsimbi ezisansimbi nezingezona ayoni, ngendlela yokuhlola ivumela ukuhlukanisa nokuhlukanisa izinto. Ekugcineni, izinsalela ezisele zichotshozwa.
Ukugaywa kabusha komhlaba kanye nemfucumfucu
Ukuphinda usebenzise umhlaba noma imfucumfucu ekhiqizwe izakhiwo, ama-earthworks noma izakhiwo, kufanele badlule ku- trommel, evumela ukuthi imfucuza ihlukaniswe ngosayizi ngenkathi ikhipha ukungcola. Iyasetshenziswa futhi amajethi omoya ukuze ahlukanise ngokuvumelana nokuminyana kwawo. Kamuva, amajethi omoya asetshenziswa ukuze aqedele izakhi ezihlukanisayo njengephepha, ipulasitiki noma ingilazi. Ekugcineni, i-high-power magnet isetshenziselwa ukususa izinto ezinsimbi.
ukugaywa kabusha kwamanzi
Ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha amanzi, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji. Empeleni, imfucuza eqinile kufanele isuswe ngesisefo. Bese kusetshenziswa ama-chemical reagent, avumela ukususwa kwezinsalela ezincane eziqinile ezingasuswanga esigabeni sokuqala. Kamuva, i-decantation isetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni izinto ezimbili ezixubile, njengamanzi namafutha. Imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ibe seyengezwa ukuze kuqedwe iminonjana ye-phosphates, amagciwane namagciwane futhi ekugcineni kukhishwa amagciwane ukuze isetshenziswe.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwezinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi
Ukuphinda usebenzise imishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izindlela zemishini ukuhlukanisa izingxenye zayo. Okunzima kule nqubo ukuqedwa kwama-ejenti athile anobuthi njenge-CFC, i-HCFC, amagesi e-HFC, kanye nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo ezikhona kumishini yokupholisa.
Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zokugaywa kabusha
Izinzuzo zokugaywa kabusha zihlobene eduze nokongiwa kwemvelo. Nokho, ngenxa yalelisu, intuthuko esimeme ingafinyelelwa ngokuvumelana nezwe elingenakho ukungcola. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-paradigms kumele aguqulwe ayiswe emhlabeni ohlanzekile lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kwenziwa ngendlela efanele futhi kukhiqizwa ukumoshwa okuncane.
Ukuze ujabulele izinzuzo ezingavezwa umsebenzi wokubuyisela kabusha njengengxenye yomsebenzi wethu wansuku zonke, kuyadingeka ukusungula amasu, ukuhlonipha imithetho emisiwe futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, siqaphele izenzo zethu mayelana nalokhu. Phakathi kwezinzuzo esinazo.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza
Inani elingenakucatshangwa lamathani kadoti liyakhiqizwa emhlabeni, ngokuvamile eligcina lisendaweni enkulu yokulahla imfucumfucu ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu, uma lingavaleleke ngokuqondile ku-ecosystem. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2050 iplanethi izokhiqiza amathani emfucumfucu angaba izigidi ezingu-3.400.
Lokhu kukhiqizwa kukadoti ngokweqile kugcina sekuphele amanzi okuphuza, kwehlisa inhlabathi nomoya, kucekele phansi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okwenza kube inkinga yangempela yezempilo yomphakathi. Manje, uma usebenzela ekusetshenzisweni kabusha njengengxenye yempilo yansuku zonke, ukuncipha kokukhiqizwa kukadoti kuzoba okuphawulekayo futhi iplanethi izokwazisa lokho.
Ukusetshenziswa okuncane kwemithombo yemvelo
Imodeli yabathengi lapho amazwe amaningi ecwiliswa khona idinga inani elikhulu lezisetshenziswa zemvelo ukuze kwanelise izinqubo ezihlukene zezimboni, ezidale umthelela weqiniso ongemuhle kwezemvelo.
Lokhu kuye kwathinta ngokuqondile izakhi zemvelo. Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi okuthintekayo kungenxa yemithombo yemvelo evuselelekayo futhi engavuseleleki, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi kunengcindezi yokuyivuselela kungakhathaliseki imiphumela futhi kokunye ukuchithwa kwensiza. Lapho kusetshenziswa amafomu okugaywa kabusha kanye namafomu esimeme, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, imvelo izoba nethuba lokugcwalisa imijikelezo yokuvuselela ngokwemvelo.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Izinto ezingcolisayo ezitholakala ezinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-dioxin akhishwa kumapulasitiki lapho eshisiwe, udoti oqinile, nezinye izinhlobo ezinobuthi ziyakwazi ukucekela phansi imvelo yonke. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqoqa ezivumela ukulondolozwa nokugcinwa kwemvelo ehlukene.
Impilo yomphakathi
Ukungcola sekuyinkinga yezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Hhayi nje ngenxa yokuwohloka nokucekelwa phansi kwezinga lempilo, kodwa nangenxa yokuzala kwezilwane ezikhiqiza izifo, njengamagundane, izinambuzane, amagciwane kanye ne-pathogenic protozoa. Ukugaywa kabusha kunganciphisa kakhulu lezi zimo ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yesintu.
Ukonga amandla
Umphakathi wamanje wabathengi usebenzisa amandla ngokweqile, avela kakhulu kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, okukhiqiza imiphumela emibi ezingeni lomhlaba. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuya ngokuya kudingeke ukuthi kusetshenziswe izinhlelo zamandla emvelo kanye nokuqwashisa izakhamuzi ukuze kusetshenziswe le nsiza ngokunengqondo.
Yehlisa ukufudumala komhlaba
Uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha lunganciphisa kakhulu umphumela we-greenhouse. Yiyo ebangelwa ukuphuma kwamagesi afana ne-CO2, i-nitrogen oxides, i-hydrofluorocarbons nama-chlorofluorocarbon.
Ukuncishiswa kwamahlathi
Uma kusetshenziswa kabusha, ukugawulwa kwezihlahla okungenasidingo kuyagwenywa. Ukuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlathi, okusiza ekuthuthukiseni kakhulu izinga lomoya kanye nomhlabathi.
ukonga imali
Ukwamukela ukugaywa kabusha njengendlela yokuphila kusiza ekunciphiseni izindleko zezomnotho, njengoba ukuthenga okungenasidingo kuyagwenywa, okunomthelela ekwehliseni ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza. Kanye nokuncipha kokuphehlwa kukadoti, okuhumusheka kukonga izinhlaka zikahulumeni mayelana nokuphathwa nokuphathwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo.
Imithombo emisha yomsebenzi
Izinhlelo zezomnotho ezintsha eziqondiswe ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme noma umnotho oyindilinga, zidinga ukwakhiwa kwezinkampani ezengeziwe ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwemikhiqizo ethile futhi ngenxa yalokhu, abasebenzi abakhethekile bayadingeka ezinqubweni ezehlukene zokuhlukanisa, ukuqoqwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwemfucuza ehlukene ekhiqizwa umsebenzi womuntu.
umthwalo wezizukulwane
Ukungcola kuyiqiniso elikhona manje emhlabeni, okuthi uma kungaphathwa kahle kuzuzwe yizizukulwane ezizayo eziyoba yizisulu zemikhuba emibi esetshenziswa ekwelapheni nasekuvimbeleni ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kwamanje. Kungakho kudingekile ukuthi kusungulwe imithetho, iziqondiso kanye nemithetho okumele isebenze ngempela ukuze kuqalwe ukuqeda lesi sihlava esibi.
Ikhuthaza ubuhlakani bokuthuthukisa intuthuko esimeme
Intuthuko evumelanayo yomuntu kanye nemvelo yakhelwe kokubili ngamasu kanye nokuqaphela ukulondolozwa nokuhlonipha izakhi zemvelo. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izindlela ezintsha ezisebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo ngokunengqondo futhi ukugaywa kabusha kuyingxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko esimeme kuzo zonke izindawo zomuntu.
Uhlelo Lokugaya kabusha
Iplanethi ifuna uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha olunciphisa kakhulu amazinga amanje okungcola. Ukwenza lokhu, izakhi zokuhlonza ezihlakaniphile zingasetshenziswa, njengeziqukathi ezinokulawula ukufinyelela ezingasetshenziswa nge-Smartphone. Ukulawulwa kokuhlukaniswa okufanele kwemfucuza. Yenza imikhankaso yokuqwashisa noma yebhonasi kulezo zakhamuzi ezigaya kabusha ngendlela efanele. Thuthukisa ukugaywa kabusha futhi ukwandise ukusebenza kahle kwakho, ukwandisa imali engenayo evela ekubuyiseni udoti. Fundisa ukuze abantu babe nolwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nendlela efanele yokugaywa kabusha.
Iziqukathi
Ukuze wenze kabusha ngendlela efanele, kubalulekile ukwazi uhlelo lokuhlukanisa, oluhlukaniswa ngokwesigaba salo, ukuze lufakwe esitsheni esihambisanayo. Iziqukathi ezisetshenziselwa uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha zikhonjwa ngemibala, emele uhlobo lwento. Lolu hlelo lufanelekile ukuthi lusetshenziswe ezikoleni, ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezinkampanini, ngale ndlela ukulondolozwa kwemvelo kuqinisekisiwe.
Iziqukathi zihlukaniswa ngombala, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, zisetshenziselwa ukufaka amaphepha namakhadibhodi asuka emabhokisini, ezitsheni zekhadibhodi nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwephepha njengamaphephandaba, omagazini, imibhalo, izincwajana, amaphepha okugoqa, amabhanela okushicilela, phakathi kokunye. Isitsha esiphuzi sisetshenziselwa ukuvuselela amabhodlela epulasitiki, izitsha zokudla, izikhwama zepulasitiki, amabhokisi obisi, kanye namathini eziphuzo ezibandayo. Okuluhlaza kusetshenziselwa ukufaka ingilazi njengamabhodlela engilazi, izimbiza, izingcezu zezibuko nezingilazi eziphukile.
Endabeni yeziqukathi ezisawolintshi, zisetshenziselwa ukuvuselela imfucuza yemvelo, uma lesi sitsha singekho, kusetshenziswa isitsha esimpunga. Elibomvu alivamile neze ngoba lisetshenziselwa ukuqukatha imfucumfucu enobuthi neyingozi, njengemfucumfucu yasesibhedlela, amabhethri, izibulala-zinambuzane, ama-aerosol, amafutha noma imikhiqizo yezobuchwepheshe futhi ekugcineni isitsha esimpunga, esisetshenziselwa ukuqukatha udoti wasendlini nezinsalela. azingeni kwezinye izigaba.
Amaqiniso ajabulisayo
Ubuwazi yini ukuthi minyaka yonke kukhiqizwa amathani kadoti ongacutshungulwa futhi eminyakeni engu-40 edlule kuye kwakhiqizwa udoti omningi emhlabeni kunalokhu kwavela umuntu. Imfucumfucu ekhiqizwa umuntu yakhiwe 45% yezinto eziphilayo, 22% iphepha namakhadibhodi, 10% plastic, 7% ingilazi, 4% metal, 2% brik kanye 10% enye imfucuza. Uma kungenzeka ukugaywa kabusha amathani angu-2 epulasitiki, kuzokonga ithani elingu-1 lamafutha ezinsalela, njengoba kwenzeka ngethani leziqukathi zengilazi ezisetshenzisiwe, kuzokonga amalitha angu-130 kaphethiloli.
Ukuqalisa
Uma ufuna abantu abadala basebenzise kabusha, vele ukhulume nezingane ngokubaluleka kokugaywa kabusha futhi zizokwenza. Indlela yokugaywa kabusha kahle kufanele kube isifundo esiyimpoqo kuzo zonke izikole. Ungabona ukuthi umphakathi uthuthuke kangakanani ngenani likadoti owusebenzisa kabusha. Ukugaywa kabusha kuhle ngezindlela eziningi, ngisho noma umgomo wokugcina uwukwenza abantu bagweme ukumosha kwasekuqaleni.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi ubukele le vidiyo, ukuze usebenzise ubuciko obuhle bokuvuselela kabusha, iplanethi izokubonga.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nemvelo, landela lezi zixhumanisi, uzozithanda!:
Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwemvelo