Phakathi kwezilwane ze-aquifer yasolwandle kukhona enye yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu, i umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ebizwa nangokuthi i-blue whale, inkulu, uma ujoyina lolu hambo olumangalisayo uzothola izici zayo, njengokuziphatha kwayo, ukudla kwayo nakho konke okuhlobene nokuphila kwayo olwandle.
Injani iBlue Whale?
Kuyi-mysticete cetacean ukuthi esikhundleni sokuba namazinyo anentshebe emnandi, i-Balaenopteridae ingumndeni wayo wemvelaphi, iye yaqashelwa njengowomkhomo ohlaba umxhwele kakhulu emhlabeni, ofinyelela kumamitha angama-30 ubude, nesisindo samathani ayi-180, uyathandeka i Umkhomo ompunga ukwazisa ubuhle bayo kuyinto eyigugu kakhulu abantu abangayazisa.
Umkhomo oluhlaza waziwa kangcono ngokuthi umkhomo oluhlaza, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi igama lawo lesayensi yi-balaenoptera musculus yomndeni we-balaenopteridae, ngosayizi ophakathi ungatholakala ngezilinganiso eziphakathi kwamamitha angu-24 no-27 ubude nesisindo esingafika kumathani ayi-100 kanye ne-120. . Okusho ukuthi sebeyisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Okungase kukhulunywe njengeqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi ulimi lwayo lunesisindo esilingana nendlovu futhi inhliziyo yayo inesisindo esilingana nemoto, kuyamangalisa ngempela, umzimba wayo uyamangalisa ukuwubuka ngoba ubhalwe ngesitayela esihle futhi mude kakhulu. umbala ompunga oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yonke ingxenye engemuva futhi okuthi lapho yehlela endaweni ye-ventral iba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokukhanyayo.
https://youtu.be/zbUemvV8iLA
Ku-blue whale, i-subspecies ezintathu ezihluke kakhulu zaziwa: i-Balaenoptera musculus musculus, etholakala esifundeni sasePacific naseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, i-Balaenoptera musculus intermedia, etholakala e-Antarctic Ocean, kanye ne-Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, ibizwa ngokuthi i-pygmy blue whale, evame kakhulu ezindaweni zase-Indian Ocean naseNingizimu Pacific.
Umkhomo obukekayo, njengamanye ama-baleen whale, udla ama-crustaceans amancane kakhulu abizwa ngokuthi i-Krill, lobu buhle babuchichima ezindaweni eziningi zoLwandlekazi kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-40, iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1.966 bashushiswa abazingeli bemikhomo abesabekayo baze bacishe wanyamalala, kwaba Ukusuka lapho, umqondo wokubavikela ngokusebenzisa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe wavela ngo-XNUMX.
Ngokombhalo ogciniwe wonyaka ka-2002, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangu-5.000 12.000 no-XNUMX XNUMX emhlabeni wonke, bahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amahlanu kuphela, bevumelana ngokulinganisa.
Konke kwenzeka kudala ngaphambi kokuba kuqale umkhomo odumile kwezohwebo, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi isibalo esikhulu sabantu abadoba imikhomo sasise-Antarctica esinabantu abangu-239.000, okumanje sinesibalo sabantu abayizi-2000, esiphansi kakhulu oLwandlekazini i-Indian, Antarctic kanye naseNyakatho-mpumalanga yePacific, enezilwandle ezimbili. amaqembu asatshalaliswa eNyakatho ye-Atlantic futhi okungenani amabili ezindaweni eziseningizimu nenkabazwe.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-blue whale-Cetacea okuthakazelisayo
Yeka ukuthi kuthakazelisa kanjani ukwazi ukuthi i-cosmopolitan, kusho ukuthi isakazwa kuzo zonke izindawo zeplanethi ngaphandle kwe-Arctic, njengoba nje kungenakwenzeka ukuyithola olwandle olunjenge-Okhotsk, iMedithera noma i-Arctic. Bering olwandle, ithanda amapulatifomu ezwekazi kakhulu njengamasimu eqhwa avulekile.
Ngokufanayo, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi iye yatholakala olwandle olujule kakhulu, okwamanje okubonisa ukuthi ibonakala eNyakatho yePacific nokuthi eNyakatho ye-Antarctic kulapho inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-blue whale ligxila khona ngempela, njengoba kwenza ibhere elimhlophe. isilwane futhi ngokubabazekayo.
Ezentela
Indlela ehlakaniphe kakhulu yokuhlela lo mbhukudi omangalisayo futhi onomusa ukuwuthola njengoba bekungenziwa ngawo wonke ama-mysticetes abhekisela emikhomo yomndeni wakwaBalaenidae nokuthi ama-fin whales abhekisela emndenini we-Balaenopteridae phakathi kokuhambisana kwawo nomkhomo oluhlaza, i-fin. umkhomo, i-humpback whale, i-boreal whale, i-bryde's whale, i-minke whale, i-austral whale, i-omura whale kanye ne-tropical whale.
Kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi i-balaenoptiridae yomndeni ihluke kwezinye izigaba ze-suborder mysticeti phakathi kwe-Oligocene, yengezwe kulokhu, akukho ukunemba kokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabo.
I-blue whale ihlukaniswa kuphela njengenye yezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili ze-rorqual esigabeni se-balaenoptera, nakuba yahlukaniswa ngokuhambisana negunya elaqoka ngaleyo ndlela ukuthi ingeyohlobo lweSibbaldus, ayizange isungulwe kuze kube yilapho igcizelela ukulandelana kwe-DNA. lapho kuboniswa khona ukuthi i-phylogenetically ixhumene kakhulu ne-minke whale- Balaenoptera boraelis.
Kanye nohlobo lwe-bryde-balaenoptera brydei, njengabanye abantu be-balaenoptera, eduze kakhulu ne-yubarta-magaptera, ku-grey whale-eschrichtius, kune-minke whales-balaenoptera acutorostrata kanye ne-austral whale-balaenoptera bonaerensis kuze kube namuhla.
Ngakho-ke, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi kunezimo ze-hybrids eziye zabhalwa phakathi kwalolu hlobo kanye nemikhomo evamile endaweni yemvelo, nakuba kungaziwa ukuthi zingakanani amandla okuzala, uma kucatshangelwa lokho okushiwo nguGullberg no-Arnason owasungula. ibanga lofuzo phakathi kwe-fin whale kanye ne-blue whale efana naleyo ephakathi kwe-gorilla nomuntu.
Ngakho-ke, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama lezinhlobo, i-musculus, livela kwisiLatini, okusho ukuthi libhekisela emisipha, kwakunguLinnaeus owayibiza ngokuthi umkhomo oluhlaza ohlelweni lwakhe lwe-naturae yonyaka we-1.758. Kwezinye izikhathi kwakunqunywa ngamanye amagama anjengomkhomo kaSibbald ngokuhlonishwa kukaSir Robert Sibbald, umkhomo omkhulukazi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomkhomo omkhulukazi wasenorthern, okungamagama asala ngemuva.
Izinhlobo ezine ezingaphansi nazo zavela, kodwa eyodwa yazo ayiqinisekile:
- I-Balaenoptera-m-musculus kaLinnaeus ngonyaka we-1.758 eyayibhekise kumkhomo oluhlaza okuhlanganisa neNyakatho yePacific kanye neNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
- Balaenoptera-m-intermediate by Burmeister ngonyaka 1.871, njengoba Antarctic blue whale, omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi engase itholakala Antarctic Ocean.
- I-Balaenoptera -m -brevicauda ka-Ichihara ngo-1.966, i-pygmy blue whale nabantu ngabanye eNingizimu Pacific kanye ne-Indian Ocean.
- Futhi i-Balaenoptera -m-indica yemvelaphi engabazekayo ka-Blyth ngo-1.859, umkhomo omkhulu waseNdiya, otholakala e-Indian Ocean futhi okungenzeka kube yi-Balaenoptera -m-brevicauda efanayo.
Incazelo kanye nokuziphatha kweBlue Whale
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, kuye kwachazwa ukuthi i-blue whale ifinyelela isivinini esimangalisayo esifinyelela ku-50 km/h lapho, ngokomzwelo wemvelo, izwa ukuthi kunezinsongo eziwuzungezile, ngokuvamile ihamba ngesivinini esingu-22 km/h futhi uma Iphakele lelo jubane lehla lifike ku-5 noma ku-6 Km/h, lingakwazi ukufinyelela ekujuleni okungafika ku-100 no-500 wamamitha.
Into emangalisa kakhulu ukuthi ingakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaphezu kwe-10 futhi kuze kufike emaminithini angu-20, bese ifika phezulu ukuze iqalise i-jet of steam ebamba ukubuka kusuka kumamitha amaningana, ifinyelele ubude obusuka ku-6 kuya ku-12 wamamitha. , inamandla amaphaphu amahle kakhulu angu-5.000 amalitha.
Inomzimba ozacile kakhulu futhi omude obonakala umuhle kakhulu uma uyiqhathanisa ne-plumper constitution yezinye i-mysticetes, inekhanda elikhulu elithatha ingxenye yesine yomzimba wayo, futhi futhi iyisicaba kakhulu imise okwe-U, ithwele i-crest. ephuma kuma-spiracles abheke ohlangothini lwangaphambili lobuso bayo.
Umlomo engxenyeni yawo engaphambili ugqinsile kakhulu, ohlangothini ngalunye unamabhabhu aphakathi kuka-300 no-400, lapho ibhabhu ngayinye inobude obucishe bube yimitha elilodwa ukulenga phezu komhlathi wayo ongaphezulu, ingamasentimitha angama-1 ububanzi. ubude bayo.
Inemisele esuka ku-55 iye ku-88, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-ventral folds ejabulela ukunwetshwa komphimbo, ihambisana kakhulu nomzimba, yiyona evumela ukuphuma kwamanzi ngomlomo wayo, ngemva kokuba amaphaphu dla.
I-dorsal fin emangalisayo ibonakala kuphela ngokutshuza olwandle, i-fin etholakala ekuqaleni kwekota yokugcina yomzimba, incane kakhulu futhi iguquguquke kakhulu, ingaba yindilinga, i-triangular, igobe kahle noma incane. isibotho.
Kuyamangaza ukubonga ngaleso sikhathi uma kufikwa phezulu ukubheka umoya, khona lapho, ikhombisa umhlane wayo kanye nokuphuma kwayo emanzini kakhulu kuneminye imikhomo ye-baleen efana nejwayelekile noma i-minke whale, lena izici ezisetshenziswa ababukele ukuze bazihlukanise olwandle.
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba baqale i-pirouette ukuze bajule, baveza amaphiko abo emanzini ukuze baveze, isenzakalo esimangalisa kakhulu abazenzayo lapho bephefumulela phezulu.
Bekuyimikhomo ye-baleen ene-spiracle ephindwe kabili, evikelwe kahle yi-protuberance ukusuka phambili ukuya ohlangothini, ngokuphepha kakhulu kuneminye imikhomo. Amaphiko e-pectoral anomumo ocijile okala phakathi kwamamitha angu-3 kuya kwangu-4, azongwevu anomugqa omhlophe esihlokweni esingaphezulu futhi amhlophe engxenyeni engezansi.
Ikhanda kanye ne-caudal fin kuboniswa ngokumpunga, okuvame ukuba namabalabala endaweni engenhla futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaphiko, isici blue whale zishintshashintsha kakhulu ngoba amakhulu azo zonke angaba mpunga ngokumnyama, kanti ezinye zingaba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokumnyama, zibe mnyama futhi zibempunga zonke zibe namachashaza amancane ahlakazeke emzimbeni wonke.
Indawo yesisu sayo ivamise ukuvezwa ngombala ophuzi noma ompunga ngoba igudla kakhulu nezilwane ezibizwa ngama-diatom ezitholakala emanzini abandayo e-Antarctic, eNyakatho ye-Atlantic naseNyakatho ye-Pacific, ziyashesha kangangokuthi zingafinyelela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. ijubane lika-50Km/h, okusho ukuthi amafindo angu-27 lapho bezwa ukuthi bayasongelwa.
Ijubane elijwayelekile elihanjwa wumkhomo oluhlaza lingama-22Km/h kuphela, okungukuthi, amafindo angu-12 okufuduka, kuyilapho uma lidla lifinyelela ijubane elingu-2 no-6,5 Km/h, 1 no-3,5 amafindo, lithanda ukuhlala ngababili noma lilodwa. , kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba baqoqe abantu abangafika kwabayi-7 ukuze badle lapho bethola khona ukudla, ukuze imikhomo efinyelela ku-60 iqoqwe endaweni eyodwa ukuze idle.
Ngisho noma sebeqoqiwe, abafani namanye amaqembu emikhomo ye-baleen, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kubonise ukuthi amapheya emikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho esekhulile akhiwa owesifazane nowesilisa, kodwa abuye abonwa. isikhathi eside kwabesilisa abathile bekhwelana nezinsikazi ezihluke ngokuphelele.
Ubukhulu nesisindo somkhomo oluhlaza
Egqugquzelwa ubukhulu bawo obukhulu, akulula neze ukuwakala, njengoba kudala lapho kuzingelwa umkhomo wawungawukali uphelele, ayekwenza ngezingxenye zokusikeka ayezenza futhi ayecabanga ukuthi kungcono ukuwusebenzisa. , okwadala ingxabano enkulu ngoba ngokwenza kanjalo kwakuphuma igazi noketshezi oluthile.
Kodwa, noma kunjalo, kungabonakala ukuthi umuntu omdala angakala phakathi kwamamitha angama-24 kuya kwangu-27 ubude, enesisindo esiphakathi kwamathani ayi-100 no-120, elikhulu kunawo wonke aqoshwe njengelikala amamitha angu-33,63 lapho ukukalwa okuvumelekile nokuqinisekiswa kwakungamamitha angu-29,9.
Eningizimu yeGeorgia ngonyaka ka-1.947, kwabanjwa umkhomo wesifazane onesisindo esingamathani angu-173. Kucatshangelwa ngokukhethekile ukuthi lezo ezisemanzini aseningizimu nenkabazwe zinkulu kakhulu kunalezo ezisenyakatho nokuthi ezinsikazi zinkulu kakhulu kunezabesilisa.
Umkhomo oluhlaza ulinganiselwa njengesilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezikhona emhlabeni wonke ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane esinesisindo esikhona noma esike saba khona, umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngendlela enkulu kakhulu kune-mayorum yasePatagotitan eyaziwa kakade. Njenge- izibankwakazi zasemanzini Okukhulu kakhulu kwakungamathani angama-77 ngesisindo.
Inhlanzi engasekho i-Leedsichthys ifana kakhulu ngobukhulu, iphawula ukuthi kwakungewona umsebenzi olula ukuthola izinsalela zamathambo aphelele nokuthi kwakulinganiselwa isisindo kuphela futhi noma kunjalo ayengagqami njengomkhoma oluhlaza.
Yeka ukumangala okumangalisayo ukuthi i-lenga yalesi silwane esihle inesisindo esingamathani angu-2,7 futhi imangalisa nakakhulu lapho ivulwa ukuthi ingagcina amathani angu-90 okudla namanzi. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukuba mkhulu akukwazi ukugwinya izinto ezinkulu kunebhola lolwandle.
Inhliziyo yalo mkhomo omuhle yinkulu kangangokuthi isisindo sayo singama-600 kg, okusho ukuthi yiwona omkhulu kunawo wonke esimweni sesilwane, ngaphezu kokuba nomthambo wayo we-aorta nobubanzi obungamasentimitha angama-23, enye into ukuthi umkhomo oluhlaza uma izalwe inesisindo esingafika ku-2.700 kg futhi ilinganisa amamitha ayi-7 kanye ne-8 ilingana nemvubu endala.
Ukudla
Umbuzo uphakama, idlani imikhomo?; badla i-Krill, okuwukudla okulandelana kwama-crustaceans, bangadla kuze kufike ezigidini ezingu-40 nsuku zonke futhi uma umhlathi wabo uvale bakhiphe amanzi angaphezulu ngenkathi begcina ukudla nge-baleen yabo, baphinde badle ama-minnows amancane, i-squid. namanye ama-crustaceans amaningi.
Ziyizinhlobo ezikhethekile kangangokuthi zidinga kuphela ama-kilojoule ayizigidi ezingu-1,5 ngosuku, okuyinto ezobavumela ukuba babe namandla okwanele futhi ngenxa yalokho basize ukuba basebenze kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqonda ukuthi noma bedla i-Krill baphinde badle amanani amancane kakhulu we-copepods, okuwuhlobo oluvela kulo i-zooplankton, lapho bedla khona eziningi ezisuka kolunye uLwandle ziye kolunye, njengaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic. bathola i-Thysanoessa inermis, i-Thysanoessa raschii, i-meganyctiphanes novergica.
Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, i-Thysanoessa longicaudata isidlo sazo esiyintandokazi, esisesifundeni saseNyakatho yePacific i-Thysanoessa spinifera, i-Thysanoessa raschii, i-Euphausia pacifica ne-Nyctiphanes symplex, ibheka e-Antarctic Euphausia Valentín, i-Euphausia superba, i-Euphausia yalolu hlobo lokudla okuyi-crystal aslohale.
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi umkhomo omdala udla ama-Krill afinyelela ezigidini ezingu-40 nsuku zonke, yingakho uya ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi nala ma-crustaceans, adla amathani alinganiselwa kwangu-4 ngosuku ngesikhathi sonyaka ophakeme futhi mhlawumbe amathani angu-8 ngoba zidinga amandla amaningi e-caloric ngosuku.
Okujwayelekile kakhulu uma zidla zikwenza ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 emini kanti ebusuku zizenzela phezulu kuphela, ekujuleni kusesikhathini esisuka emizuzwini emi-5 kuye kweyi-15. , ngisho noma Arekhodwe ekujuleni okungafika kumaminithi angu-20 okuvame kakhulu futhi kufika kumaminithi angu-36, anamandla amangalisayo amaphaphu.
Into exaka kakhulu ukuthi uma zidla, wumcimbi abawenza nge- filtering system, yilokhu okubizwa nge-lunge uma ivula umlomo igcwalisa amanzi amaningi nama-Krill amaningi, bese ivala umhlathi ngokuphusha amanzi phezulu ukuze awakhiphe ngentshebe yawo.
Lokhu kusiza amanzi ukuba akhishwe ngenkathi ezingela inyamazane yawo egcinwe kuwo; bahle kakhulu uma benza lezi zehlakalo eziyingxenye yempilo yabo olwandle, ukubabona becwila emanzini bese beza phezulu kuyamangaza, kuyingqayizivele, kukhethekile ukwazisa izikhathi ezinjalo.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kweBlue Whale
Isikhathi i-blue whale efinyelela ngaso ukuvuthwa ngokobulili siphakathi kweminyaka emihlanu neyishumi ubudala, okubonisa ukuthi imikhomo izalwa kanjaniBanesikhathi sokukhulelwa esithatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-12, kuyinqubo ephilayo umkhomo oyinsikazi oyi-blue whale futhi ngokuvamile uzala ithole elilodwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu futhi elizalwa ngenkathi yasebusika emanzini ahlanzekile kakhulu aphansi kakhulu. ukuphakama.
Kuyinkonyane elizalwa linesisindo esingamathani amathathu, eliphakathi kwamamitha angu-7 no-8 ubude, linelukuluku lokwazi ukuthi izilinganiso nesisindo semvubu endala, amankonyane ancela izinyanga ezingu-8, umkhomo uphila iminyaka engu-80. kanye neminyaka engama-90.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
Isikhathi sokushada sivela ngokuqondile phakathi kwenkathi yasekwindla futhi siqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni kobusika.Alukho ulwazi oluningi ngokuthi lokhu kuziphatha kunjani noma kuhlanganiswe kanjani ukuze kube nenzalo yakho, ezala ebusika, inkathi epholile kakhulu. .
Ingane enesisindo esingamathani amathathu futhi ubude bayo buphakathi kwamamitha angu-7 no-8, amathole aphuza ubisi oluningi ngosuku cishe amalitha angu-380, ukwandisa cishe u-90 kg wesisindo ngosuku, ukulumula kwenzeka lapho kakade. Izinyanga eziyisi-8 ubudala, yisikhathi lapho ithole selikhule ngokuphindwe kabili.
Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili lapho beneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, lapho nje bekala amamitha angu-20 no-21 ubude futhi kwabesifazane lapho befika kumamitha angu-21 no-23, njengabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, kungaqondwa ukuthi ukuvuthwa ngokomzimba kwabesilisa. ezitholakala enyakatho nenkabazwe kwenzeka lapho zifinyelela amamitha angu-24 ubude futhi kwabesifazane lapho zifinyelela amamitha angu-25 ubude, ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-80 nangaphezulu.
Kungaphawulwa futhi ukuthi ukucupha kwalezi zilwane ogwini akujwayelekile kakhulu, ngenxa yezinhlobo zezilwane ekwakhekeni kwayo kwezenhlalo, ngakho-ke ukubona imicu emikhulu kuyinto emangalisayo okuthi uma kwenzeka idonse ukunaka kwabantu abaningi.
Lapho kwenzeka isenzakalo esasithakazelisa kakhulu ngonyaka ka-1.920 lapho umkhomo othile unamathela eduze kakhulu neBragar esiqhingini esincane saseLewis e-Outer Hebrides yaseScotland, umkhumbi womkhomo wanamathisela ihabhu kuwo, ongazange ufike. ukuqhuma kwavumela umkhomo ukuba uphelele ogwini, lapho amathambo awo amabili ayeqoshwe khona eLewis futhi okuze kube yinamuhla eheha ezokuvakasha.
Ukucula
Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi umkhomo oluhlaza unomsindo ongavamile kangangokuthi leyo misindo emikhulu ewukhiphayo iphansi kakhulu futhi imvamisa ifaneleka kakhulu ukusungula ukuxhumana okude kwebanga eliphansi kwamanzi.
Kushiwo uCummings noThompson okwazile ukwenza isilinganiso ngonyaka ka-1.971 sevolumu engama-decibel ayi-155 kanye ne-188 ngokuhlobene nePascal encane (µPa) yebanga lemitha elilodwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wonke amaqembu ethula izingcingo ngemvamisa engu-10 no-40 Hz futhi angafinyelela ngisho ku-9 Hz, kucatshangelwa ukuthi umsindo ophansi kakhulu ongawuthwebula umuntu ungu-20 Hz futhi ophakeme ufinyelela ku-524 Hz.
Ziwukuphuma kwezingcingo ezithatha imizuzwana engu-10 kuya kwengu-30, isibonelo, eSri Lanka bakwazi ukugcina amarekhodi alezi zingoma ezakha amanothi amane athatha imizuzu emibili lilinye, ekhipha izingoma ezithambile zomkhomo.
Kodwa abacwaningi baye bacabangela ukuthi lesi yisenzakalo esiye satholakala kuphela ezihlotsheni ezincane ze-Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda-pygmy. Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kungani bekhipha lolu hlobo lwemisindo, nakuba u-Richardson et al echaza ngo-1.995 ukuthi kunezizathu eziyisithupha okungenzeka ukuthi:
- Ukulondolozwa kwebanga phakathi kwabantu.
- Ukuqashelwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nobuntu bazo.
- Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo kubhekiselwa ekudleni, ukuqomisana kanye nesimo sokwesaba.
- Ukulondolozwa kwamaqembu omphakathi maqondana nezingcingo phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa.
- Isimo sezici ze-topographic.
- Ukuma kwempango emehlweni.
Inani labantu kanye nokuzingela
Ukwehla kwenani labantu kanye nokuzingela ngokungakhethi kwale mikhomo ehlaba umxhwele kuyindaba ekhathazayo emazweni afana neJapan, Norway ne-Iceland, ngoba kunezinye izinkinga ezingeziwe, njengokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yazo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungcola, futhi akukho kuningi okungenziwa ukuvikela lolu hlobo lwezilwane.
Sekuphele iminyaka elinganiselwa kwengama-40 udaba lokuqwashisa umhlaba ngokuzingela kwakhulunywa ngendlela embi kangangoba kubonakale ukuthi bakwenzile ngoba bebeshusha ngezinhlobo ezintsha njengoba bencishisiwe, yingakho nje besuke behlukunyezwa ngokuzingela. IGreenpeace yethule ukuqondisa ngezindaba zokuvikela nokunakekelwa.
Futhi ngonyaka ka-1.982, yakwazi ukuvala ukudotshwa kwemikhomo kwezohwebo emazweni ayeyingxenye ye-International Whaling Commission-CBI, ngenxa yengcindezi enkulu yomphakathi kanye nesimo esidabukisayo okwatholakala kuso lezi zilwane ezincelisayo.
ISpain yayiyizwe elalizingela le mikhomo kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhishwa lo mthetho wokuvikela imikhomo. Kwakuyinto eyasungulwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1.986 futhi kukhulunywa ngisho ngomkhumbi weGreenpeace Rainbow Warrior I owamiswa esiteshini eFerrol ngamasosha oMbutho Wasolwandle waseSpain ngokunembile ukwethula ukumelana nabadobi bemikhomo baseGalician. Futhi ngonyaka we-1.994, i-Whale Sanctuary yasungulwa yi-IWC ngokwayo e-Antarctica.
Amashumi eminyaka yokuzingela
Lawa mashumi eminyaka abalulekile ngoba akulula neze ukuzingela imikhomo noma ukuyibulala, kwakungavamile ukuhlala emikhunjini yokuqala edoba imikhomo ngoba ubukhulu bayo, ijubane namandla ayo amakhulu kwakuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuphila kwayo.
Kwakuzingelwa imikhomo namathole kuphela. Ngeminyaka ye-1.864 kwatholakala ukuthi i-Norwegian Sven Foyn yayihlome i-steamboat ngezikhali ababeziklamile futhi bazilungiselela ukuzingela ama-cetaceans amakhulu kakhulu, kwakunzima ukusebenzisana nazo futhi zingenalo umusa.
Ngakho uFoyn wayephethe umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa isibhamu se-harpoon okwathi kamuva kwamiswa iziteshi eziningi zokudoba imikhomo ogwini lwaseFinnmark, esifundeni esisenyakatho yeNorway. Nokho, kwakunokungavumelani okuningi phakathi kwabadobi bendawo, kangangokuthi isiteshi sokugcina savalwa ngo-1.904.
Lapho kungena imikhumbi yefekthri enesitimu enamasondo angemuva ngo-1.925, kwaba nokwanda okukhulu kokuzingela imikhomo eluhlaza ngendlela ebabazekayo ngoba phakathi kuka-1.930 no-1.931 leyo mikhumbi ayizange izingele abantu abangu-29.400 XNUMX endaweni yase-Antarctic.
Futhi kuphela ngasekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili futhi inani labantu lase linciphile impela, ngakho ngonyaka ka-1.946 kwanikezwa iziqondiso zokuqala ezazinciphisa ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane, kungagcizelelwa kakhulu ngoba kwakungasenaphutha kangako. ayizange iveze umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Ukwenza sengathi ukuzingela noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane, kwakubalulekile kuphela ukuthi kwakukhona inani elikhulu labantu, kwaze kwaba unyaka we-1.960, lapho ukuzingela kuvinjelwe yi-International Whaling Commission, ngaleyo ndlela kumisa ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kwemikhomo yiSoviet Union ngonyaka we-1.970.
Kwakuyinkathi lapho kuzingelwa khona imikhomo engu-330.000 e-Antarctica, i-33.000 eningizimu yezwe, i-7.000 e-Atlantic kanye ne-8.200 eNyakatho ye-Pacific, ngakho kwatholakala ukuthi iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lalivela e-Antarctica eyancishiswa yaba ngu-0,15% ngalokho okwakuyikho ekuqaleni.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi imikhumbi edoba imikhomo icishe yalucisha kanjani lolu hlobo lwezilwane, ngoba esikhundleni sokuzingela imikhomo embalwa ngobuningi, eyakwenza kwakuwukunciphisa, ayizange icabangele ukuthi, uma yayinomthethonqubo kanye nesiqondiso esiqondiswayo sezazi zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, imikhomo eyengeziwe yayingase yenziwe ukuba itholakale kwezohwebo, esikhathini nje eside.
Yonke into yahlelwa ngokuthi ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokuzalana okwathatha cishe unyaka owodwa wokukhulelwa enamalitha omdlwane oyedwa noma amabili, ayelungile, ngoba ayelulama kancane kunenqwaba yezilwane ezincane. Ukutshala kuyo isikhathi esincane nezinsiza ezinhlobonhlobo ezincane.
Inani labantu kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamanje
Ukunquma izinga labantu abakhona bemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bekungelula kangako, njengoba, kusukela ngesikhathi lapho umkhawulo wokudotshwa kwemikhomo usungulwa, akukaze kwenzeke ukuthola isifundo sokuthi, ubuqiniso mayelana nezinga lomhlaba wonke ukuvikelwa, kwakungenzeka kuphela ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi esifundeni sase-Antarctic kunokunyuka kuphela kwe-7,3% ngonyaka.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuye kwalinganiselwa ukuthi inani labantu emhlabeni wonke liye laba phakathi kuka-5.000 12.000 no-2.002 2.000 ngonyaka ka-XNUMX, kusukela kwasungulwa uhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, umkhomo usengozini yokushabalala, inani eliphakeme kakhulu labantu yi-It. itholakala eNyakatho yePacific cishe nge-XNUMX. Iwuhlobo oluthile olusuka e-Alaska ukuya e-Costa Rica futhi lungabonakala kuphela enkathini yasehlobo ukusuka e-California.
Kwezinye izikhathi laba bantu baya ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific Ocean, okubhalwe ukuthi kuncane kakhulu phakathi kwenhlonhlo yaseKamchatka kanye nohlangothi olusenyakatho yeJapan. Ukuthola amaqembu amabili kuphela e-blue whale eNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
Kubantu abakhulu besayensi, kuyimfihlakalo ngoba abakacaci kahle ukuthi umkhomo oluhlaza ubuchitha kuphi ubusika bawo, ngakho kucatshangwa ukuthi lesi sibalo sabantu eNyakatho ye-Atlantic sasiphakathi kuka-600 no-1.500 XNUMX.
Kugcizelele kakhulu ucwaningo olwenziwa eningizimu nenkabazwe lapho kukholakala ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene, i-Antarctic blue whale - Balaenoptera musculus intermedia kanye nomkhomo omncane oshiwo yi-pygmy blue - Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, owaziwa kakhulu emanzini. yoLwandlekazi i-Indian.
Ukuhlola okwenziwa ngo-1996 kwabuyisa imikhomo engaba ngu-424 endaweni encane nje eningizimu yeMadagascar, ngakho izibonelo kulo lonke i-Indian Ocean cishe ziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa.
Uma lokhu kusebenza, inani labantu emhlabeni lingaba phezulu kunaleso esinikezwe izibalo ezethula. Inhlolovo eqhubekayo yakamuva phakathi no-1998 ibuyise abantu abangaba ngamamitha angu-2.280 e-Southern Ocean, okungenzeka ukuthi ngaphansi kwe-1% yabo bekuyimikhomo emincane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
I-subspecies yesine, i-Balaenoptera musculus indica, yamelwa u-Blyth ngo-1859 eNyakatho ye-Indian Ocean, nokho izinselele ekuhlukaniseni amaphuzu avelele alezi zinhlobo ezincane ziwenza igama elicishe lifane nelithi Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda okuwumkhomo omncane oluhlaza.
Iningi lemininingwane evela kumaSoviet libonakala likhombisa ukuthi usayizi wezinsikazi ezindala usondele kakhulu kunalowo we-Balaenoptera musculus musculus, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inani labantu base-Balaenoptera musculus indica kanye ne-Balaenoptera musculus Brevicauda banazo zonke izici ze-be. okungavamile futhi izikhathi zokuzalanisa ziyahlukahluka cishe isigamu sonyaka.
Izifundo zesikhashana zalezi zinhlobo ezincane azikaphawuleki. Isibonelo, kukhona amarekhodi emikhomo e-minke eNyakatho ye-Indian Ocean evela e-Oman, eSri Lanka, eMaldives, lapho ingase ifake khona abantu bomdabu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani lemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elitholakala ePeru naseChile lingase libe elinye inani labantu. Noma yimiphi imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yase-Antarctic iza ogwini olusempumalanga ye-South Atlantic ebusika, futhi ukukhala kwayo kungavamile ukuzwa enyakatho ye-Indian Ocean, ePeru, nasentshonalanga ye-Australia.
E-Chile, isibonelo, i-Cetacean Conservation Centre, ngosizo lwe-Chilean Navy, yazama ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlola nokuvikela futhi iphenya iqoqo lakamuva lezibonelo zokunakekelwa ogwini lwe-Big Island of Chiloé eChile. . Isifunda esibizwa ngokuthi iGulf of Corcovado, lapho izidalwa ezingu-326 ziye zatholakala eduze nogu ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo ngo-2007.
Abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseDuke benza imizamo yokwenza izilinganiso ezinembile ngokwandayo zabantu babo, ezigcinwa yi-OBIS-SEAMAP, i-Ocean Biogeographic Information System - Ukuhlaziywa Kwemvelo Kwendawo Yezibalo Ze-Megavertebrate - I-Spatial Biogeographic Information System. I-Megavertebrate Population), inhlanganisela yolwazi ngezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezivela emithonjeni engaba ngu-130.
izingozi ezahlukene
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu, isivinini namandla, abantu abadala cishe abanazo izilwane ezizingelayo. Usongo oluyinhloko olwaziwa ngokuthi umkhomo obulalayo umkhoma obulalayo. Kunemibiko erekhodiwe yokuhlaselwa kwalezi zidalwa, isibonelo, uphenyo olwabonisa ukuthi oLwandle LwaseCortez abangaphansi kuka-25% abantu abadala ababenezibazi ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwe-orca kanye nokunyamalala komuntu e-Baja California. lokho kwahlaselwa.
Njengombiko kamagazini i-National Geographic womuntu omdala oshaywa imikhomo yama-orca lapho, nakuba imikhomo ye-orca ingakwazi ukubulala lesi sidalwa phakathi nokuhlasela kwayo, yalimala kaningi futhi yafa ngenxa yalokho kuhlasela. Into esabisa kakhulu le mikhomo engabhekana nayo ngendlela ebulalayo ukushayisana nemikhumbi emikhulu olwandle kanye nokubanjwa amanetha okudoba.
Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwesiyaluyalu esihlanganisa umuntu olwandle, okuhlanganisa i-sonar, kudlula iphimbo elikhishwa ama-cetaceans, okwenza ukuxhumana kube nzima. Izingozi zomuntu zokululama okulindelekile kwenani labantu bakhona futhi zihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-polychlorinated biphenyls -PCBs kanye nezinto zokwenziwa ezihlukene ezizigwinyayo lapho zidla futhi ezidluliselwa ngobisi lukamama emaphusheni azo.
Ukucekelwa phansi okuyingozi komkhathi kubangela ukuthi izingqimba zeqhwa kanye ne-permafrost zincibilike ngokushesha, okubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwezinga lamanzi amasha olwandle, futhi kunengozi yokufinyelela isisekelo kulokho kwandiswa okungabangela ukuphazamiseka kokugeleza kwe-thermohaline.
Njengama-cetaceans amaningi, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyadlula, ichitha ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo ezindaweni ezipholile, lapho idla khona emanzini anothe nge-krill; ebusika zihamba ziye ezindaweni eziphansi nezifudumele, lapho zikhwelana khona futhi zikhulelise inzalo.
Njengoba amaphethini azo wesikhashana ancike ezingeni lokushisa lolwandle, ukulungiswa kule nkambo ngokusiphula amanzi ashisayo nabandayo kude nakude kungase kuthinte ukuthuthwa kwawo. Ukulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle nakho kungaba nomthelela ekudleni kwabo, ngenxa yokufudumala okubangela ukwehla kwezinga likasawoti elingabangela ushintsho olukhulu esimweni nokunotha kwe-krill.
Imikhomo iyizinhlobo ze-paradisiacal ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu, ngokuzola, ukudideka kanye nohambo lwayo olude oludlulayo, inani elikhulu layo elide kuneminye imikhomo eguquke kahle emhlabeni. Imikhomo yizilomo zasolwandle kanye nophawu lwempi yokuvikela iplanethi.
Ukuzingela imikhomo ngokwezentengiselwano kwaholela ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ngoba amafutha nemikhiqizo ehlukene yatholwa kubo. Kusekhulwini lama-XNUMX, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha nokwanda okudumile kwedlula imikhomo ngangokunokwenzeka, kwabeka abantu bayo engozini.
Njengamanje iSpain iyilungu le-CBI ngaphakathi kwe-European Union, okusho ukuthi isimo sesizwe asikhethi. Ngokungabi nazo izithakazelo zezentengiselwano, ngeke bakhankasele ukudotshwa kwemikhomo, kodwa futhi ngeke balwele ukuba lokhu kubulala kuphele unomphela.
Yiziphi izixazululo ezikhona?
Isivumelwano somhlaba wonke esokuqeda noma yiluphi uhlobo lwebhizinisi lokudoba imikhomo nokwenza iziphephelo zasolwandle. Ngokunjalo, kumele kwenziwe imizamo yokulwa nokushintsha kwemvelo, ukungcoliswa kanye nokudoba ngokweqile, nakho okunomthelela kubo.
Labo abaphethe bangasiza ukuvikela lezi zilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ngokusekela i-IWC emizamweni yayo yokuvikela, ukukhuluma nezizwe ezidoba imikhomo, ukukhuthala emihlanganweni ye-IWC, nokugwema ingxenye yenyama yomkhomo emachwebeni abo.
Ngokufanayo, emibuthanweni yezezimali, imikhomo kanye nemboni yezokuvakasha yakhiwe eduze kwayo, isibonelo, ukubuka imikhomo, izuze enye yemali enkulu kunazo zonke emazweni amaningi futhi ikhiqiza izinzuzo zezezimali ezivelele kakhulu kunokuzingela imikhomo ukuze ibanjwe.
Ngokwesibonelo, e-Iceland, nakuba bejaha imikhomo, basakwazi ukubuka imikhomo njengento ekhangayo. Ngonyaka ka-2012, kwaba nokubonwa okurekhodiwe kwabantu abangu-175,000 abayobona imikhomo ibhukuda ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa kulesi sizwe, ikhiqiza inani elikhulu lezinzuzo kunokudoba imikhomo.
Yini eyenziwa yiGreenpeace?
IGreenpeace ilwela ukuqeda ukushushumbiswa kwemikhomo kanye nokushushiswa ngezinhloso okuthiwa zinengqondo. Inhlangano idinga i-IWC ukuthi ibe yinhlangano elondolozayo yalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu futhi ibe nesibopho sokuvikela nokwakha izindawo zokulondoloza olwandle zemikhomo.
EJapan, le nhlangano isebenza ngokuthembekile ukukhulisa ukunaka kwabathengi ukuze bangayimukeli inyama yomkhomo. IGreenpeace iyakubona ukuthi kusho ukushushisa, ngenxa yokuthi ihlukile ngokuphathelene nokudotshwa kwemikhomo kwezohwebo. Ukwengeza, izinhloso zalokhu kushushiswa komdabu zihlanganisa:
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingozi zokuhlatshwa azikhuli ngezinga elikhulu.
- Imvume yokuthwebula unomphela okulungisa izidingo zomphakathi nempilo.
- Gcina isibalo sabantu ngamanani ahambisanayo okuphindaphinda.
Ngaphansi kwemihlahlandlela ye-IWC yamanje, ukufuna izinsiza kuvunyelwe eqenjini lama-Aboriginal e-Denmark, e-Russian Federation, e-Saint Vincent nase-Grenadines, nase-United States. Kungumsebenzi kahulumeni ngamunye ukunikeza iKhomishana ubufakazi bezidingo zomphakathi kanye nezinsiza zemindeni yabo. IKomidi Lesayensi liyeluleka ngezindawo ezivikelwe zokunqanyulwa kwalezi zibalo.
Izilwane ezidla imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Isidalwa sasolwandle esikhulu esizovame ukuhlasela umkhomo oluhlaza yi-orca whale, nokho, njengoba iyi-cetacean enkulu kakhulu, sithanda ukuthatha amathole noma amadala agugile. I-blue whale iyisilwane esisengozini ngenxa yezingxenye ezithile.
Phakathi kwazo wukuduka kwabanye abantu ngenxa yokulimala okudalwe izikebhe ezinkulu noma ukubhajwa amanetha okudoba. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke kuye kwabangela ukuba izilwandle zasolwandle zishintshe izinga lokushisa futhi ngenxa yalokho, inala ye-krill kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziyisisekelo zomkhomo ziqala ukuba sengozini.
Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuphishekela imikhomo eluhlaza kuye kwajeziswa kunoma iyiphi inqwaba yomhlaba kusukela ngonyaka we-1966, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuqashelwa ukuthi lokhu akubhekwa njalo yimibuthano yabalandeleli abangekho emthethweni emhlabeni wonke abaxhaphaza izingcezu zayo ezahlukene. izakhiwo ezibalulekile. Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature luchaza umkhomo njengezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala.
