Izinyoni ezifudukayo ziyisenzakalo esivamile emvelweni futhi ngenxa yekhono lazo lokundiza zingahamba amabanga amade ngaphandle kokuma okumbalwa noma zingabikho ukuze zigcwalise futhi zigcwalise amandla. Umfutho obaholela ekutheni bazibandakanye kulezi zigigaba ukugwema ubusika, ukufuna ukudla noma impumelelo yomlingani kanye nokuzalanisa okulandelayo.
izinyoni ezifudukayo
Kubizwa ngokuthi ukufuduka kwezinyoni enqubweni ehlanganisa uhambo olwenziwa izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni enkathini ngayinye yonyaka futhi njalo. Ngaphezu kokufuduka, izinyoni zenza okunye ukunyakaza ngokusabela ekuguqukeni kokukhona kokudla, indawo yokuhlala noma isimo sezulu, okuvamise ukuba okungajwayelekile noma ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela futhi kubizwe ngezindlela ezihlukene njenge-nomadism, ukuhlasela, ukusabalalisa noma ukungena. Ngokuphambene, izinyoni ezingafuduki zibizwa ngokuthi izinyoni ezihlala khona.
Amaphethini Ajwayelekile
Ukufuduka kunqunywa ukwenzeka kwakho ngesizini efanayo unyaka ngamunye. Izinyoni eziningi ezihlala emhlabeni zifuduka amabanga amade. Amaphethini ajwayeleke kakhulu ahlanganisa ukuya enyakatho ukuzalanisa ehlobo ezindaweni ezipholile noma ezi-arctic kanye nokubuyela ezindaweni ezinobusika ezindaweni ezishisayo eziseningizimu.
Isimo esiyinhloko esivumela kakhulu ukufuduka kwamandla. Izinsuku ezinde zasehlobo enyakatho zinikeza amathuba engeziwe okuzalanisa izinyoni ukuze zondle amatshwele azo. Ukwelulwa kwamahora okukhanya kwasemini kwenza izinyoni eziphila isikhathi eside zikwazi ukuzalanisa amaxhaphozi amakhulu kunalawo ahlobene nawo angafuduki ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo unyaka wonke. Njengoba nje izinsuku ziba mfishane ekwindla, izinyoni zibuyela ezindaweni ezifudumele lapho ukudla okukhona kushintsha kancane nenkathi yonyaka.
Lezi zinzuzo zidlula izingozi zokucindezeleka okukhulu, izindleko zamandla, nezinye izingozi zokufuduka. I-Predation ingaba phezulu ngesikhathi sokufuduka. I-Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae), ezalela eziqhingini zaseMedithera, inenkathi yokuzala ebambezeleke kakhulu, ehambisana nendlela yasekwindla yezinyoni ezifudukela eningizimu, lapho ondla ngayo amatshwele ayo. Isu elifanayo lamukelwa ilulwane iNyctalus lasiopterus, ukudla kwalo okuyizinyoni ezifudukayo.
Ukugcwala okukhulu kwezinyoni ezifudukayo ezindaweni zokuma kwesikhashana nakho kuzenza zithambekele kuma-parasites kanye namagciwane, okudinga ukusabela okuphezulu kokuzivikela komzimba. Phakathi kohlobo oluthile, akubona bonke abantu okufanele bafuduke, okubizwa ngokuthi ukufuduka ngokwengxenye. Ukufuduka ngokwengxenye kuvame kakhulu emazwenikazi aseningizimu; e-Australia, u-44% wama-non-passerine kanye no-32% wezinhlobo zezinyoni ze-passerine zifuduka kancane.
Ezinhlotsheni ezithile, inani labantu bezindawo eziphakeme ngokuvamile liyafuduka futhi ngokuvamile lizolala ezindaweni eziphansi kunalezo lapho ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezifanayo zihlezi futhi, ngakho-ke, sezivele zithole leyo ndawo efanelekile yokuhlala ubusika, njengoba lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi " ukufuduka kwe-frog-hopping".
Esizweni, kungase futhi kube nephethini ehlukile yokulandelana kwezikhathi nokufuduka okusekelwe eminyakeni yobudala namaqembu ocansi. Ama-Fringilla coelebs wesifazane kuphela (ama-Chaffinches) e-Scandinavia afudukayo kanti abesilisa bahlala beyizakhamuzi (lokhu kudale igama elithi coelebs, elisho ukuthi oyedwa). Ukufuduka okuningi kuqala lapho izinyoni ziphakama endaweni enkulu. Kwezinye izimo, ukufuduka kuhilela amabhande amancane okufuduka asungulwa njengemizila yendabuko ebizwa ngokuthi imizila yendiza efudukayo.
Lokhu kuvamise ukulandela izintaba nogu, futhi kungathatha ithuba lomoya ohelezayo namanye amaphethini omoya noma kudlule izithiyo zendawo ezifana nezindawo ezinkulu zamanzi avulekile. Izindlela ezithile zingahle zihlelwe ezakhini zofuzo zazo noma zifundwe ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Imizila abayithatha ibheke ohlangothini olulodwa kanye nokubuya kuvame ukuhluka.
Izinyoni eziningi ezinkulu zindiza ziyimihlambi. Lolu hlobo lwendiza lubasiza behlise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Eziningi zazo zindiza ngendlela engu-V futhi ukonga amandla ngakunye kulinganiselwa ku-12-20%. amakhilomitha ngehora ngokushesha emihlambini kunangesikhathi bekwenza bebodwa.
Indlela izinyoni ezihamba ngayo lapho zifuduka iyahlukahluka. Uhambo oluya eMount Everest luveze amathambo e-Anas acuta (idada elinomsila osenyakatho) kanye ne-Limosa limosa (isiqophamithi esinomsila omnyama) amamitha angu-5.000 ngaphezu kweKhumbu Glacier. Amahansi e-Anser indicus abonakale endiza phezu kweziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-Himalayas ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-8.000, ngisho nalapho amamitha aphansi angama-3.000 ayeseduze.
Izinyoni zasolwandle zindizela phansi phezu kwamanzi kodwa zithola ukuphakama ngokuwela phezu komhlaba futhi ukuziphatha okuphambene kungabonakala ezinyonini zasemhlabeni.Nokho, ukufuduka kwezinyoni eziningi kwenzeka ebangeni lamamitha ayi-150. kumamitha angama-600. Amarekhodi okushaywa kwezinyoni e-United States athole ukuthi iziteleka eziningi zenzeka ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaphansi kwamamitha angu-600 futhi cishe zingekho ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-1.800.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamaphengwini zifuduka njalo ngokubhukuda. Le mizila ingahamba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-1.000. IQhude LamaRockies (Dendragapus obscurus) lenza ukufuduka kokuphakama okukhulu ngokuhamba. U-Emus wase-Australia ubonakale ehamba amabanga amade ngezikhathi zesomiso.
Umbono Womlando
Ukuqaphela kokuqala okubhalisa ukufuduka kwezinyoni kuvela eminyakeni engaba ngu-3.000 edlule, okubhekiselwa kukho uHesiod, uHomer, uHerodotus, u-Aristotle nabanye. IBhayibheli liphinde likhulume ngokufuduka, njengaseNcwadini kaJobe ( 39:26 ), lapho kubuzwa khona umbuzo othi: “Ingabe kungenxa yethalenta lakho ukuthi ukheshe uzimboze ngezimpaphe futhi elulele amaphiko alo eningizimu na? Umprofethi uJeremiya (8:7) wabika: “Ngisho nonogolantethe esibhakabhakeni uyazazi izikhathi zakhe zonyaka; ijuba, inkonjane kanye nenkemane ziyasazi isikhathi sokufuduka".
U-Aristotle ulandisa ukuthi ama-cranes asuka emathafeni amaSkithe aye emaxhaphozini asemaphethelweni eNayile.” UPliny Omdala encwadini yakhe ethi, “Naturalis Historia” ugcizelela lokho u-Aristotle akubona. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Aristotle waphikisa ngokuthi inkonjane nezinye izinyoni zazilala ebusika. Lesi sigwebo sagcinwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1878, usuku lapho u-Elliott Coues enza khona uhlu lwemisebenzi okungenani engu-182 ephathelene nokulala kwenkonjane.
Kwakusekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX lapho ukufuduka kwamukelwa njengembangela yokunyamalala kwezinyoni enkathini yasebusika ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Ukutholakala konogolantethe abamhlophe eJalimane, abalinyazwa imicibisholo yase-Afrika, kwanikeza umkhondo mayelana nokufuduka. Esinye sezibonelo ezindala ezinemicibisholo sasitholakala eduze kwedolobhana laseJalimane i-Klütz esifundazweni saseMecklenburg-Vorpommern.
Ukuthuthela Amabanga Amade
Isithombe sendabuko sokufuduka sakhiwe izinyoni zasemhlabeni ezisenyakatho ezifana nezinkonjane nezinyoni ezidla inyama ezenza izindiza ezinde eziya ezindaweni ezishisayo. Amadada amaningi, amahansi, namadada azalela enyakatho nawo angabantu abasuka ezindaweni ezikude, kodwa kuzodingeka baye eningizimu kuphela lapho kudingekile ukuze bagweme amanzi aqala ukuba yiqhwa ezindaweni zabo zokuzalela ezi-arctic.
Iningi lezinhlobo ze-Holarctic ze-Anatidae zihlala enyakatho nenkabazwe, kodwa emazweni anesimo sezulu esipholile. Njengesibonelo, i-Anser brachyrhynchus (ihansi elinebhili elifushane) isuka e-Iceland iye e-Great Britain nasemazweni aseduze. Izindlela zokufuduka nezindawo zasebusika zijwayelekile futhi zifundwa yintsha ngokufuduka kwayo kokuqala eduze nabazali bayo. Amanye amadada, afana ne-Anas querquedula (i-carretota teal), aya ngokuphelele noma kancane ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Ukucatshangelwa okufanayo mayelana nezithiyo kanye nokuphambuka okusebenza ezinyonini ezifudukayo ezihlala amabanga amade, zifana nezinyoni zasemanzini, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho: insimu enkulu yezwe engenawo ama-aquariums ahlinzeka ngendawo yokudla iyisithiyo senyoni yamanzi. Ulwandle oluvulekile luphinde lube umgoqo wenyoni ukudla kwayo okutholakala emanzini asogwini.
Kwenziwa ukuchezuka ukuze kugwenywe lezi zithiyo: isibonelo, i-Branta bernicla (ihansi elinekhola) esuka eNhlonhlweni yaseTaimir iya oLwandle LwaseWadden (Holland, Germany naseDenmark) ihamba ngomzila ogudla uLwandle Olumhlophe kanye noLwandle iBaltic esikhundleni sokuwela ngokuqondile i-Arctic Ocean. nasenyakatho yeScandinavia.
Isimo esifanayo senzeka ngezinyoni ezinwabuzelayo (Charadriiformes). Izinhlobo eziningi ezifana ne-Calidris alpina (i-sandpiper evamile) kanye ne-Calidris mauri (i-sandpiper yase-Alaska) zithatha uhambo olude zisuka ezindaweni ezizalela kuzo e-Arctic ziye ezindaweni ezifudumele endaweni efanayo, kodwa ezinye ezifana ne-Calidris pusilla (isandpiper ene-semipalmated) zihamba amabanga amade ukuya e-Arctic. izindawo ezishisayo.
Njengamadada namahansi amakhulu, anamandla (Anseriformes), ama-wader ayizinyoni ezimangalisayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinyoni ezihlala ebusika ezindaweni ezipholile zinamandla okwenza umnyakazo omfushane uma isimo sezulu sisibi kakhulu.
Kwamanye ama-waders, ukufuduka okuphumelelayo kuzoncika ekutholakaleni kwezinsiza zokudla ezibalulekile ezindaweni zokuma kuwo wonke umgwaqo wendiza. Lokhu kunikeza abafuduki ithuba lokufaka uphethiloli emlenzeni olandelayo wohambo. Ezinye izibonelo zezindawo ezibalulekile zokuvalelwa kwabokufika yiBay of Fundy kanye neDelaware Bay.
Ezinye izifanekiso ze-Limosa lapponica (I-Snipe noma i-Bar-tailed Woodpecker) ibambe irekhodi lendiza ende kakhulu engami eyake yarekhodwa enyoni efudukayo, ehamba amakhilomitha angu-11.000 ukusuka e-Alaska ukuya enkathini yawo yokungazaleli eNew Zealand. ukufuduka, amaphesenti angu-55 isisindo somzimba wakho singamafutha owagcinile ukuze unike amandla lolu hambo olungami.
Ukufuduka kwezinyoni zasolwandle kuyafana ngephethini naleyo ye-Charadriiformes ne-Anseriformes. Ezinye, njenge-Cepphus grylle (i-white-winged guillemot) nama-gull athile, azihlali kakhulu, kuyilapho amanye, njengamanye ama-tern nama-razorbill azalela ezindaweni ezipholile enyakatho nenkabazwe, ahamba amabanga ahlukahlukene ukuya eningizimu.. phakathi nobusika bonke.
Umzila omude kakhulu ofudukayo kuzo zonke izinyoni wenziwa i-Sterna paradisaea (Arctic tern) futhi ihlala emini isikhathi eside kunanoma iyiphi enye inyoni, isuka lapho izalela khona e-Arctic iya esifundeni sase-Antarctic kuso sonke isikhathi sonyaka. I-arctic tern, eyanikezwa indandatho njengenkukhu eziQhingini zaseFarne, ezikude nogu olusempumalanga yaseBrithani, yafika eMelbourne, e-Australia, ezinyangeni ezintathu nje ngemva kokubaleka; uhambo lwasolwandle lwamakhilomitha angama-22.000.
Ezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, njenge-Oceanites oceanicus (Wilson's pamperito) kanye ne-Puffinus gravis (Capirotada shearwater), zizalela eningizimu nenkabazwe futhi ziya enyakatho ebusika base-austral. Izinyoni zasolwandle zinenzuzo eyengeziwe yokukwazi ukuthola ukudla phakathi nokufuduka kwazo emanzini avulekile.
Izinhlobo eziningi ze-pelagic, ngokuyinhloko i-Procellariiformes, ziyizilwane ezihamba phambili, futhi i-southern ocean albatross ingase indize imbulunga yonke ngenkathi yokungazali. Izinyoni ze-Procellariiformes zihlakazeke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi zolwandle oluvulekile, kodwa ziqoqana lapho ukudla kutholakala.
Abaningi baphinde batholakale phakathi kwabafuduki abahamba amabanga amade; I-Puffinus griseus (i-shearwater noma i-pamperito emnyama) ehlala eziQhingini zase-Malvinas indizela amakhilomitha ayi-14.000 phakathi kwendawo ezizalela kuyo kanye noLwandlekazi lwaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic ukusuka eNorway. Enye i-Puffinus puffinus (i-Manx Shearwater) yenza lolu hambo olufanayo ngokuhlehla. Njengoba ziyizinyoni eziphila isikhathi eside, zingaqongelela amabanga amade ahanjiwe, okuthi esibonelweni esisodwa alinganiselwa kumakhilomitha angaba yizigidi ezingu-8 kukho konke ukuphila kwawo okuqinisekisiwe okungaphezu kweminyaka engu-50.
Izinyoni ezithile ezinkulu, ezinwebeka amaphiko zithembele ekukhuphukeni kwezingqimba zomoya ofudumele ukuze zikwazi ukuntweza. Lezi zihlanganisa izinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama njengamanqe, ukhozi nokhozi, kanye nonogolantethe. Lezi zinyoni zifuduka emini.
Kunzima ngezinyoni ezifudukayo zala maqembu ukuba ziwele inqwaba yamanzi, njengoba izinsika ezishisayo zakha emhlabeni kuphela, futhi lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukundiza ngokuqhubekayo amabanga amade. Ngakho-ke iMedithera nezinye izilwandle ziyizithiyo ezibalulekile ezinyonini ezikhuphukayo, eziphoqeleka ukuwela ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu.
Inqwaba yezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama nonogolantethe zinqamula ezindaweni ezifana ne-Gibraltar, i-Falsterbo kanye ne-Bosphorus ngenkathi yokufuduka. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, njengePernis apivorus (Honey Buzzard), zibalelwa emakhulwini ezinkulungwane ekwindla. Ezinye izithiyo, ezifana nezintaba, nazo zingadala ukugxila okukhulu, ikakhulukazi kwabafuduki abakhulu bama-diurnal. Lesi yisici esidume kabi emgodleni wokufuduka besuka eMelika Ephakathi.
Izinyoni eziningi ezinesizotha ezidla izinambuzane, kuhlanganise nama-warbler, ama-hummingbird nama-flycatcher, zifuduka amabanga amade, ngokuvamile ebusuku. Ziphumula ekuseni futhi zondle izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke nokufuduka kwazo. Lezi zinyoni zibizwa ngokuthi “zisendleleni” ezindaweni ezibonakala kuzo isikhashana phakathi nohambo lokufuduka.
Ngokufuduka ebusuku, abafuduki basebusuku banciphisa ingozi yezilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi bagweme ukushisa ngokweqile okungabangelwa amandla asetshenziswe phakathi nendiza emabangeni amade kangako. Lokhu futhi kubenza bakwazi ukudla emini ukubuyisela amandla ebusuku. Ukufuduka ebusuku kufika ngentengo yokulahlekelwa ubuthongo. Abafuduki kufanele bakwazi ukuthola ubuthongo bekhwalithi ekhubazekile phakathi nendiza ukuze banxeshezele lokhu kulahlekelwa.
Ukuthuthela Ibanga Elifushane
Abafuduki abaningi bamabanga amade esigabeni sangaphambilini bahlelwe ngempumelelo ezakhini zabo zofuzo ukuze basabele kubude bosuku obuguquguqukayo. Nokho, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zihamba amabanga amafushane, kodwa zikwenza lokho kuphela ngenxa yesimo sezulu esinzima.
Ngendlela yokuthi lezo ezitholakala eziqongweni nasezintabeni, njenge-Tichodroma muraria (wallcreeper) ne-Cinclus cinclus (dipper), zingakwazi ukunyakaza endaweni ephakeme ukuze zigweme izindawo ezibandayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne-Falco columbarius (merlin) kanye ne-Alauda arvensis (skylark) zihamba kancane, zibheke ogwini noma endaweni eseningizimu. Izinhlobo ezifana ne-Fringilla coelebs (Chaffinches) cishe azikwazi ukufuduka eBrithani, kodwa zizothuthela eningizimu noma e-Ireland uma isimo sezulu sibanda kakhulu.
Abafuduki abahamba amabanga amafushane banemvelaphi emibili yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Labo abanezihlobo ezifuduka amabanga amade phakathi komkhaya ofanayo, njenge-Phylloscopus collybita (Chiffchaff), okuyizinhlobo zendabuko eziseningizimu nenkabazwe eziye zafinyeza kancane kancane uhambo lwazo lokubuyela ukuze zihlale enyakatho nenkabazwe.
Izinhlobo ezingenazo izihlobo ezifudukayo emndenini wazo, njengaseBombycilla, zihamba kuphela ngokusabela enkathini yasebusika, kunokuba zandise amathuba azo okuzala. Ezindaweni ezishisayo kunokwehluka okuncane kobude bemini unyaka wonke, futhi kuhlala kufudumele ngokwanele ukuze kutholakale ukudla okufanele. Ngaphandle kokunyakaza kwesizini kwezinhlobo zasebusika zaseNyakatho nenkabazwe, ingxenye enkulu yalezi zinhlobo zihamba amabanga ahlukahlukene ngokuya ngemvula.
Izindawo eziningi ezishisayo zinezinkathi ezimanzi nezomiso, izimila zaseNdiya mhlawumbe ziyisibonelo esaziwa kakhulu. Isampula yenyoni ukusatshalaliswa kwayo okuhlobene nokuna kwemvula i-arboreal kingfisher i-Halcyon senegalensis (i-Senegalese Kingfisher) evela eNtshonalanga Afrika. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa, ikakhulukazi ama-cuckoos, okungabahambi bangempela bamabanga amade ezindaweni ezishisayo. Imodeli eyodwa iCuculus poliocephalus (i-cuckoo noma i-lesser cuckoo), ezalela e-India futhi echitha isikhathi esingazaleli e-Afrika.
Ezintabeni eziphakeme, njengasezintabeni zase-Himalaya nase-Andes, kukhona nokushintshashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, kanti ezinye zingafuduka amabanga amade. I-Ficedula subrubra (i-Kashmir flycatcher) kanye ne-Zoothera wardii (i-Ward's thrush), yomibili esuka ezintabeni zase-Himalaya ukuya kude eningizimu njengezintaba zase-Sri Lanka.
Ukuphazamiseka kanye Nokuhlakazeka
Kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlangana okufana nenkathi evumayo yokuzalanisa elandelwa ukuntuleka kwezinsiza zokudla onyakeni olandelayo kuholela empumelelweni, lapho inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane lihamba lidlule ibanga lazo elivamile. I-Bombycilla garrulus (European Waxwing), Carduelis spinus (Sispon), kanye ne-Loxia curvirostra (Common Crossbill) izinhlobo ezibonisa lokhu kuguqulwa okungalindelekile kwezinombolo zazo unyaka ngamunye.
Izifunda ezipholile zamazwekazi aseningizimu zinezindawo ezomile ezibanzi, ikakhulukazi e-Australia nasentshonalanga ye-Afrika eseningizimu, futhi ukuguquguquka okuqhutshwa yisimo sezulu kuvame ukuvela kodwa akuhlale kubikezelwa. Amaviki ambalwa emvula enkulu endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye emaphakathi ne-Australia eyomile njalo, idala ukumila kwezitshalo nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, kuhehe izinyoni ezisuka kude nakude.
Lokhu kungenzeka kunoma iyiphi inkathi yonyaka, futhi, kunoma iyiphi indawo echaziwe, kungase kungenzeki futhi iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu, njengoba kuncike enkathini yenkathi ethi “El Niño” kanye “neLa Niña”. Ukufuduka kwezinyoni umcimbi okwenzeka ngokuyinhloko, nakuba kungenjalo ngokuphelele, kusukela eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Eningizimu nenkabazwe, ukufuduka kwesizini kuvamise ukuvela obala kakhulu, futhi okunezizathu eziningi zazo.
Okokuqala, uquqaba olukhulu lwezwe noma izilwandle, ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezinkulu, ngokuvamile azigxili ekufudukeni emigwaqweni emincane nesobala, ngakho-ke, umuntu obukele umuntu akakwazi kangako.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okungenani ezinyonini ezihlala emhlabeni, izindawo zezulu zivame ukunyamalala zibe zodwa emabangeni amakhulu kunokuba zihlukane ngokuphelele: lokhu kusho ukuthi esikhundleni sokuthatha uhambo olude endaweni engafanele ukuze ufike endaweni ethile, izinhlobo ezifudukayo ngokuvamile zingahamba. kancane futhi ngokukhululeka, bebheka ukudla njengoba behamba.
Ngaphandle kocwaningo olwanele lokukhala, akubonakali kulezi zimo ukuthi izinyoni ezicatshangwa endaweni ethile ngokushintsha kwesizini empeleni zingamalungu ahlukene ezinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo ezidlula ngokuqhubekayo ziqhubeka nomzila wazo oya enyakatho noma eningizimu.
Ngempela, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zizalela ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo eningizimu nasebusika ngokuqhubekayo enyakatho ezindaweni ezishisayo. E-Afrika, i-Hirundo cucullata (i-Ruffle-headed Barn Swallow), nase-Australia, i-Myiagra cyanoleuca (i-Satin Flycatcher), i-Eurystomus orientalis (i-Roller yedola elihlaza) kanye ne-Merops ornatus (i-Rainbow Bee-eater), isibonelo, ubusika kude enyakatho nedolobha labo. ukuzalanisa uhla.
IPhysiology kanye Nokulawula
Ukulawulwa kokufuduka, ukuzimisela kwabo ngesikhathi kanye nokusabela kukho kulawulwa ngokofuzo futhi ngokusobala kuyizici zakudala ezikhona ngisho nasezinhlotsheni eziningi zezilwane ezingafuduki. Ikhono lokuzulazula ngokuzimela futhi uqondise phakathi kokuthuthela kwelinye izwe umcimbi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ohlanganisa kokubili izinhlelo ezingapheli kanye nokufundisa.
Isisekelo sePhysiological
Isimiso sokuphila sokufuduka sihlanganisa izinqubo ze-endogenous, ezikhiqizwa yizisusa zangaphandle, ezitholwa yi-central nervous system (CNS). (Gwinner 1986; Ketterson and Nolan 1990; Healy et al. 1996; Birgman 1998).
"Njengezithunywa" zenqubo amahomoni e-neuroendocrine kanye ne-endocrine akhiqizwa nge-hypothalamus-pituitary gland. Isidingo sokufuduka sinesici sofuzo esinamandla: kukhona ukuhlolwa ngama-wagtails aphuzi (i-Motacilla alba) lapho abantu abahlukahlukene ezindaweni ezifanayo benezici zokufuduka ezingalingani kakhulu (Curry-Lindahl, K. 1958).
Umsebenzi wokufuduka udala izinguquko ezifanele ku-physiology yesilwane, lapho i-hyperphagia, ukwanda kwe-hematocrit yegazi kanye nezinguquko ezithile zokuziphatha ezifana ne-gregariousness.
Izinguquko Ezenzeka Enyoni
Esigabeni sokufuduka inyoni inyusa ngokuyinhloko izinga layo le-lipid (Blem 1990). Amafutha angumthombo wamandla obaluleke kakhulu kule nqubo, agcinwa ikakhulukazi kuzicubu ze-adipose, imisipha nezitho zangaphakathi (uGeorge noBerger 1966). Phakathi kwezindawo ezifanele kakhulu zokugcina amafutha yilezi: i-clavicle, i-coracoid, izinhlangothi, isisu, i-pelvis kanye nendawo yezinqe (King and Farner 1965).
Ama-acids anamafutha asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokufuduka (ukwanda kwamafutha e-unsaturated fatty acids) akuwona lawo asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuzalela (ama-saturated fatty acids akhona) (Conway et al. 1994). Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amafutha agcinwa emisipha, kodwa hhayi enhliziyweni. Ukugcinwa kwamafutha esiteji sokufuduka kuye kwaziwa iminyaka eminingi ngama-gourmets akhetha labo abafudukayo ngalesi sikhathi ngoba inyama yabo ithambile futhi icebile ngamafutha.
Ngokwebanga lokuhamba kuyo yonke inqubo yokufuduka, le nyoni igcina izindawo ezigciniwe. Amafutha, ngaphezu kokunikeza amandla emisipha, anesandla ekushiseni ukushisa kwenyoni kuyo yonke le nqubo. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, inyoni iphinde ikhulise izindleko zamaprotheni nama-carbohydrate. Esigabeni sangaphambi kokufuduka inyoni ihlushwa inqubo ye-hyperphagic: kuboniswe ukuthi futhi kulesi sigaba inyoni inamandla amakhulu okubuyisela izinqolobane.
I-Neural Bases namaHormones Abandakanyeka Ezinqubweni Zokufuduka
Iqembu lezindlala ze-endocrine lisiza ukuchaza umfutho wokufuduka. I-pituitary ibonakala isendaweni evelele, emele indima yokulawula okuthunyelwe kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi ngenxa yokuzwela kwayo ezintweni ezikhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwendlala ye-pituitary, ukubaluleka kwegilo (kulawula ukugudluzwa kwamafutha ku-thermoregulation) kanye nama-gonads kuye kwaphawulwa (uRowan, W.1939, okucatshangelwe ekuhloleni kwakhe ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwe-gonadal okuphakathi kwakuyisidingo esibalulekile ukuze inqubo yokufuduka).
- Izakhi zemvelo zenza umsebenzi wokufuduka, othinta ngqo izindlala ezishiwo ngaphambilini, isibonelo:
- Endabeni yegilo, kunezigameko eziningi zezinyoni ezifuduka amabanga amade "ziqhutshwa" amagagasi abandayo anamandla.
- I-pituitary ithonywa ngokusobala yi-photoperiod (isikhathi esivezwa emini), uhlobo ngalunye luyazala futhi lufuduke ngokuya ngemingcele yalo efanelekile ye-photoperiod. Ukuhlolwa kuye kwenziwa ngezinyoni ezithunjiwe lapho kwakungenzeka khona ukuqinisekiswa ukuthi kuphela ngokukhuthazwa kwe-photoperiod izinyoni zabonisa ukuyaluza okubhekiswe ezindaweni zazo zokufuduka.
I-Prolactin, i-hormone yokukhula, i-hormone ye-pancreatic, i-hormone ye-pituitary, i-catecholamines, ne-insulin idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni amafutha, i-muscle hypertrophy, kanye ne-hematocrit eyandayo (i-Ramenofsky ne-Boswell 1994).
- Ama-catecholamines, ama-hormone okukhula, ne-corticosterone adlala indima ekususweni kwamafutha (Ramenofsky 1990).
- I-Corticosterone ne-testosterone zibaluleke kakhulu ekufudukeni kwezinyoni ebusuku (Gwinner 1975).
- I-Melatonin inendima enkulu endleleni ukufuduka nokuqondiswa kwayo okuhlelwe ngayo (Beldhuis et al. 1988; Schnneider et al. 1994).
Icupha I-Chronological Factor
Isisusa esiyisisekelo sokuphila sokuthutha siwukuhlukahluka kobude bosuku. Lezi zinguquko zihlotshaniswa noshintsho lwamahomoni ezinyonini. Esikhathini esingaphambi kokufuduka, izinyoni eziningi zibonisa ukwanda komsebenzi noma i-"Zugunruhe" (isiJalimane: ukuphazamiseka kokufuduka) kanye nezinguquko zomzimba ezifana nokugcinwa kwamafutha okwenyuka.
Ukubonakala kwalesi simo, ngisho nasezinyonini ezithunjiwe ngaphandle kokuvuselela imvelo (isibonelo, izinsuku ezimfushane noma ukuncipha kwezinga lokushisa), kunikeza izimpawu zendima yezinhlelo ze-endogenous njalo ngonyaka ekulawuleni ukufuduka kwezinyoni.
Lezi zinyoni ezivalelwe ekhejini zibonisa indlela ezithanda ukundiza ngayo evumelana nendlela ebeziyofuduka ngayo ukube bezikhululekile, zize ziguqule ngisho nendawo eziyithandayo cishe ngesikhathi esisodwa kanye nezilwane zasendle ezishintsha indlela yazo. Ezinhlotsheni lapho i-polygyny kanye ne-dimorphism yocansi ephawulwe khona, kukhona ukuthambekela kokuthi abesilisa babuyele ezindaweni zokuzalanisa ngokushesha kunabesifazane, okubizwa ngokuthi i-protoandry.
Ukuma nokuhamba
Izinyoni ziqondiswa izinzwa ezihlukahlukene. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi ukusetshenziswa kwekhampasi yelanga kuye kwanqunywa. Ukusebenzisa ilanga ukuze uthole umzila kusho ukwenza isinxephezelo ngokuhlukahluka kwendawo elikuyo ngokusekelwe esikhathini sosuku. Ukuzulazula kuphinde kwanqunywa ukuthi kusekelwe enhlanganisela yamanye amakhono ahlanganisa indawo yezizibuthe, ukusetshenziswa kwamamaki ereferensi abonakalayo kanye nezindlela zokuhogela.
Izinyoni ezihlala amabanga amade kucatshangwa ukuthi zisabalala zisezincane futhi zinamathele ezindaweni ezingase zizalela kuzo kanye nezindawo ezikhethwa kuzo ubusika. Uma okunamathiselwe endaweni sekukhiqiziwe, bakhombisa ukwethembeka okuphezulu kusayithi, njengoba bevakashela kuyo unyaka nonyaka.
Ikhono lezinyoni lokuzulazula ekufudukeni alikwazi ukuchazwa ngokugcwele ngesisekelo sohlelo lwe-endogenous, ngisho nangomnikelo wezimpendulo ekushukumiseni kwemvelo. Ikhono lokufuduka ngempumelelo emabangeni amade lingaqondwa kuphela uma izinga lokuqonda lezinyoni ukuze ziqashelwe indawo yokuhlala kanye nokuklanywa kwemephu kwengqondo kucatshangelwa.
Ukuqapha ngesathelayithi ama-raptor afudukayo emini njenge-Pandion haliaetus (Osprey) kanye ne-Pernis apivorus (House-hawk) kunqume ukuthi izifundo ezindala zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekulungiseni izifundo kunokukhukhulwa umoya. Njengoba amamodeli anezigqi zonyaka ebonisa, kunesici esinamandla sofuzo ekufudukeni ngokuya kwesikhathi kanye nokunqunywa komzila, kodwa lokhu kungashintshwa amathonya emvelo.
Isibonelo esithakazelisayo soshintsho lwemizila efudukayo ebangelwa izithiyo zendawo ukuthambekela kwe-Central European Sylvia atricapilla (ama-blackcaps) ukuthuthela entshonalanga nasebusika e-Great Britain esikhundleni sokuwela i-Alps. Izinyoni ezifudukayo zingasebenzisa amathuluzi amabili azibuthe kagesi ukuze zithole indawo eziya kuyo: elokuzalwa ngokuphelele (magnetoreception) nelilodwa elincike kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Inyoni esencane ekundizeni kwayo kokuqala ithatha inkambo efanele ngokuya nge-geomagnetic field kodwa ayazi ukuthi izondiza ibanga elingakanani. Lokhu ikwenza ngokusebenzisa "i-double radical mechanism" encike ekukhanyeni nakukazibuthe lapho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ama-photopigment athola ukukhanya kwe-wavelength ende, kuthintwa amandla kazibuthe.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba lokhu kusebenza kuphela phakathi namahora asemini, akusebenzisi indawo yelanga nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kuleli qophelo lenyoni yenza okomntwana ohamba ngezinyawo onekhampasi kodwa engenabalazwe, kuze kube yilapho iqondana nendlela futhi ingasebenzisa amanye amakhono ayo. Ngokuzama, ufunda amaphuzu ahlukene okubhekisela; lokhu "imephu" kwenziwa ama-receptors asekelwe ku-magnetite ohlelweni lwe-trigeminal, atshela inyoni ukuthi amandla kazibuthe aqine kangakanani.
Njengoba izinyoni zihamba phakathi kwezindawo ezisenyakatho neseningizimu, amandla kazibuthe ezindaweni ezihlukene azenza zikwazi ukubona 'imishini emibili yezimpande' ngokunembe kakhudlwana, futhi zazi ukuthi sezifike lapho ziya khona. Ucwaningo lwakamuva zithole isixhumanisi se-neural phakathi kweso kanye "neqoqo le-N," ingxenye yobuchopho bangaphambili esebenza ngokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, okusikisela ukuthi izinyoni zingase zikwazi ngempela "ukubona" indawo kazibuthe.
Ukuzulazula
Izinyoni emsebenzini wazo wokuthutha zingalahleka futhi zibonakale ngaphandle kwendawo yazo evamile yokusabalalisa. Lokhu kungase kubangelwe ukudubula ngokweqile indawo abaqondiswe kuyo, isibonelo ukundiza ukuya enyakatho kunendawo evamile yokuzalela. Lena indlela engabangela ukuvela okukhulu, nezinyoni ezincane ezibuyela emuva njengoba ziduka ngamakhulu amakhilomitha ukusuka endaweni. Kunikezwa igama lokufuduka okuhlanekezelwe, okusho ukuthi ezinyonini ezinjalo ukuqaliswa okufanele kohlelo lofuzo kwehluleka.
Izindawo ezithile sezidume njengezindawo zokubuka izinyoni ngenxa yendawo ezikuyo. Isibonelo iPoint Pelee National Park eCanada, neCape Spurn eNgilandi. Ukuchezuka ekufudukeni kwezinyoni ezingahambi ngendlela ngenxa yomoya kungazibonakalisa ku-"arribazón" yezinombolo eziningi ezifudukayo ezindaweni ezisogwini.
Ukumiswa Kwemvelo Yokufuduka
Kuye kwenzeka ukufundisa umzila wokufuduka eqenjini lezinyoni, isibonelo, njengengxenye yezinhlelo zokubuyisela. Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala nge-Branta canadensis (ihansi laseCanada), izindiza ezinokukhanya okukhulu zasetshenziswa e-United States ukuze kufundiswe i-Grus americana (i-whooping crane) ebuyiselwe emizileni ephephile yokufuduka.
I-Evolutionary and Ecological Factors
Ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni ziyafuduka kuncike ezicini eziningana. Isimo sezulu sendawo yokuzalanisa sifanelekile, futhi izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezingakwazi ukubekezelela ubusika obunzima baseCanada noma enyakatho ye-Eurasia. Ngale ndlela sinakho ukuthi i-Turdus merula (i-Eurasian blackbird) ifuduka ngokwengxenye, efuduka ngokugcwele eScandinavia, kodwa hhayi ngezinga lokushisa elipholile kakhulu laseningizimu yeYurophu. Imvelo yokudla kwasekuqaleni nayo ibalulekile.
Iningi lalabo abasebenza ngokukhethekile ngokudla izinambuzane ngaphandle kwezindawo ezishisayo bangabafuduki abasuka kude, abangenakho ukukhetha ngaphandle kokulibangisa eningizimu ebusika. Ngezinye izikhathi izici zilinganisela kahle. I-stonechat i-Saxicola rubetra (esenyakatho) evela eYurophu kanye ne-Saxicola maura (eyaseSiberia) yase-Asia izinyoni ezihlala kude ezihlala ubusika ezindaweni ezishisayo, kuyilapho isihlobo sazo esiseduze i-Saxicola rubicola (eyaseYurophu noma evamile) iyinyoni ihlala phezu kobubanzi bayo, ihamba amabanga amafushane kuphela ukusuka enyakatho epholile nasempumalanga.
Isici esingaba khona lapha ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlala njalo zingathola i-clutch eyengeziwe. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi abagibeli abahamba amabanga amade bangabomdabu waseNingizimu Melika kanye nase-Afrika kunokuba badabuka eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Empeleni ziyizinhlobo zaseningizimu eziya enyakatho ukuze zizale kunezinhlobo zasenyakatho eziya eningizimu ebusika.
Ucwaningo lwethiyori lubonisa ukuthi ukuchezuka nokuchezuka ezindleleni zazo zendiza okwandisa ibanga lendiza kufika ku-20% ngokuvamile kuzozivumelanisa nezimo ukusuka kumbono we-aerodynamic, inyoni ezilayisha ngokudla ukuze iwele umgoqo obanzi indize kancane ngokuyimpumelelo. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane zibonisa amaseyingi emizila efudukayo eveza ukunwetshwa komlando kobubanzi bokusabalalisa futhi kude kakhulu nokuba sezingeni eliphezulu ngokuya nge-ecology.
Isibonelo inqubo yokufuduka kwabantu bezwekazi lonke be-Catharus ustulatus (i-Swainson's thrush), ehambela kude empumalanga ukunqamula iNyakatho Melika ngaphambi kokukhukhuleka eningizimu edlula eFlorida ukuze ifinyelele enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika. Lo mzila ulinganiselwa ukuthi uwumphumela wokukhuliswa kobubanzi okwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-10.000 edlule. Ukuzungeza kungase kubangelwe izimo ezihlukene zomoya, ingozi yokudlelwa izilwane, nezinye izici.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu
Izinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu kulindeleke ukuthi zithinte isikhathi sokufuduka, futhi ukuhlaziya kubonise imiphumela ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa ukuhluka kwesikhathi sokufuduka, ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, kanye nokuncipha kwenani labantu.
Imiphumela Yemvelo
Inqubo yokufuduka kwezinyoni nayo inomthelela ekudluliseleni ezinye izinhlobo, kuhlanganise nalezo ze-ectoparasites ezifana nemikhaza nezintwala, ezingathwala kanyekanye ama-microorganisms kuhlanganise nama-agent akhiqiza izifo zabantu. Kube nentshisekelo enkulu ekubhebhethekeni komhlaba wonke komkhuhlane wezinyoni, nokho izinyoni ezifudukayo azithathwa njengosongo olukhulu.Amanye amagciwane agcinwe ezinyonini ngaphandle komphumela obulalayo, njengegciwane laseWest Nile, nokho, angasakazwa ngokufuduka kwezinyoni..
Izinyoni zingase futhi zibe neqhaza ekwandeni kwama-propagules ezitshalo nama-plankton. Izilwane ezithile ezidla ezinye zisizakala ngokugcwala kwezinyoni ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Ilulwane i-Nyctalus lasiopterus (i-noctule enkulu) idla izinyoni ezifudukayo zasebusuku Izinyoni ezithile ezidla inyama zikhethekile nge-Charadriiformes efudukayo.
Amasu okufunda
Umsebenzi wokufuduka wezinyoni uye wahlaziywa ngamasu ahlukahlukene, okuwukukhala kwawo okudala kakhulu. Ukumaka ngemibala, ukusetshenziswa kwe-radar, ukuqapha ngesathelayithi nokuhlaziywa kwama-isotopes azinzile eHydrogen (noma i-Strontium) amanye amasu asetshenziswa ocwaningweni lokufuduka. Inqubo eyodwa yokukhomba umfutho wokufuduka isebenzisa imibhobho ebheke phezulu ukuze irekhode izingcingo ezithintana ebusuku zemihlambi edlulayo indiza. Lokhu kamuva kuhlaziywa elabhorethri ukuze kubalwe isikhathi, imvamisa nezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni.
Umkhuba wakudala wokubala ukufuduka uhilela ukubuka ubuso benyanga egcwele nokubala imifanekiso yemihlambi yezinyoni njengoba zindiza ebusuku. Ucwaningo lokuziphatha kokuma beluye lwenziwa kusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwemishini ebizwa nge-Emlen's funnel, eyakhiwe ngekheji eliyindilinga elivikelwe ngenhla ngengilazi noma izintambo ezinezintambo ukuze isibhakabhaka sibonakale phezulu. , i-planetarium noma nezinye izikhuthazo zemvelo ezilawulekayo.
Ukuziphatha kwezinyoni ngaphakathi kwalesi sisetshenziswa kuhlolwa ngobuningi kusetshenziswa ukusabalalisa amathrekhi inyoni ewashiya ezindongeni zekheji elishiwo.Ezinye izinqubo ezisetshenziswa ezifundweni zokuza ekhaya zamajuba zisebenzisa isiqondiso lapho inyoni ifiyela khona emkhathizwe.
Izinsongo kanye Nokugcinwa Kwemvelo
Izinto ezenziwa abantu ziye zasongela izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezifudukayo. Imizila ehilelekile ekufudukeni kwabo ibonisa ukuthi bavame ukuwela imingcele yezizwe futhi izinyathelo zokulondoloza kwabo zidinga ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kusayinwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezehlukene ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlobo zezilwane ezifudukayo, okuhlanganisa Umthetho Wesivumelwano Sezinyoni Ezifudukayo wango-1918 wase-United States (isivumelwano neCanada, Mexico, Japan kanye neRussia) kanye ne-African-Eurasian Migratory Water Bird Agreement.
Ukuhlangana kwezinyoni eduze nomsebenzi wokufuduka kungabeka lezi zilwane engozini. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezimangalisayo ezifudukayo sezivele zanyamalala, edume kakhulu i-Ectopistes migratorius (ijuba elihambayo). Kukho konke ukufuduka kwayo imihlambi yayingamakhilomitha angu-1,6 ububanzi namakhilomitha angu-500 ubude, ithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukudlula futhi iqukethe izinyoni ezifika ebhiliyoni.
Ezinye izindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa izindawo zokuvalela isikhashana phakathi kwezindawo zokuzalanisa nobusika. Ukuhlaziywa kokuthwebula kabusha kwabahambi bokufika abanokwethembeka okuphezulu ezindaweni zabo zokuzalanisa nobusika akuzange kubonise ubudlelwano obuqinile obufanayo nezindawo zokuhlala zesikhashana.
Imisebenzi yokuzingela eduze kwemizila yokufuduka ingabangela ukufa okukhulu. Inani labantu base-Grus leucogeranus (Siberian Crane) ebusika lehlile ngenxa yokuzingela emizileni yezokuthutha, ikakhulukazi e-Afghanistan nase-Asia Emaphakathi. Okokugcina lezi zinyoni zabonakala ngo-2002 endaweni eziyithandayo yasebusika e-Keoladeo National Park.
Inqubo yokufuduka kwezinyoni iye yathinteka ngenxa yokuphakanyiswa kwezinto ezifana nezintambo zikagesi, imishini yomoya kanye nezinkundla zikawoyela zasogwini. Ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo ezungezile yemvelo ngokushintsha ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, nokho, inselele enkulu futhi izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezisezindaweni eziphansi, okuyizitobha zesikhashana zasebusika zezinyoni ezifudukayo, zisongelwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yokukhipha amanzi kanye nezicelo zokuthi zisetshenziswe abantu.
Isibalo Esingokomlando Sezinyoni Ezifudukayo
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ukwenzeka kokufuduka kuye kwaveza ukuthakazelisa, imibuzo kanye nokuzindla kuzo zonke izinhlobo zabantu. Sekuphenduke umthombo wogqozi ezimbongini, izangoma nezibikezelo, ezaziqagela ikusasa ekundizeni kwezinyoni, ukuphazamiseka kwezinhlobo ezithile kwakuyisimemezelo sempi noma ukufika kobhadane oluthile. Emadolobheni athile aseSpain lapho kundiza izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ama-swallows nama-swifts, kwakungenzeka ukubikezela ukuthi lizokuna noma cha.
Izimbongi zazizwa zincoma uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezinemibala eminingi neziculayo njengenkonjane, onogolantethe, ama-nightingales, njll.. Khonamanjalo, abazingeli babonisa isithakazelo ezinhlobonhlobo zokudla okunomsoco kanye nephunga elimnandi, ngesikhathi esifanayo isaga sethu sigcwele izinkomba zezinyoni ezifudukayo ezifana nalezi. ngokuthi «KwaSan Blas uzobheka unogolantethe» noma »E-Sant Frances thatha isimangalo uhambe» esimweni sokuzingela i-thrush.
Lesi senzakalo saphinde sadonsa ukunaka kongqondongqondo nososayensi banoma isiphi isikhathi, njengoba abaningi babo bezama ukuchaza ukuba khona nokunyamalala kwezinyoni ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, isenzakalo esasiphindwa minyaka yonke. Yile ndlela okuhunyushwa ngayo emiBhalweni Engcwele, mayelana nokunyakaza kwezinyoni ezinjengonogolantethe, amajuba, amankonjane kanye nezinkenene.
EGreece ekude, isazi sefilosofi u-Aristotle embhalweni waso othi “History of Animals” sabukeza lesi senzakalo ngokubonisa ukuthi ngenxa yethonya lamakhaza, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zasabela ngokuthuthela ezindaweni ezifudumele, njengama-crane nama-pelicans, noma ngokwehla zisuka endaweni efudumele. izintaba, kuyilapho ezinye zingena ohlotsheni lokuthuthumela futhi zilala emigodini ukuze zilale, ngendlela yokuthi izinkonjane zicashe emigodini lapho zilahlekelwa khona izimpaphe zazo, eziphuma kuzo entwasahlobo zigqoke izimpaphe ezintsha.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, wakwamukela ukuguqulwa, ebhala ukuthi amarobin (Erithacus rubecula) ebusika ayephenduka ama-redstarts (Phoenicurus sp.) ehlobo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka le mibono yayithathwa njengeyiqiniso emibuthanweni yesayensi ephakeme kakhulu, inganezeli neze umnikelo wokugcina isikhathi njengalowo ka-Olaus Magnus wekhulu le-XNUMX, owaveza ukuthi izinkonjane zezizwe ezisenyakatho zazitshuza ngamaqembu emanzini emiselekazi. , eluleka abadobi abasebasha bakulesi sifunda ukuba babashiye endaweni efanayo uma kwenzeka bewabamba emanetheni abo, njengoba nje kwenza abadobi bakudala.
Kwakungalelo khulu leminyaka lapho isazi sezinyoni uPierre Belon saqala ukukubona ngokucacile, eveza ukuthi kukhona okwenzeka ezinyonini zakubo eFrance lapho ziphela ebusika, nokho zavela eNyakatho Afrika, endaweni nje lapho ubengekho ezinyangeni ezedlule. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kwagxekwa kakhulu ochwepheshe bangaleso sikhathi ababesekela inkolelo-mbono yokulala.
Ngekhulu le-1.770, isazi semvelo esibalulekile uLinnaeus sasekela umbono ka-Aristotle mayelana nokulala kwenkonjane esibayeni ( Hirundo rustica ), owaveza ukuthi zihlala ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu eYurophu, zitshuza ebusika futhi ziphinde zivele entwasahlobo. Ngo-XNUMX, uBuffon wayiphikisa le mbono, efakazela encwadini yakhe ethi "Natural History of Birds" ukuthi zonke izinyoni ezihlaselwa amakhaza, kude nokunqotshwa ukukhathala, zafa nakanjani. Okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezikwazile ukuhlala isikhathi eside ebusika iCaprimulgus vociferus, i-nightjar yase-United States.
Ngo-1.950, usosayensi u-J. Marshall wabamba ama-specimens amathathu eTexas, aqhubeka ngawo ebonisa ukuthi izinyoni ezazidla njalo zazihlala zikhuthele ubusika bonke, kodwa zangena ebusika lapho zizila ukudla usuku olulodwa noma ezimbili. I-Hibernation ithathe amahora ayi-12 kuye ezinsukwini ezi-4. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehle laya ku-6º C futhi abakhombisanga zimpawu zangaphandle zokuphefumula.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi abaningi bayalivuma iqiniso lenqubo yokufuduka kwezinyoni, kodwa kusakholelwa kakhulu ukuthi ama-cuckoos (Cuculus canorus), amemezela intwasahlobo, aguquke abe ondlunkulu (Accipiter nisus) lapho kusondela ikwindla, noma njengasemadolobheni aseCastilla ( Spain) bacabanga ukuthi ama- hoopoe ( Upupa epop ) acasha emigodini lapho ubusika bufika, ezidla indle yawo. Namuhla kuyavunywa ukuthi ukufuduka akuyona into eyingqayizivele, kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ezengeze ubunzima bayo, okwenza kube nzima ukunikeza incazelo eyodwa.
Umcimbi wokufuduka awuqondene nezinyoni, njengoba kutholakala ukufuduka okujwayelekile kanye namabanga amade kuma-cetaceans, kumalulwane athile, izimvu zamanzi, izinyamazane, izinyamazane, izimfudu zasolwandle, izimvemvane, ama-lobster, izinhlanzi ngisho nasezimpethu zasolwandle, lezi zinyakaza ngendlela engokwemvelo. , uma kubhekwa ifa elimangalisayo, ngenxa yezinqubo zayo zengqondo-yokuphila.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi eNkathini Yemfundo Ephakeme izinyoni ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi zazivele zifuduka, njengoba kwakukhona ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwezindawo ezivumayo nezingezinhle ngokwesikhathi sonyaka, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izazi eziningi zicabanga ukuthi iphuzu lokuqala lokufuduka lenzeka ezweni. izinguzunga zeqhwa zenkathi yeQuaternary, ngenxa yezinguquko ezijulile zesimo sezulu yangaleso sikhathi. Ukufika kweqhwa eligubuzele ingxenye enkulu yamazwekazi akuzange kubangele ukundiza okukhulu kwezinyoni, kodwa kunalokho ingxenye enkulu yazo yabulawa amakhaza nendlala.
Bambalwa abantu ekuzulazuleni kwabo abafika ezindaweni ezingcono kakhulu bejoyina abantu bendawo. Kamuva, futhi elihambisana nokuhlehla kweqhwa, zaphinde zanwebeka zaya enyakatho, lapho zaphoqeleka ukuba zihambe khona njalo ebusika, zizijwayeza ukukhetha okungokwemvelo okuqinile okwakuvuza izinyoni ezinomfutho onamandla kakhudlwana wokufuduka.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinyoni, kwabuthana izinyoni ezihlala ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu, okwathi, ngokwendlela iqhwa elihlehla ngayo, zahlasela izindawo ezingahlali muntu entwasahlobo-ehlobo, ukuze zizishiye ziphoqelelwe amakhaza nendlala ebusika.
Inani lezinhlobo ezifudukayo liphezulu kakhulu, cishe lingaqinisekiswa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zenza ukunyakaza okuphawulekayo ngesikhathi esithile sonyaka, isibonelo, phakathi kwezinyoni ezidla inyama sithola izinhlobo noma i-subspecies enezindawo zazo zokuzalanisa enyakatho. i-hemisphere, nenani labantu elithuthela eningizimu ebusika (izinhlobo ezifudukayo) ukuze libuye ngonyaka olandelayo.
Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezingu-42, abantu abahlala enyakatho kuphela noma eningizimu ezinhlobonhlobo ezithuthelayo ukuze bathole ukudla okuthe xaxa, kanti abantu abadala ngokuvamile bahlala enyakatho noma eningizimu kunentsha (ingxenye yezinhlobo ezifudukayo). Kulezi zinhlobo ezingu-42, izidleke ezingu-16 eNyakatho Melika futhi ezimbili kuphela eNingizimu Melika. E-Eurasia kunezinhlobo ezingu-2 zama-raptor ezifudukayo ngokwengxenye kanye nezingu-80 eMpumalanga Asia. E-Australia kunezinhlobo ezi-9 nezi-3 eNingizimu Afrika. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye yesine yezinyoni ezidla inyama ezisekhona yenza ufuduko olubalulekile ngaphambi kokushada.
ENyakatho Melika ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni ezingama-650, ezingama-332 kuzo zingabafuduki kanti ezingama-227 kuzo zingamahlathi namabhulashi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-500 nezingu-1.000 7 zalezi zinhlobo zezilwane ziya ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika, lapho zihlala khona izinyanga ezingu-8-51. Ngokwendlela esihamba ngayo eningizimu yeMelika, inani lezinyoni lincane, ngakho-ke, i-30% yezinhlobo ezifudukayo zitholakala emahlathini aseMexico naseziqhingini ezisenyakatho yeCaribbean. Ama-10% e-peninsula yaseYucatan naseziqhingini eziningi zaseCaribbean. 20-13% eCosta Rica, 6% ePanama, 12-4% eColombia kanye 6-XNUMX% e-Amazon yase-Ecuador, Peru naseBolivia.
Ukufuduka Kwezinyoni Zasebusuku
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni ezihamba entwasahlobo ezifudukayo zasebusuku zibonakala zima ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunamashumi eminyaka angu-2 edlule, okuye kwabangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwalokho okwashicilelwa kujenali ethi 'Nature Climate Change', kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi izinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi sokuqala sokufuduka kwahlanganiswa kakhulu, futhi izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu ekuqaleni kwayo zenzeka ezifundeni ezafudumala ngokushesha. Nokho, lezi zinguquko zazingabonakali kangako ekwindla.
Kyle Horton, waseColorado State University (CSU); nochwepheshe bezobunhloli bokwenziwa u-Dan Sheldon waseNyuvesi yase-Massachusetts Amherst kanye no-Andrew Farnsworth we-Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology bachaze ukuthi bayihlaziye kanjani idatha ye-radar yeminyaka engu-24 evela ku-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). isifinyezo sayo ngesiNgisi) salolu cwaningo mayelana ukufuduka kwezinyoni ebusuku.
U-Horton ubuyekeza izinga locwaningo, olulandelele ukuziphatha kokufuduka kwasebusuku kwamakhulu ezinhlobo zezilwane ezimelela izigidigidi zezinyoni, "njengokubalulekile" ekuqondeni nasekufundeni okwengeziwe ngamaphethini ahlukahlukene okufuduka.
"Ukubona ukuhlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezilinganisweni zezwekazi kuyajabulisa ngempela, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha namasu asetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningi ezithathwa yi-radar," esho, enezela ngokuthi izinguquko ezibonwayo azisho ngempela ukuthi abafuduki bahambisane nesivinini. ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. UFarnsworth uthi ucwaningo lwaleli qembu luphendula okokuqala ngqa, imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nezinyoni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
“Ukufuduka kwezinyoni sekuguquke kakhulu njengokusabela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Isenzakalo somhlaba wonke esihilela izigidigidi zezinyoni minyaka yonke. Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi ukunyakaza kwezinyoni kuqhubeka nezinguquko zezulu. Kodwa indlela amaqembu ezinyoni asabela ngayo enkathini yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokushesha nangokwedlulele yabhekwa njengempicabadala. Ukubamba izilinganiso nobukhulu bomsebenzi wokufuduka emkhathini nesikhathi bekungenzeki kuze kube yizikhathi zamuva nje”, uyagqamisa.
U-Horton uphawula ukuthi ukukwazi ukufinyelela idatha kanye nekhompuyutha yamafu kukhulise kakhulu ikhono leqembu lokufingqa okutholiwe. "Ukuze kucutshungulwe yonke le datha, ngaphandle kwe-cloud computing kuzothatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka oqhubekayo wokucutshungulwa kwedatha," usho kanje. Ngokuphambene, leli qembu likwazile ukukufeza esikhathini esiseduze namahora angu-48.
Njengoba u-Sheldon ebonisa, lokhu kunyakaza kwezinyoni kuqoshwe amashumi eminyaka ngenxa yenethiwekhi ye-radar Yesevisi Yesimo Sezulu Yezwe Lonke, kodwa kuze kube kamuva nje le datha ibingakatholakali kubacwaningi bezinyoni, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yolwazi oluningi kanye nokuntuleka kolwazi. amathuluzi okuhlaziya, okwenza izifundo ezilinganiselwe zenzeke.
Kulolu cwaningo, i-Amazon Web Services ivumele ukufinyelela kudatha. Ukwengeza, ithuluzi elisha, 'i-MistNet,' uSheldon nozakwabo e-UMass Amherst abathuthukiswe nabanye e-Cornell Lab, lisebenzisa ukufunda ngomshini ukuze lithole idatha yezinyoni kulokho okurekhodwa ama-radar futhi lingene ezinqolobaneni ze-radar Eziqukethe amashumi eminyaka edatha. Igama layo libhekisela "kumanetha enkungu" amancane, acishe angabonakali asetshenziswa izazi zezinyoni ukuze zibambe izinyoni ezifudukayo.
Njengoba u-Sheldon ebuyekeza, i-'MistNet' izenzela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukucutshungulwa kwesethi enkulu yedatha esetshenziselwe ukubala umsebenzi wokufuduka kwezinyoni ezwekazini lase-United States iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kube nemiphumela emangalisayo uma iqhathaniswa nabantu abayiphatha ngesandla. . Isebenzisa amasu okubona ngekhompyutha ukuze ihlukanise izinyoni kulokho okuyimvula ezithombeni, isithiyo esifanele ebesibeke inselele izazi zezinto eziphilayo amashumi eminyaka.
“Phambilini, umuntu oyedwa wayebhekelele ukubuka isithombe ngasinye se-radar ukuze abone ukuthi linemvula noma izinyoni,” ebonisa. "I-MistNet yathuthukiswa njengohlelo lwezobunhloli lokuzenzela lokuqashelwa kwephethini ezithombeni ze-radar futhi icindezela ngokuzenzakalelayo imvula," esho.
Ithimba lika-Sheldon lenze amamephu wangaphambilini wokuthi ukufuduka kwenzeka kuphi futhi nini phakathi neminyaka engu-24 edlule futhi lawacindezela ukuze afanekise, isibonelo, izindawo ezishisayo zokufuduka ezwekazini lase-United States emhubheni osentshonalanga yoMfula i-Mississippi. I-'MistNet' iphinde inikeze amandla abacwaningi ukubala isivinini sendiza kanye nobukhulu bethrafikhi yezinyoni ezifudukayo.
U-Horton uphawula ukuthi ukuntuleka kokuhlukahluka kwamaphethini okufuduka ekwindla kwakumangaza, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukufuduka kusathambekele ekubeni "kubi kakhulu" ngalezo zinyanga. “Entwasahlobo, ungabona inqwaba yabafuduki behamba ngesivinini esikhulu ukuze bafinyelele lapho bezalela khona. Kodwa-ke, ekwindla, ingcindezi yokufinyelela ezindaweni zasebusika ayinkulu, futhi ukufuduka kuvame ukuhamba ngokukhululeka.
Ingxube yezinto yenza kube nzima ukufunda ukufuduka kwabantu ekwindla, uyanezela. Kule nkathi, izinyoni aziqhudelani nabangane bazo futhi ijubane lokufika lapho eziya khona likhululekile. Ngokufanayo, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezifudukayo, njengoba amaphuphu egcina ebona ukuthi nawo kudingeka afuduke.
U-Horton wengeza ngokuthi okutholakele kunomthelela ekuqondeni amaphethini ezinyoni ezizayo ezifudukayo, njengoba izinyoni zithembele ekudleni nakwezinye izinsiza ukuze zenze uhambo. Phakathi nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimila noma ukuba khona kwezinambuzane kungase kungavumelani nokudlula kwezinyoni ezifudukayo.
Babonisa ukuthi ngisho nokuhlukahluka okucashile kungase kube nemiphumela emibi yezempilo ezinyoni ezifudukayo. Ngokuzayo, abacwaningi bahlela ukunweba ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yabo ukufaka i-Alaska, lapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuba nomthelela omubi kakhulu kunezifundazwe ezingama-48 eziseningizimu.
Ezinye izinto esizincomayo yilezi: