El ubuciko bobuKristu, Kuwuhlobo lobuciko bezenkolo obuqondiswe ngaphansi kwezakhiwo nezimfundiso ezihlanganisa imfundiso yobuKristu. Kuvezwa ngezindawo ezahlukahlukene ezinjengalezi: izakhiwo, ukudweba kanye nokubaza, okuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isisekelo sazo sehlelo.
ubuciko bobuKristu
I-Christian Art iwuhlobo lobuciko obuyimfihlakalo, lapho imisebenzi nemisebenzi eyenziwayo isetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhokha futhi iqondiswa ngaphansi kwezimfundiso nezakhiwo zesimanje sobuKristu. Uma ufuna ukwazi ezinye izihloko ezifanayo zesiko, ungafunda AmaViking eSpain
Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko eziphishekelwa ubuciko bobuKristu iwukudala kabusha, ngemifanekiso, izindinyana ezithile, okuhlangenwe nakho noma imilayezo yobuKristu eqondiswe kumakholwa athembekile ale nkathi yezenkolo. Ngobuciko bobuKristu, umlayezo wenkolo ungamelwa, ovezwa ngokudweba, izakhiwo, ukudweba, phakathi kwezinye izindlela.
Kusukela ngekhulu lesine, inkolo yobuKristu yaba inkolo evelele empucukweni yaseNtshonalanga. I-boom yayo enkulu kakhulu yenzeke phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi neNkathi Yesimanje, ibe nokuthuthukiswa okubalulekile Europa kamuva okwasabalala ngokwezindawo.
Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kwakusho ukuthi imisinga yobuciko eyinhloko eyaqala ukuvela phakathi neNkathi Yesimanje yaphawulwa kakhulu futhi yathonywa ubuciko bobuKristu, obuyisisekelo bayo obuhlobene nokufeza ukukhulekela kwenkolo.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, imidwebo nezithombe, izithombe eziqoshiwe noma ezinye izinto ezingcwele, zingcwelisiwe, ziyeka ukuba yimisebenzi yobuciko kuphela. Izigodlo, amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele zazibhekwa njengezinsalela zangempela, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zasendulo zobuKristu kuze kube iNkathi Ephakathi, lapho ukuhlonishwa kwakukhokhelwa abafel’ ukholo nabangcwele.
Izithombe ezigqugquzelwe impilo ka UJesu Kristu Bagcina sebenedumela lokuba yizimangaliso, begqugquzela amakholwa athembekile nabazinikele kule nkolo ukuthi bahambe bayovakashela. Nokho, lolu hlobo lobuciko lwaluwumthombo wokwehluka phakathi kwabagqugquzeli benkolo ngokwabo, lwaze lwabangela nokuhlukana kwangaphakathi phakathi kwalabo ababesekela ukuzinikela okukhuthazwa yile misebenzi kanye nalabo ababemelene nokukhonza izithombe nezinkolelo-ze ezivela kulemikhuba.
Amaqembu amaKrestu asesebenzise ubuciko ngandlela thize ukuze aveze izinkolo zawo kanye nokuzinikela kwawo, abe nombono othize kakhulu mayelana nencazelo ngayinye elinikeza yona, okwenza umehluko phakathi kwamaProthestani namaKhatholika.
Umculo nezakhiwo zezenkolo ziyizinhlobo ezijwayelekile zobuciko bobuKristu, okuvezwa ngazo noma yimuphi umlayezo ofuna ukusabalala emphakathini. Ngokuqondene nezithombe eziqoshiwe zezenkolo nemidwebo, ebhekwa njengohlobo olumele kakhulu lobuciko, izingqikithi ezivame kakhulu ziyimijikelezo yokuphila UJesu Kristu, kanye nezindima ezihlukahlukene zeTestamente Elidala.
Emasontweni amaKhatholika endabuko, umuntu angabona inala yezithombe eziqoshiwe kanye nezithombe zobuciko bobuKristu, kanye ne-hodgepodge yezithombe ezihlukahlukene, kokubili emathempelini amancane azungezile nase-altare eliphakeme.
Kusobala kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwendlu yokubhapathiza, amafasitela amakhulu anezingilazi, phakathi kokunye. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezakhi zezakhiwo zisebenza njengesisekelo sezithombe eziqoshiwe, zihlukaniswa ngokufanelekile ngokuya ngosuku lwenkathi yomlando ehambisanayo.
Umhlobiso wamasonto obu-Orthodox uhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kobucwebe bezenkolo, ama-mosaics nezingubo zokugqoka, okwenza izikhala zabo zibe namandla kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, ama-altare evangeli abonisa ubulula obamukelwa ezakhiweni ezintsha zamasonto obuKatolika, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. IVictoria Council II.
Izimpawu ezivezwa ngobuciko bobuKristu ziqukethe izimpawu ezihluke kakhulu ezibhekisela ngokuqondile ezintweni zobuKristu, zisebenzisa indlela ethile, izehlakalo, imibhalo noma imiqondo, ezimelela ngendlela ethile.
isiphambano se Kristu nezinye izithombe ze Jesús, ngokuvamile ziyizikhombo zemibhalo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobuciko bobuKristu, nakuba zixutshwe nemiqondo evamile yokuphila, phakathi kwayo okuwuthando, ukuphila okuphakade, insindiso yomuntu nomphefumulo wakhe, njll.
Mayelana nezithombe, ubuciko bobuKristu buhlukaniswa ngokugqamisa imininingwane yezithombe okwenza kube lula ukuzibona. Ingxenye yayo yizici zobuso nezihlukile zomuntu ngamunye, okungukuthi, uma egqoke intshebe, izinwele zakhe.
Kukhona futhi izingubo zakhe, imibala, ukushukuma komzimba, izici zendawo yakhe ezimele yena, isibonelo, indawo yezandla zakhe, izingubo zakhe, ukusetshenziswa kwento ethile yenkonzo, njll; izici ezivezayo ubuciko bobuKristu obunikezwe ngazo ukuhlukanisa kwabanye.
historia
Umlando wobuciko bobuKristu ucishe uhambisane nomlando wenkathi ka ubuKristu. Ubufakazi balokhu ukutholakala kwezithombe zobuKristu, usuku lwazo lwaqoshwa cishe ngonyaka wama-70 AD. C., iminikelo eyingxenye yemibhalo emivubukulo esekela ukuvela komlando kobuKristu futhi ichaza nendlela inqubo yabo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yenzeka ngayo.
I-sarcophagi ibhalwe njengohlobo lwezithombe eziqoshiwe zobuKristu, ezinamarekhodi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwaqala ukukhula, kanti ama-facade amasonto afika esikhundleni samathempeli okuqala eyisibonelo salokhu.
Ngesikhathi sikahulumeni we Constantine, umbuso wawusuwemukele kakade imfundiso yenkolo yobuKristu, futhi ngokukhula kwabalandeli abathembekile nabazinikele, kwavela isidingo sokuhlala ezakhiweni ezinobuntu obusobala kanye namandla amakhulu, ukuze kugujwe izinkolo.
Khona-ke kwavela isidingo sokwakha amasonto amasha obuKristu, kodwa hhayi ukwamukela izici zamathempeli amaqaba ayesevele ekhona, kodwa kunalokho amamodeli amakamelo omphakathi ukubamba imihlangano, okungukuthi, ama-basilica, ukuze ahambisane nalokho okwakudingeka, okwakuyi- indawo enesandiso esikhulu, lapho amakholwa athembekile azinikele enkolweni ye UbuKristu, bangafika bakhuleke.
Ngaleyo minyaka, ama-basilica ayefeza umsebenzi womphakathi, kodwa ngenxa yesidingo esavela, indima yawo yashintsha, yaba indawo yokugubha imihlangano yobuKristu, futhi ipulani lesitezi le-basilica laba ngokusemthethweni isakhiwo ababezothatha ngaso ukwakhiwa kwethempeli. amabandla amasha.
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ezinye izakhiwo zanezelwa emisebenzini yenkolo, kodwa indlela yazo yokusabalalisa yayihlukile kuma-basilicas, enesitshalo esiphakathi nendawo esibizwa ngokuthi "ama-baptisteries", kanye nenye indawo lapho ama-mausoleums noma amathuna ayekhona.
Lezi zindawo zazisetshenziselwa ukugubha ubhapathizo ngezikhathi zemfihlo futhi zihlukaniswe namasiko esonto. Esethulweni sama-mosaic kanye nemidwebo yasendongeni, ubuciko bobuKristu bokudweba bungabonakala buvezwa.
Imidwebo egandaywe ngamatshe yayiyimihlobiso esetshenziswa amasonto, enezindikimba eziyinhloko izehlakalo nezigatshana zobuKristu ezazisetshenziswa njengezimpawu nezifanekiselo zawo. Amakhaphethi kaMose abekwe endaweni eyigalari ye-basilicas eyaphenduka amasonto, izifundo zazo zomdwebo oshiwoyo zaziyimfundiso yenkolo ye UJesu Kristu
Kusukela ngosuku lwale mifanekiso isukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, nakuba kamuva yayeka ukwenziwa uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi lezi zithombe zaziqukethe isici esingcwele esingadelelwa ngokunyathela phezu kwayo.Okunye ukubonakaliswa kobuciko bobuKristu kwakuwukuthi “ama-miniatures”. izimpawu ezasetshenziswa njengethuluzi emibhalweni yesandla, ngenhloso yokuthi abantu bayiqonde kangcono imibhalo, ikakhulukazi abangafundile.
I-codex yesikhumba yaqala ukuthatha indawo yomqulu we-papyrus phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX, njengoba wawukwazi ukuthungwa futhi uboshwe, okwenza ukuba kwenziwe imidwebo emincane futhi ilondolozwe. EVatican Apostolic Library kunemibhalo yesandla emibili ye Virgil Zisuka ekhulwini le-XNUMX futhi zigcinwe kahle.
Eminye imibhalo yesandla yenkolo enezimo ezifanayo, ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesithupha leminyaka. Ikhophi yencwadi yezenkolo ye UGenesise, i-National Library of Vienna. Izingcezwana zeBhayibheli lasendulo lesiGreki, ezahlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, yizona ezisasele encwadini British Museum, ngemva kokulinyazwa emlilweni owenzeka emtatsheni wezincwadi we USir Robert Cotton, lapho yayikhona ekuqaleni, ngo-1731.
Eminye imibhalo yesandla esekhona ebhalwe ngolimi lwesiSyriac itholakala ku Florence kanye Paris, emtatsheni wezincwadi ULaurentian kanye neNational Library ngokulandelana. Ezikhathini zoMbuso WaseRoma, izakhamuzi zazigqoke izingubo ezihlotshiswe ngezithombe zenkolo zomkhuba wevangeli, ezenziwe ngoboya be-polychrome kanye nezinto zikasilika, ezibhekwa njengohlobo lwendwangu kanokusho engasetshenziselwa ukugqoka kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuhlobisa izakhiwo.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abefundisi bangaleso sikhathi babemelene nalolu hlobo lokusetshenziswa, izingubo ezinezindwangu zezenkolo zisalondolozwe ezingutsheni zabapristi nasezindaweni eziphakeme zeminyuziyamu ebalulekile emhlabeni wonke.
Izici
Ngezikhathi zoMbuso WaseRoma, ubuciko bobuKristu baziwa ngokuthi ubuciko bobuKristu bokuqala, enomsuka wawo emqondweni wokuhlangabezana nesidingo abalandeli balemfundiso yenkolo ababenaso, sokuhlangana emihlanganweni futhi bakwazi ukwenza ukukhulekela kwabo. Esinye isihloko esithakazelisayo sithi Konke Kungumqondo
Ama-basilica aqala ukusetshenziswa njengezikhungo ezintsha zokuhlangana kwamaKristu kanye nedili le-Ekaristi, izakhi zahlanganiswa ukuthi kancane kancane zashintshwa njengengxenye yemikhosi yenkonzo, kusetshenziswa i-altare eliphathwayo elalungiswa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Iminyaka eminingi, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi ubuciko bamaRoma base benqabile ukudedelwa kwezobuciko bamaKristu okuqala, ikakhulukazi ezweni lobuciko bepulasitiki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli phuzu lacaciswa, kucatshangwa ukuthi ubuciko bobuKristu noma i-Paleo-Christian bavela ekuhlanganiseni izitayela ezazikhona ngekhulu lesine, ezithathwe e-Aleksandriya nase-Antiyokiya, amadolobha amabili amakhulu obuGreki, ngaphezu kwesifunda esisempumalanga.
Isamba sayo yonke into, yaphumela ohlotsheni olwaziwa ngokuthi "i-classical realism", eyathanjiswa abantu base-Asia, bakwazi ukwenza isitayela esiphawuleka kakhulu nesihlukile ngokuya ngokucaca kanye nokuhluzeka kwemigqa, kanye nobuhle obuvelele. emafomini.
Kodwa, konke lokhu kungaba nje isandulela sokuzalwa kwenhlangano yobuciko ejabulisayo, eyathuthukiswa kwamanye amazwe esingawabala phakathi kwawo. EGibhithe, e-Asia Minor, eSiriya naseYurophu entshonalanga, phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX.
Kodwa-ke, ngokwezindawo abasuka kuzo kanye nezikhathi abadlula kuzo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto kwenza kube lula ukuthola imikhiqizo ehlukene, okungukuthi, ubuciko bePaleo-Christian I-Egypt Ihluke kakhulu eSiriya, kodwa yamukelwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuhlukahluka kwamasiko.
Ama-basilicas asendulo aseRoma ashintshwa ekuqaleni kancane kancane, kwase kuba nesivinini esithe xaxa, ehlanganisa izakhiwo ezinezinhlelo eziyindilinga neziphambano. Esinye isenzo esigqamayo kule nhlangano entsha wukuthi kuzanywe ukuvala izakhiwo ngama-turrets.
Kusele ke umkhuba wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eNtshonalanga, kuyilapho eMpumalanga, isimo se-vault samukelwa kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi phakathi neNkathi Yokuphila. i-colossalism.
Isici "sokwesabeka kokungabi nalutho" okuqukethwe kubuciko basempumalanga, sichaza umhlobiso wama-basilica ngokuphambene nokucaca kwezikhala zenkambiso yamaGreki. Izimila ezichichimayo, izilwane, izinyoni kanye nokufaka, ukuhlelwa kwezimbali, phakathi kokunye, kuyingxenye yalokhu kucebile kokuhlobisa okwembulwa ngobuciko bobuKristu.
I-Paleochristian
Uhlobo lobuciko olwenziwa abathembekile bokuqala namakholwa ka Kristu, kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX, noma XNUMXth AD, yaziwa ngegama lePaleo-Christian noma ubuciko bobuKristu. UbuKrestu obukhona njengamanje, obufana nobuJuda, buthathwa emhlabeni wonke njengenye yezinkolo ezinkulu ezikholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa.
Inkolo ekholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa isho ukuthi abazinikele bayo abathembekile bakholelwa ekubeni khona kweyodwa kuphela UNkulunkulu. Lesi esinye sezizathu ezenza ukuthi, ngokubukeka kwayo, izinkulumo zobuciko ezikhona ngaphambili zibe noshintsho olukhulu.
Ubuciko bobuKristu buvela esidingweni sokusabalalisa nokufundisa ngendlela elula kodwa eqondile, okuqukethwe, izimiso, izimfanelo zaphezulu kanye nezinye izimfundiso zenkolo yobuKristu, kuhlanganise nabantu abangafundile. Phakathi kwalezi zimiso namagugu ikakhulukazi ubukhulu be UNkulunkulu, kodwa futhi nobuhle nesihe sakhe.
ubuciko beminyaka ephakathi
Yayibizwa nangokuthi ubuciko benkathi ephakathi, futhi yayingesinye sezigaba ezabelwa ngaphakathi kwezobuciko, kwesinye sezikhathi zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi esanwetshwa emhlabeni wonke. Isikhathi esihlanganisiwe sasisukela ekhulwini le-V kuya ekhulwini le-XV, simi ngaphandle kwezifunda I-Afrika, iYurophu kanye neMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Ubuciko bobuKristu obathuthukiswa ngeNkathi Ephakathi, babuneziqu noma ukuhlolwa kobuhle, okwenziwa ngokwemibandela ethile eyaya ngokuya ishintsha. Lesi sigaba sobuciko sabizwa ngokuthi "inkathi yobumnyama" ngabagxeki abathile, kanti abanye babiza ngokuthi "iminyaka yokuvuselelwa kabusha."
Ngendlela efanayo, ngezikhathi zeNkathi Ephakathi, ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kobuciko kwavela, nokwandiswa kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene, okungukuthi, kwakukhona amaqembu ahlukahlukene abonisa izitayela ezahlukene, kusukela ethonyeni eliphawulekayo lamazwe ngamazwe, kuya kwezobuciko kazwelonke, zesifunda kanye nezomhlaba jikelele. .
Lezi zitayela eziningi ziletha ukuhlukahluka okukhulu emisebenzini yobuciko ebiyingxenye yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zisebenze njengenkundla yamaciko ahlala engaziwa isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuthi indlela yawo yokusebenza yayingokwesiko kakhulu, eyashintsha ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, lapho aqala khona ukuba nokwakheka kwengqondo okwengeziwe, aqala ukubhekwa njenge abalimi boBuciko obuhle.
Ukuhlanganiswa kobuciko okuthile kwavela ezikhathini zasendulo ngasekupheleni, kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwesitayela sobuciko sakudala esatholwa njengefa eMbusweni WaseRoma, sixutshwe nezinye izakhi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona isiko elichumayo labantu abafika ngesikhathi sokuhlasela, nabasuka eNyakatho ye Europa kanye nempumalanga yezwekazi elishiwo.
Ngendlela efanayo, amasiko abantu bomdabu athathwa AmaJalimane, amaSlav, ama-Arabhu, phakathi kwabanye, yenezela eminikelweni yobuKristu basendulo. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwazo zonke izakhi ezivela kule mithombo yamasiko ebalulekile, okunikeza isisekelo somqondo emlandweni wobuciko beNkathi Ephakathi noma yenkathi ephakathi.
Ochwepheshe bawuhlukanisa ngokwezikhathi nokunyakaza, bechaza lokhu okulandelayo: Ubuciko bobuKristu Bakuqala; I-Pre-Romanesque; Romanesque; IsiGothic (eNtshonalanga Yurophu/eLobukholwa lesiLatini); I-Byzantine (uMbuso WaseByzantine / UbuKristu BaseMpumalanga) kanye Nobuciko BamaSulumane (emhlabeni wamaSulumane), obunamathonya afanayo.
Ukwengeza, izitayela zendawo nazo zabonakala, kamuva zahlukaniswa futhi zahlukaniswa ngendlela efanayo. Lesi sikhathi sobuciko, sikwazile ukuzibonakalisa ngemidiya ehlukene futhi sivezwa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, imikhakha yobuciko kanye namasu.
Phakathi kwalezi zinkulumo kukhona: imibhalo yesandla enezithombe, emele i-calligraphy nezithombe ezincane; umkhandi wegolide, ukudweba, ukubaza, izakhiwo, ama-mosaics, phakathi kokunye, phakathi kokunye, okuhlanganisa ubuciko nemisebenzi yezandla engabhekwa njengendabuko, njengokwenza izingubo zenkathi ephakathi.
ubuciko be-byzantine
Ubuciko bobuKristu, ngokwengxenye enkulu, bungabhekwa njengokutholwa kwalokho okusele kobuciko bamaRoma, obunikeza ithonya eliphawulekayo lomkhuba. I-European. Ukukhiqizwa kohlobo lobuciko obungcwele noma obungcwele kwakuxhaswe abaphathi bezenkolo bangaleso sikhathi, namuhla okuyisikhungo seSonto LamaKatolika, ngemva kokuwa amaRom naphakathi komdonsiswano wamandla ohlakeni lwezepolitiki.
Ngaphakathi koMbuso WaseRoma WaseMpumalanga, iSonto Lobu-Orthodox lika IConstantinople yayinozinzo olukhulu, okuyisici esibalulekile sokuba isebenze njengosekela emhlabeni wezobuciko, ivumela ithonya layo ukuba liqashelwe maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwayo ukuze kufinyelelwe esilinganisweni sobuKristu.
EMbusweni WaseByzantium, ubuciko bobuKristu bathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa ubuciko bobuhle obungacacile, indlela eyashesha ukuthatha indawo yemvelo eyayivele ikhona lapho kusetshenziswa ubuciko. Hellenic. Injongo yalesi sitayela esisha yayigcizelela kakhulu, yembula ngokubonakaliswa kwaso, ukumelwa nencazelo engokwenkolo yento ngayinye noma umuntu ngamunye, ngendlela enembe kakhudlwana.
Ngendlela efanayo, indlela entsha ikhethe inqubo elula ethize isebenzisa izimo zejiyomethri, izinkambiso esezivele zisunguliwe kanye nombono ohlanekezelwe lapho kwakhiwa kabusha isigcawu senkolo noma kwenziwa isithombe somlingisi, kushiyelwa eceleni amasu okukhanya kanye nombala, ubukhulu besikhala. kanye nomqondo wombono ongokoqobo.
Inkathi ye-iconoclasm yaseByzantium yadlula enkingeni eqinile eyasebenzela ukulinganisa izithombe ukuze zisetshenziswe ngokwenkolo ngaphakathi kwezimfundiso zaseMpumalanga, kanye nencazelo eyayenziwe ngomyalo wesibili kulo mkhuba wobuciko kanye nempikiswano eyavela ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe. sina.
Ithonya eMpumalanga Yurophu nase-Afrika
En Afrika, abantu baseSlavic benziwa amaKristu, ngoba amaRom kusukela esifundeni esisentshonalanga, futhi IConstantinople, endaweni eseningizimu. Abalingiswa be Methodius futhi Cyril yibo ababeshumayela ivangeli ezigqileni. Ngemva kwalokhu, amaqembu abafuduki baseRussia, baseBulgaria nabaseSerbia aqala ukuncika ngokwesiko emvelweni yaseByzantium, kanye nobuciko nenkolo yabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iMoscow yathi ithatha indawo yeRoma ngemva kokuwa kwedolobha laseConstantinople, okwathonya ngandlela-thile izithombe zaseByzantium ukuba zingafi ngaphakathi komdwebo waseRussia, okuyindlela yokuphindaphinda imihlangano futhi iyenze ingafi. Izindlela zobuciko zaseByzantium zaba nethonya elibonakala kahle kwisitayela sokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseRussia.
Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaSulumane, kokubili ubuKristu baseGibhithe naseTopiya baqhubeka behlukanisiwe nethonya laseYurophu, ikakhulukazi amaRom kanye nedolobha la IConstantinople, ukuzuza ukuthuthukiswa kokuzimela. Kodwa-ke, amamodeli aseByzantine ayekhona ebuhleni bayo, okwenza ukwakhiwa kwenkolo yaseTopiya kube into yokuqala.
ubuciko be-pre-Romanesque
Ubuciko be-Pre-Romanesque bunomsuka wabo ku- I-Western europe, futhi iyingxenye yokubonakaliswa kobuciko bobuKristu okwenziwa phakathi nenkathi yokuqala enkulu yobuciko eNkathini Ephakathi, ubude bayo besikhathi busukela ekhulwini lesithupha kuya kweleshumi, noma kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesihlanu kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanye. , eyinikeza igama le-historiography. Leli gama laqanjwa ngu UJean-Hubert, ngonyaka ka-1938.
Lolu hlobo lobuciko bobuKristu lubhekisela kunkulumo evamile ehlanganisa zonke izici ezihlanganisa ubuKristu besiLatini njengesihloko somkhiqizo wobuciko, umkhiqizo wengxube phakathi kobuciko be-Romanesque kanye ne-Paleo-Christian, ngaphandle kokuqokwa kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano yobuhle echazwe ngaphambilini.
Ukuqhubeka koMbuso WamaRoma esifundeni esisempumalanga kwanikeza inqubekelaphambili yobuciko baseByzantium, ngokuphambene nalokho okwenzeka esifundeni esisentshonalanga, lapho ukuhlasela, okwengezwe ekuweni koMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga, kwadala isimo sokungazinzi kwezombangazwe. isiko liyehla.
Lesi sigaba somlando wezobuciko saziwa ngokuthi "inkathi yobumnyama", eyayibonakala ngokusweleka kwemithombo ebhaliwe kanye nokungaqhubeki kwabanye, izimo ezathathwa ngokunenzuzo abantu baseJalimane, abahlanganisa isiko labo nobuciko babo. ngesiko lasendulo lamaGreki namaRoma elalikhona ngalezo zikhathi, okwavunyelwana ngalo yizikhungo ezintsha ukuhlanganisa izimiso zobuKristu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuciko bamaSulumane bazuza ukuthuthukiswa kwayo, okubangelwa ukwanda kwama-Arab okwahlala ogwini oluseningizimu, okuhlukanisa indawo yaseMedithera España up Syria, isenzakalo esenzeka phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX. Kunezici ezithile nezijwayelekile ngaphakathi kobuciko be-pre-Romanesque.
Okunye okuphawuleka kakhulu ukungabibikho okulinganiselwe kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu ezakhiwo, okuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezakhiwo ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amasampula ambalwa ezithombe eziqoshiwe ezinkulu angabonakala, ngokuthandwayo kuncike emifanekisweni ekhona emisebenzini nasemibhalweni yesandla, kanye nezingcezu zabakhandi begolide.
Ezinye izici zesici ziqondwa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokufanekisela ubuciko bomfanekiso, ukusuka kokusemthethweni kuye kokulula, ukudlula ukuhlelwa okuthile. Ngokusetshenziswa kwale nqubo, inhloso ukuzuza ukuvezwa okukhulu nakakhulu, ukukhombisa izindikimba ezihlukahlukene zokuhlobisa ngobuningi, kushiye eceleni ubuqiniso.
Naphezu kokuba nazo zonke lezi zici, azikanele ukuzihlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zobuciko bendawo, ezizobongwa ngefreyimu ngaphakathi kwesitayela samazwe ngamazwe, njengoba kwenzeka endabeni yobuciko be-Romanesque ne-Gothic.
Abahlaseli babeka umqondo omusha we-European whole, lapho benikela ngemithwalo yabo yamasiko ngabanye, ngokuzinza esifundeni unomphela. Ukunamathela kwabo eRomani LobuKristu kwethulwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, kuvumelana nesifunda ngasinye lapho bahlala khona.
Ubuciko be-Romanesque
Ngezikhathi zokuvela kobuciko be-Romanesque, iSonto LamaKatolika laliyi-protagonist enkulu, kusukela laqala ukunikeza iziqondiso mayelana nobuciko, ngesikhathi lapho umphakathi waseNtshonalanga Yurophu ozinzile wawuvela enkathini ephakathi.
Lesi sikhungo sezenkolo sasebenzisa izinsiza, amandla kanye nezikhulu esasinazo ukuze sigunyaze ukudalwa kwezithombe eziqoshiwe nemidwebo. Uhlobo lwezakhiwo ezinepulani yaphansi ngendlela yesiphambano sesiLatini lwaba yisakhiwo se-iconographic ngendlela yamasonto okuvakasha, asakazeka ngokushesha kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Inguquko ukusuka ku-Romanesque ukuya kubuciko be-Gothic ne-Cistercian
Omunye wabanduleli bobuciko obukhona bobuKristu phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi kwakunguSaint Bernard waseClairvaux, owayenombono oqinile wokuthi umsebenzi wobuhle kufanele ube yini ukuze aveze ukubonakaliswa kobuciko kwenkolo yobuKristu.
Inhloso yakhe kwakungukuthi, ngesiphakamiso sakhe, ukususa ubuciko bobuKristu kulokho, ngokusho kwakhe, okwakuyimihlobiso eyeqisayo, ngisho nokuyithatha njengokuphambuka emfundisweni leyo. Isu lakhe lalincike kakhulu ekubeni lula kwemigqa nasekusebenziseni kahle ukukhanya. Ukumelelwa kwe-iconographic kukaKristu kwakuyisibonelo sakhe esihle kakhulu sesu.
Ubuciko be-Gothic
Ngaphakathi kwezobuciko bobuKristu beNkathi Ephakathi, sifika ekuhlukaniseni ubuciko be-Gothic, obuboniswa njengesitayela sobuciko esakhiwe eNtshonalanga Yurophu phakathi nekhulu leshumi nambili, isikhathi lapho ukuphela kweNkathi Ephakathi kwaqhubekela phambili futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakudlulela kuze kube manje. iRenaissance.
Ihlanganisa inkathi yobuciko ebanzi, eyaqala eNyakatho yeFrance, ukuze kamuva isabalale esifundeni esisentshonalanga. Indlela yayo yokusebenza isethwe ngokwezifunda namazwe lapho le nhlangano ithuthuke ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, ithola ukuhlukaniswa okujulile ngenxa yalokho.
E-France, esinye sezigaba zayo zokuthuthuka senzeka ngomlingiswa omsulwa, lowo owethulwe eProvence ehlukile kunalowo waseParis. E-Italy, ibinomehluko osondelene nesiko lakudala nelivundlile, naphezu kokuba nesibonelo esiyipharadigmatic okuyiMilan Cathedral.
Futhi ekugcineni, emazweni afana neNgilandi, iJalimane neSpain, izibonakalisa ngokuqukatha izakhi zendawo ezivela kulezo zifunda. Uma ungathanda ukufunda esinye isihloko esifanayo ngesiko, sikumema ukuthi ubuyekeze Ubuzalwane Abamhlophe
Ukuguqulwa kusuka ku-Gothic kuya ku-Renaissance
Ukuphela kweNkathi Ephakathi noma iNkathi Ephakathi, kwaba yisikhathi esinyakaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezehlakalo ezimbalwa ezadala umthelela omkhulu njengesifo esimnyama kanye nenkinga yekhulu leshumi nane. Ukwehlukana kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga kwathinta isici sezenkolo, kwabeka wonke amaKristu kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu esimweni esingakaze sibonwe, esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili.
Kwakuwukuthi abanye oPhapha babenqaba ukuxoshwa komunye nomunye, futhi benza kanjalo nabalandeli babo kuphela. Lezo zikhathi zazimelelwa ngomculo nangomdanso, njengoba izingoma ezaziculwa amagoliyadi nomfuziselo womdanso wokufa, zaziyisikhumbuzo sokuthi ukuphila kudlula ngokushesha kangakanani.
Art of the Modern Age
Ubuciko bobuKristu obazibonakalisa ngezikhathi zeNkathi Yesimanje, bungabhekwa njengentuthuko enkulu yalobu buciko, ngoba kwakuyisikhathi sokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu yezifanekiselo esekelwe enkolweni yobuKristu.
Eminyakeni 1656-1667, umculi odumile okuthiwa Bernini, wakha umpheme ongokomfanekiso othathwa njengokufinyelela enkabeni yobuKristu bamaKatolika. Lo mculi ofanayo nguye owaklama isikwele kanye nengaphakathi le-baldachin, esebenzisa izakhi ze-baroque kuphela.
Ngo-1626, ipulani eliphakathi nendawo elaqala ukucatshangelwa ukuba lifake i-Basilica yase San Pedro ngo-1506, futhi indawo yayo yedome isetha iphrofayili yomkhathizwe we amaRom kuze kube namuhla.
Ubuciko beRenaissance kanye neRenaissance
I-Renaissance iyinhlangano enkulu yobuciko enesisekelo sefilosofi. Le nhlangano, eyingxenye yobuciko bobuKristu, yazalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu eYurophu, ikakhulukazi e-Italy. Isici sakhe esiyinhloko sibonakala ngobuciko, okwenza kucace ukuthakasela kwakhe okukhulu kwasendulo, into ethi, ngaphezu kokuthatha njengemodeli, ayikhiqize kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi igama elithi Renaissance lanikezwa lona njengoba inhloso yale nhlangano isikisela ukuzalwa kabusha, noma isenzo sokuzalwa kabusha kwesiko lamaGreki nesiLatini.
Phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neleshumi nesithupha, nasemadolobheni aseFlorence, eRoma naseVenice, lesi sitayela sobuciko sazuza ubuhle obungaka obungakaze bubonakale kuwo wonke umlando. Ngendlela efanayo, yayinenqwaba yamaciko, avela ngalezo zikhathi izinguquko eziphawulekayo neziphawulekayo ngaphakathi kwezobuciko, ikakhulukazi ku-Renaissance yase-Italy.
Ukuvuselelwa kabusha e-Italy
E-Italy, izinkulumo zamasiko nokubonakaliswa okuvusa umhlaba wasendulo bekulokhu kunendawo enelungelo. Isibonelo salokhu ukuba khona kwenqwaba yamanxiwa agcinwe kuze kube namuhla.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, amadolobha kanye nezifunda zase-Italy zazicebile kakhulu, ngakho-ke, phakathi neminyaka, ukugcinwa kwabo kuye kwaba uhlobo lokuncintisana ngokumelene namandla amakhulu, owaletha ingcebo enkulu, ngenhloso yesiko lezezimali.
Kuleso sifunda, iqembu ligqama njengabavikeli bobuciko abangenakuqhathaniswa, i-Medici, kanye ne-Florentines, endabeni yezokwakha. Amaciko amaningana aqala ukuduma athatha indawo yezingcweti zenkathi ephakathi, ezafeza imisebenzi yazo ngenjongo yokukhazimulisa uNkulunkulu, kodwa inhlangano yazo yayisivele ibuthakathaka.
Inkazimulo yaqala ukwabelwa ababhali bemisebenzi, ababejabulela ukunqoba kwabo nodumo, ngale kwemingcele. Ukwazi ukuthola ulwazi olusha nakho bekuyinto ebalulekile, okuvela ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu lamaciko isifiso sokuhlola umhlaba ngezinqubo zesayensi, ezisebenzela ukuvuselela amafomu nezinhlobo zobuciko.
Izimbangela ZeRenaissance
Izinto zavela kwezobuciko bobuKristu ezavula isikhala sokuvela kwenhlangano yeRenaissance. Ezinye zezimbangela ezaholela ekuzalweni kabusha yilezi:
- Ukuba khona kwemibhalo yesandla eyigugu kakhulu eyalotshwa amaRoma namaGreki, eyagcinwa isesimweni esiphelele izigodlo zezindela namanyuvesi eNkathini Ephakathi.
- Ukufundwa kwemisebenzi yakudala kwakungenzeka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kolimi lwesiLatini, olwalubhekwa njengolimi oluhlonishwa kakhulu.
- Isisusa esitholakala elukulukuni lwabanye lokwazi ngempucuko eyayikhona kudala futhi eyayikwazi ukwakha izakhiwo ngamanxiwa aseRoma avela esifundeni sase-Italy.
- Ukwakhiwa komshini wokunyathelisa kwaba usizo olukhulu ekwaziseni imibhalo yezihlakaniphi, izazi zefilosofi nezimbongi, ekhona kokubili endulo nanamuhla.
Izigaba nezici zeRenaissance
Mayelana nezigaba zeRenaissance, singasho ukuthi zintathu: I-Pre-Renaissance noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-trecento, eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX; i-Quatrocento eyenzeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu; kanye ne-Cinquento.
Phakathi kwezici ezivelele kakhulu zezici zayo sinokukhiqizwa kabusha kwemodeli yezithombe eziqoshiwe nezakhiwo ezabukiswa eRoma naseGrisi. Ukucatshangelwa kobuhle obuhle, ngokusho kwalokho okusungulwe yimingcele yokucabanga.
Kule nhlangano yobuciko bobuKristu, kwafunwa ukulinganisela nokuthula okwakugcina yonke into ivumelana. Imisebenzi edaliwe yasabela ezimisweni zokuphelela nokucaca, izibaluli ezihambisana nemikhuba yendawo yonke yokuhlala unomphela esebenzayo.
Izinhlelo zokwakha ezaziwayo: ikholomu kanye ne-architrave, kanye ne-arch ne-vault, kuhlanganiswe nezinto zokwakha zohlobo lwamaGreki-Roman, izici ezibonisa ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ngesikhathi seRenaissance.
Idome eliyi-hemispherical, i-vault kanye ne-semicircular arch ama-oda akudala amukelekayo amathathu ngendlela yamaRoma. Imodeli yesonto le-Renaissance inezici eziningana ezihlukile nezibalulekile kudome yayo: yakhiwe ngezinto zezitini futhi ine-arched shape; iphindeka kabili, enye phakathi kwenye.
Ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ngokuya ngezakhiwo zeRenaissance, ezibhalwe njengezibaluleke kakhulu amaBandla nezigodlo. Amasonto agqugquzelwa yisakhiwo esifanayo naleso esethulwa yi-basilica yaseRoma, elandela njengephethini yokwakha ukwakhiwa kwepulani lesitezi ngendlela yesiphambano sesiLatini, imikhumbi emide kanye nezinye ezihlukaniswe ngamakholomu namakhothamo, anophahla oluyisicaba nosizo.
I-Baroque Art
Lobu buciko baqala ngo-1600 buziveza njengombutho wokumelana, owawufuna ukuveza ubuciko benkulumo-ze, okwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke ibe yindikimba yokumela ngobuciko, ngendlela elula kodwa ecacile. Waze wacabangela ngisho nemininingwane ethile, nakuba yayiyingozi futhi igula, yayiyingxenye yokuphila.
Kodwa, lokhu kwakuyingxenye yokuqukethwe kwayo kokuqala, njengoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinjongo zayo zashintsha, manje inombono wokukhombisa ukuphakama okwakusetshenziswa iSonto LamaRoma kuleyo minyaka. Iphinde yadlula esigabeni sokusetshenziswa ngokweqile emihlobiso eyayibizwa ngokuthi "i-baroque yokuhlobisa", umjikelezo wayo waphela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili.
Ubuciko bezenkolo buthole ukukhuthazwa okunamandla okuvela kuBukhosi kanye nabanye abameleli ababalulekile bomphakathi abanamandla amakhulu, okwenza ubuciko be-Baroque busebenze ukubeka uphawu oluveza izimfundiso nezitayela.
Kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, yonke imikhiqizo yobuciko in EYurophu, Bahlukaniswa njengobuciko be-baroque, okuhlanganisa imidwebo yamaDashi kanye nezakhiwo zesiNgisi, nakuba izici zezakhiwo zenkolo zingabonakala ekwakhiweni kwe-Dutch, okuveza izici zobuciko bobuKristu, ikakhulukazi i-baroque yamaProthestani.
Ngokuqondene ne-baroque yamakholoni, yaphawula umkhuba omusha, ukukhiqiza kabusha uhlobo olusha lokuzwana kanye ne-syncretism, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo zaseYurophu, okugqamisa izici zenkolo ethandwayo eyayizalwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Kwabuye kwavela ubuciko be-baroque bomculo wenkolo, obuye baduma ngokushesha, hhayi nje ngenxa yabasekeli bayo, phakathi kwabo okwakukhona. Bach kanye Vivaldi, kodwa ngenxa yamasiko enkolo amaKatolika namaProthestani ayehlobana nawo.
Art of the Contemporary Age
ENtshonalanga Yurophu, ubuciko bobuKristu basendulo nenkathi ephakathi baqala ukuhlanganiswa ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ngokufakwa kolwazi olusha lwezobuciko olunenhlamba, olungezona amahlelo kanye nolwazi lwasemhlabeni wonke, olwaluhlanganisa ukunikeza inani lobuciko emisebenzini, ngaphezu kokukhulekela okungokwenkolo. .
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuciko bobuKristu obusafufusa bebuthathwa njengobungasenalutho, futhi amaciko ezwe nenhlamba aqala ukukhiqiza kabusha amatimu obuKristu ngezikhathi ezithile, nakuba iciko lobuKristu lalingavamile ukufakwa ohlwini lwezincwadi zomlando. Nokho, abaculi abaningi besimanje benze izingcezu zobuciko zamasonto aziwa emhlabeni wonke.
I-Neoclassicism kanye ne-historicisms
Phakathi nokuthuthuka kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, isitayela esisha sobuciko esivamile savela ngokunqobayo, i-neoclassicism, umnyakazo owawunakekelwa phakathi nesiteji sobuciko se-Contemporary Age, ngenxa yokukhethwa kwayo kwesikole.
Indalo yobuciko bobuKristu yafeza inhloso yokugcina abalandeli babo, futhi ngokuzimisela bajwayela lesi sitayela esisha, ngaphandle kokuvuma izinguquko zobuciko, imikhiqizo yezinguquko, eyabeka izinselele ezithile zobuhle.
Ngalesi sitayela, kwahlongozwa njengenye indlela, ukuhlanganisa izakhi ezithile zesikhathi esidlule futhi ezaphumelela kakhulu ngesikhathi sazo, kubonisa ukuthi kwakusobala ngobuciko bezakhiwo ezinomkhuba ophawulekayo kumasu we-neo-Byzantine, i-neo-Romanesque, neo-Gothic, ngisho naku-eclecticism, ehlanganisa inhlanganisela yezakhi umsuka wazo ohlukile.
Ukudalwa kwale misebenzi kwanwetshwa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-XNUMX ngendlela yokulandelana kwezenzakalo. Kokubili ekudwebeni nasekudwebeni, ithonya elikhulu lobuciko elishiywe yilo mnyakazo lingafakazelwa, ngisho nasemazweni akude nalapho i-neoclassicism yaqala khona. Lokhu kuye kwakhiqiza inhlanganisela yezinkulumo zobuciko hhayi zaseYurophu kuphela, kodwa futhi neSpanishi kanye ne-mestizo.
I-Pre-romantism kanye ne-romanticism
Njengomnyakazo woguquko nobuciko bobuhle, kodwa futhi kwezepolitiki, ubuqiniso baseFrance kwachazwa, isimo esasibeka ngokumelene nemizwa nezifiso ezivezwa abalandeli bobuciko bendabuko kanye nokuthambekela kwamaKatolika. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuvimbe abaculi ukuba baziveze ngabodwana futhi benze izibonelo eziyiqiniso zobuciko bobuKristu.
Ngokufanayo, phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukukhuthazwa kobuKristu kokumelela okunokuqukethwe kwezindikimba zenkolo yendabuko, kwakungabonakali kangako, ngisho nokuza nokuba nezinye izisusa kunalezo umsebenzi owawuvumela ukuzibona. Abanye abadwebi bathwebula izihloko zenkolo emisebenzini yabo, ngenhloso eyaba sobala, yokucasula ngisho nokubonisa ukungahloniphi kwabo.
Ukunyakaza kobuciko okwavela eNgilandi naseJalimane, okwakubizwa ngokuthi amaRafaeli namaNazaretha, kwakufuna isici sokuhlanzeka emlandweni wobuciko, kokubili kwezobuciko kanye nengxenye yezenkolo, eyayikhishwe kumasu ezemfundo kanye ne-baroque. .
I-Impressionism, i-post-impressionism kanye nesimanjemanje
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwaqala ukuthuthuka ukunyakaza kobuhle okuningana, okwakunomsuka wawo ngaphakathi komongo wobuciko othandwayo, kodwa okubonisa ukungabi nandaba nesici sezenkolo kanye nobufundisi.
Naphezu kwalokhu, umoya wokuthambekela kobuKristu wahlala ukhona phakathi kwezidalwa zobuciko ngendlela ephikisayo. Izakhiwo zesonto zaziyisibonelo esicacile salesi sisekelo, lapho ingqikithi yenkolo yayibonakaliswa ngendlela ejulile nedidiyelwe.
abahamba phambili kwezobuciko
Ngemisebenzi yenkolo, ingxenye yendlela yabadwebi abathile ehlobene nezitayela ezibaluleke kakhulu yabonakala. Kwakungenxa yemininingwane emikhulu eyakhiqiza isitayela sezakhiwo ezaklanywa yibo phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho ubuciko bobuKristu buvuselelwa. Ubufakazi balokhu kwakuyizakhiwo zenkolo zangaleso sikhathi.
Ngonyaka ka-1922, amasonto amaningana "Christocentric" aqala ukwakhiwa, imisebenzi eyayiqondiswa inhlangano yezenkolo, eyayinomthelela omkhulu ekuguquleni ukuqonda kobuKristu, eyakhiwe ngesakhiwo sezikhala zabo. zamahlelo abo.
Lesi sinyathelo saqiniswa, sifakazelwa emasampula ezakhiwo amaningana ayingxenye yezakhiwo zamaKatolika kanye namaProthestani. Ukuvuselelwa okujulile kobuKatolika okwakucatshangelwa ukuthi UMkhandlu Wesibili WeVatican, kwembulwa kuyo yonke imibukiso yobuciko, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Izici zezakhiwo zesimanje
Uhlobo lwezakhiwo olwakhiwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX lwalungenalo uhlamvu oluqinile, okungukuthi, aluzange luthathwe isitayela esithile. Umbono oyinhloko wawusekelwe ekusebenziseni impahla kanye nomsebenzi okufanele wenziwe ukuze kuzuze iqembu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa umqondo omusha wohlobo lwezakhiwo ezisebenza kahle, ohlanganisa isikole nemigomo yezitayela, ushiye eceleni umehluko wabo. Izinto ezintsha zengezwa ekwakhiweni, phakathi kwazo kukhona: amatshe okufakelwa, i-formica, i-aluminium, insimbi, insimbi, i-fiberglass, ukhonkolo, phakathi kwabanye.
Kodwa, phakathi kwazo zonke lezi zisetshenziswa, ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zesimanje, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi nensimbi kugqama njengamathuluzi abalulekile kule nqubo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kungaphakathi kokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sokwakha, okubhekisela kuhlaka lwamathambo olwakhiwe ngokubeka imishayo ngezindlela ezivundlile neziqondile, futhi eziqinile ngokuqinile.
Lesi sisekelo yisona esiqukethe ukumelana okudingekile, okuzovumela ukwakhiwa kwezindonga ngezinto ezikhanyayo, ukubeka amafasitela amakhulu engilazi, ahlinzeka ngokukhanyisa okuhle kakhulu ezindaweni zangaphakathi zomsebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo sensimbi sinokumelana okukhulu nokuqhekeka nokuguqulwa, futhi sinezimfanelo ezivumela ukuthi uthathe noma yikuphi ukuma ofuna ukukunikeza, ngokusho komklamo okhethiwe. Lolu hlaka lwamathambo luqukethe izakhi eziningana ezifana nezikhali zensimbi, usimende, izinduku, njll.
Lezi zinto zokwakha zihlala zingaphansi kokugoba nokucindezelwa, okuyinto ukhonkolo ephikisana ngokuphumelelayo. Esinye sezici zezakhiwo zamanje ezigqamayo ukuthi izakhi zayo zokusebenza ziyabonakala, zinezakhi eziningana ezihlukanisayo njengokuthi: ukuthungwa, umbala, ukwakheka, imodeli, njll, eguqulelwe kumphumela wobuciko ofunekayo.
I-modernism yobuciko bobuKristu, yayihluke kwezinye izitayela, uma kubhekwa uhlamvu lwayo lwe-functionalist, olwaluhlukile emazweni athuthukile kuwo. Nokho, yayinamaphuzu amaningana ayevamile futhi avamile, njengengxube yezinto ezithile njengezitini namatshe.
Esinye sezici zayo kwakuwukusetshenziswa kobunjwa obungama-asymmetrical futhi obusontekile; imigqa yamagagasi; imihlobiso eminyene eyenziwe ngokusetshenziswa kwezimbali nezinye izitshalo, phakathi kokunye; ukugqama ngobuhlakani obukhulu mayelana nemiklamo yefasitela neminyango.
ubuciko besimanje bobuKristu
Uphenyo lokumemezela ukuthi luwusizo kanye nokunye ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha emkhakheni wokwakha lwalungesinye sezici ezenza ubuciko bobuKristu bangaleso sikhathi bagqama. Imiphumela yophenyo yaphetha ngokuthi izakhiwo ezinobukhulu obuncane kufanele zakhiwe, zibe zindawo zokuhlala, izimboni noma izakhiwo, zibe nokusatshalaliswa okuncane kwezindawo zazo.
Ngokufanayo, ukuqashwa kwalolu hlobo lomsebenzi, ukhonkolo, insimbi ne-aluminium materials, futhi ngokuqondene nazo zonke ezinye izindawo, ingilazi. Izakhiwo zabo zathatha ubujamo bejometri bohlobo lwe-cubic, amandla ayo ancike ezimbazweni ezithile. KwakungamaJalimane okwathi, ngo-1970, ahola uma kuziwa ekusebenzeni ngamamodeli alesi sakhiwo esisha.
Izinto zokuzinikela kanye nobuciko bomdabu
Into ebalulekile eyaba nesandla ekusabalaleni kwesiko lobuKristu elithandwayo kwaba ukuthengiswa okukhulu nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwemisebenzi yesihe, okwaba nokwenzeka ngokusetshenziswa kokunyathelisa. Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, umsebenzi wenziwa abadwebi basesiteji, ababengochwepheshe kulolo hlobo lwemibhalo.
Okwenezela kulokhu kuthuthuka okukhulu ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezitembu ezinemithandazo eya kwabangcwele, ezazenziwe ngemibalabala, kusetshenziswa ukusungulwa kwe-lithography. Aqala ukusakazwa njengendlela yokuthola imali yokunakekela amathempeli nezinye izindawo ezingcwele zenkolo.
Kamuva, lelisu lokukhangisa laba insiza yokufundisa ewusizo, eyasetshenziswa kukhathekhizima nakwezinye izikole zangoSonto. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, amaciko aqala ukuzichaza njengamaKristu, ayezuza impumelelo enkulu kwezohwebo, aziwa kakhulu endaweni amaMelika namaSpanishi.
Izindikimba ze-Iconographic
Ngaphambi kweNkathi Yesimanje, ingxenye enkulu yezakhamuzi yayingakwazi ukufunda, ngakho kwakunzima ngabo ukubukeza imibhalo engcwele eyayibhalwe ngesiLatini. Khona-ke kufana nobuciko bobuKristu, buvezwa ngokubanikeza enye indlela efinyeleleka kakhudlwana ukuze baqonde incazelo yemiyalezo yobuKristu.
Isonto laqala ukusebenzisa ubuciko kakhulu, njengesu ekufundiseni ikhathekhisi. Umnikelo wakhe wawumkhulu kangangokuthi izithombe eziqoshiwe zeRomanesque zabizwa ngokuthi "ivangeli lamatshe". Ubuciko bobuKristu baba i-iconography ebalulekile, eyenza kwaziwa izici zomlingiswa ongcwele ngamunye, ukuthi, ngokuzibona nje, kwase kubonakale kakade kwabathembekile abazinikele, njengesibonelo, izihluthulelo ze San Pedro noma izimbali ze Intombi enguMariya.
Ngaphakathi kobuciko bobuKristu, izindikimba ze-iconographic ezaziwa kakhulu yilezo ezibhekisela kumjikelezo wempilo kaJesu kanye neNcasakazi uMariya. Kukhona futhi ukuphila kwabangcwele bamaKatolika nabafel’ ukholo, ikakhulukazi labo abazinikele emhlabeni wonke.
Izethulo ezivame kakhulu zabangcwele zingavela ngazodwana noma zihlangene neziningana, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumelwa kwaleso sigcawu esathwetshulwa ngobuciko, sibe ngokoqobo noma cha. Esinye sezakhiwe kabusha kakhulu yisithombe lapho wonke umuntu kufanele abe ndawonye futhi ahlanganiswe embusweni wezulu.
Imijikelezo yeTestamente Elidala
Izindikimba eziningana okubhekiselwa kuzo ngaphakathi kweTestamente Elidala zivame ukuvezwa kwezobuciko bobuKristu, ikakhulukazi imibhalo ka-Eksodusi kanye noGenesise, njengezithombe zePharadesi nokudalwa kwezwe; kanye nasekulandiseni kwezazi nabaprofethi abahlonishwayo bangaleso sikhathi.
Kwakukhona izingqikithi ezithile ezazithakazelisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngabadwebi bepulasitiki nabadwebi, okwenza le misebenzi yokunambitheka okukhangayo ezuze abathengi abakhuthele phakathi kwabantu.
Lokhu kwaholela ekuvulweni kwemakethe yezohwebo efanayo yamakhomishana enziwe izikhungo zesonto kuphela, ezavumela inkululeko emisebenzini, manje ebonisa abantu abanqunu nezigcawu zodlame, ezazibonakala zihambisana nesikhathi seRenaissance.
Izingelosi, ukwenziwa samuntu kanye namaqoqo
Esinye isihloko esavame kakhulu kwezobuciko bobuKristu sasiwumfanekiso wezingelosi namakherubi, ngabanye noma kanye namanye amaculo ezingelosi. Futhi, imisebenzi yenziwa lapho kokubili isono nobuhle benziwa samuntu, okwenza lezi zihloko zivame kakhulu.
Emaqenjini, ayemelwe ngokwezibalo ngokwezibalo, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, icala labaphostoli abayi-12, imiyalo ye-10, odokotela besonto abayi-8, izingelosi ezinkulu eziyi-7, njll.
Umjikelezo wempilo kaKristu
Isici sobuciko sempilo ye UJesu Kristu, Kuqala ngokwethulwa kohlu lozalo lwakhe, kunokuba kube nokuzalwa kwakhe siqu, enezibonelo eziphawulekayo zemidwebo ebhekisela esimemezelweni sengelosi yomoya mayelana nokukhulelwa okuyisimangaliso, nezinye izigcawu lapho ungabona khona Intombi enguMariya ukhulelwe.
Ziphinde zivelele phakathi kwale mjikelezo, lowo obhekisela ekuZalweni KukaJesu, lapho kuhlanganiswe khona izigcawu ezinemiyalezo ebonisa ukukhulekela okujulile. Ngakho-ke, sinodumo lwabelusi kumntwana onguJesu nomndeni ongcwele; ukukhonzwa kwe amadoda ahlakaniphile; ukumelwa kokubulawa kwabangcwele abangenacala; phumula futhi uphumule I-Egypt.
Ubuciko bobuKristu obukhethekile ngezethulo ezikhethekile zamavesi ahlukahlukene empilweni ka Jesús kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe kuze kube yiminyaka engu-33. Kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe ungambona emidwebeni nasezithombeni eziqoshiwe, njalo ephelezelwa abazali bakhe, kanye nesiqephu seBhayibheli sokuvakashela kwakhe ethempelini, kokubili lapho esethulo sakhe senziwe nalapho elahleka futhi ehlangana nabafundisi abakhulu bezenkolo. lezo zikhathi..
Njengomuntu omdala, izenzo zakhe zigqama emhlanganweni nomzala wakhe UJohane uMbhaphathizi nobhapathizo lwakhe, kanye nenkathi yezimangaliso nokushumayela kwakhe, lapho ehlangana nabalandeli bakhe abathembekile, abaphostoli. Ziphinde zimelelwe emidwebeni yobuKristu, imifanekiso yakhe edume kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezimangaliso zakhe, isikhathi aphulukisa ngaso onochoko, izimpumputhe nabakhubazekile siyagqama. Nemishado eyizifanekiselo ka Umhlanga kanye nokwanda kwezinhlanzi nezinkwa. Isithombe se Jesús ukuhamba emanzini kanye nesikhathi lapho isiphepho esinamandla solwandle sidamba, kuphakathi kweziqephu ezikhiqizwa kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, ngaphakathi komjikelezo wokuphila we Kristu, gqama kwezobuciko ukuvuka kwe Lázaro, okufana nomfanekiso wengubo yakhe yokuVuka ngaphakathi kwe-crypt lapho ayekhona, okwaba uphawu lwentshiseko nokufa kwakhe.
Ukuguqulwa isimo kukaKristu
Ngokungangabazeki, izihloko ezenziwe kabusha kakhulu kwezobuciko bobuKristu ziye zaba izinsuku zokugcina emhlabeni. UJesu Kristu, njengokuxoshwa kwabathengisi eThempelini, okwathi, ngaphezu kokumelela lesi senzakalo esibalulekile emlandweni wenkolo, isimilo saphezulu saboniswa ngemizwa yanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu.
Ukugezwa kwezinyawo zakhe, kanye neSidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina, kuyingxenye yemisebenzi yakudala ehlanganisa umjikelezo wePasion of Kristu, lapho kukhona nosizi lwakhe ensimini, ukwanga esihlathini uJuda amnika kona, nezigcawu ezihlukahlukene zokwaHlulelwa kwakhe.
Ukulandelana kweziteshi eziyishumi nantathu lapho i-viacrucis imelelwa khona ngobuciko, kwathathwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, ngoba kwezinye izikhathi yethulwa ngezinombolo futhi ngezinye izikhathi iziphambano.
Lokhu kulandelana kuchaza ngezithombe ezisuka esigwebo sakhe, edlula emhlanganweni wakhe nonina nalapho ethola usizo eKhurenean, aze alale esiphambanweni kanye namasela amabili.
Iyingxenye yentshiseko nokufa okwakha umjikelezo wokuphila we UJesu, lapho ubuciko bobuKristu budala imifanekiso eyengeziwe, buthatha isenzakalo ngasinye esihlangatshezwana nabo ezinsukwini zakhe zokugcina, futhi buyiyisa kuseyili ukuze singafi.
Izigcawu ze Kristu eKalvari, lapho ephimisa amagama ayisikhombisa adumile aba umthandazo, uye wagqama kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko: izakhiwo, imidwebo, izincwadi, phakathi kokunye. Isingeniso esifanayo asenzayo UJesu kusukela kuJohane kuya eNcasakazini uMariyaa njengomama nendodana, kungenye yezethulo ezivame kakhulu.
Kukhona abanye abangenazo izethulo eziningi, nokho, ezabamba ukunaka kwabaculi abaningana abangamaKristu, izinsuku u-J ahlala ngazo efile.unguKristu, njengoba kwakunjalo ngendawo ye-Pietà, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi “iyadabukisa” ochwepheshe bezobuciko.
Izindikimba ezehlukene ezithathwe emngcwabeni ongcwele bezibuye zibe nentshisekelo kumaciko azinikele ekusebenzeni ngobuciko bobuKristu, okuholele emifanekisweni eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlamvu ezifana nesithombe sika Kristu lapho ephakanyiswe ngamakherubi ezulwini, a Jesús i-pensive, noma uphawu amanxeba amahlanu.
Ukulandela umjikelezo wempilo we Kristu, sinengxenye emele kakhulu, okwathi ngaphezu kokukhethwa umphakathi wamaKristu nangabangewona amakholwa, yasebenza njengesigijimi esinikeza ithemba. Imayelana noVuko lwe Jesús nokubonakala kwakhe okuyisimangaliso obala, ngemva kokuvuswa kwakhe.
Lapho ungafaka izithombe ezibonisa ukungakholwa okudumile kukaTomase oNgcwele, noma ukwenyukela kukaJesu ezulwini, lapho evame ukubekwa khona ezungezwe abafundi bakhe, njengenkantolo yokuvalelisa eshiya isithembiso somhlangano omusha embusweni wezulu.
Kukhona nokuwa Jesús esihogweni nokwamukelwa kwaso ezulwini, okwaba yingxenye yomfanekiso lapho i UZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele. Kukhona izethulo zobuciko zokuphila kwe Kristu ezingenziwanga ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokubukwa kwevangeli, phakathi kwazo ingxoxo ye UPawuli oNgcwele noma ukufel’ ukholo okwahlukunyezwa UStefanu oNgcwele, ezichazwe futhi zithathwe encwadini yezEnzo zabaPhostoli.
Ukumelwa kwemibono eminingi ebhekisela ku-Apocalypse kanye nombono womqondo owabelwe lokho okwakuyiSahlulelo Sokugcina, kwenezelwa kulolu hlobo lwemisebenzi, kodwa ayibhalisiwe ngokusemthethweni kunoma yimuphi umbhalo weBhayibheli.
umjikelezo wamarian
Ngoba UJesu Kristu kanye neNcasakazi uMariya, abalingiswa abangcwele abakhethwa kakhulu phakathi kwabathembekile abazinikele, njengoba nje umjikelezo wempilo kaKristu wanikezwa emhlabeni wezobuciko, ngendlela efanayo umjikelezo weMarian owawucatshangwa.
Kwavumela ukuvela komqondo othi "Marian Art", owaba yigatsha lobuciko bobuKristu, isihloko saso esiyinhloko sobuciko sasizungeza Virgin uMariya Lo mjikelezo uhlanganisa ukumelwa kwe Intombi enguMariya, ebonisa isithombe sakhe ngokudweba kanye nokubaza, okwakha ingxenye yesithombe se-Marian eyaziwa namuhla.
Mayelana nezakhiwo, ubuciko baseMarian babonakala esakhiweni esamukelwa amasonto aseMarian nezinye izingqalasizinda ezifana nezindela, amathempeli, izindlu zezindela nezinye zenkolo, ezakhelwe ukuhlonishwa kokunikezelwa okuhlukene kweNcasakazi.
Kulo mjikelezo weMarian, izingoma zemibhalo ziyagqama, indaba ethile yezinkondlo zenkolo noma izinkondlo zaseMarian, kanye nezingcezu zomculo, ezazinikezelwe Intombi enguMariya ukumdumisa. Itimu ye-Marian yaze yasetshenziswa emabhodini e-cinematographic kanye nakumabonakude womhlaba.
Kusukela emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka, iNcasakazi uMariya, eyabhapathizwa njengoNina kaNkulunkulu, yayihlonishwa ngokuzinikela okukhulu, okwakhula ngemifanekiso yayo yezithombe ezandisa umqondo kaMama wendawo yonke. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwesithombe sakhe kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekukhuthazeni imfundiso yobuKristu, okwamholela ekutholeni impumelelo ethandwayo.
Lokhu kuduma kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nambili, kwenzeka kusukela eMpumalanga ngokusebenzisa ubuciko baseByzantium, kuya eNtshonalanga, ngemva kweNguquko yamaProthestani. Izakhiwo zobuKatolika zaqinisa ukuzinikela kukaMarian, zenza izethulo zobuciko zeNcasakazi zibe ingxenye yezincwadi zeBhayibheli ezinqunywe uMkhandlu WaseTrent.
imijikelezo yempilo yabangcwele
Umjikelezo wezimpilo zabangcwele wawubizwa ngaphakathi kobuciko bobuKristu ngokuthi "i-hagiographies", igama elisho ongcwele kanye nokubhala, elibuye licatshangwe njengokuqanjwa kwempilo yabangcwele. igama elinikezwa nalabo ababhala iBhayibheli nezinye izincwadi eziNgcwele.
Izinguqulo zeBhayibheli zamaKatolika zichaza ukuphila kwabalingiswa abahlukahlukene baphezulu, ababhekwa njengabasanta bamaKatolika. Abangcwele ababulawelwa ukholo ekuphileni nabo bayindaba ethakazelisa kakhulu kubaculi abangamaKristu, ababamele ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezithombe.
Babhaliswe encwadini yabafel’ ukholo, eqanjwe ngohlobo lohlu olunegama lalaba bafel’ ukholo nabangcwele, beSonto LamaKatolika, elihambisana nezindaba zabo, eziqokomisa izinsuku okukhunjulwa ngazo imikhosi yabo.
Leli gama lasuka olimini lwesiGrikhi, umsuka walo uthi “umfel’ ukholo” okusho ukuthi “ufakazi” kanye nesiqalo esithi “logos”, esisho “inkulumo”. Ibhekwa njengencwadi enkulu yabangcwele nabafel’ ukholo equkethe izikhumbuzo zabo, eyengezwe ezenzakalweni nasezimfihlakalo eziqukethe izindaba zabo, ezigunyazwe iSonto LamaKatolika.
Indlela okwamiswa ngayo izinsuku zezinhlu iqondana nezinsuku zamakhalenda, njengoba iningi labafel’ ukholo kwakuyizisulu zokushushiswa amakholwa athembekile obuKristu, anikela ngokuphila kwawo ukuze avikele inkolo yawo.
izakhiwo zobuKristu
Ngaphakathi kobuciko bobuKristu, izakhiwo zaqala ukuba yindlela ebalulekile yokukhuluma, okwakubonakala ekwakhiweni kwamasonto amaKhatholika namanye amathempeli enkolo, aklanywe ngokusekelwe ezimisweni ezisemthethweni.
Nakuba lawa mafomu asungulwa kusukela ezikhathini ze-Late Antiquity Era kanye neNkathi Ephakathi, edlula kuzo zonke izigaba ze-Renaissance, kanye nesampula ephawulekayo yobuciko be-Baroque, namanje ezikhathini zamanje, ahlala emisha eqhubekayo.
Okuthandwayo kuncike ekwakhiweni kwe isitshalo ngesimo sesiphambano sesiLatini, owawuzibekela imiklamo lapho wawubonakala unesimo esimaphakathi, uyishiya eceleni, ngesizathu sokuthi wawusetshenziselwa ukukhulekela izithombe.
Phakathi kweminye imiklamo eyethulwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyimodeli ye i-basilica plan, okwakheka kwayo kulingisa izakhiwo zesonto lamaRoma, ezinezici ezazihlukanisa ubuciko bePaleo-Christian.
Izici ababezihlanganisa kwakuwukuma kwegalaji eliphakathi nendawo, elingase libe lodwa noma lineminye imikhumbi etholakala ezinhlangothini futhi kude nendawo emaphakathi ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwe-arcade, okwakwenziwa ngayo umumo oyindilinga ngamakholomu. , futhi kwezinye izimo, ingaba nesimo se-polygonal esidalwe ngokubekwa kwezinsika zayo.
Kuleyo ndawo kwakunabathembekile, okwadala phakathi kwezikhala, ukubonakala ukuthi kwakuyinhloko yethempeli noma yebandla. I-altare elikhulu kanye nendlu yokukhonzela kwakukhona lapho. "Ezinyaweni" zesonto, iminyango yokungena yayitholakala, ebizwa ngokuthi i-atrium ne-portico.
La isitshalo esimaphakathi, noma emaphakathi, bekwaziwa ngokuthi "i-roundabout". Yayinezimbazo eziningana zokulinganisa, ezaziyisici salolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, ngokusekelwe emiklameni eyayithatha umumo oyisiyingi noma oyi-polygonal, okuhlanganisa kwawo abakhulekeli kwakuyingxenye emaphakathi yesakhiwo.
Ngezikhathi zeRenaissance, imodeli yepulani emaphakathi iba yindlela yokufuna ukuthuthukisa ubuhle bezakhiwo zobuKristu. Izitshalo zamathempeli nezindela zaziyisibonelo salokhu.
Kodwa-ke, amamodeli ayehluke kakhulu maqondana nalawo aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, afana nokuba khona kwe-cloister, kodwa enezimo ezihlukene. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zenkolo kuye kwanwetshwa, nakuba eziningi zazo zinemibandela yokwakha ehlukene ezinhlelweni zazo.
i-islamic architecture
Ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zamaSulumane, izitshalo "zama-mosque" zagqama kwezobuciko bobuKristu, okwakungamasonto lapho inkolo yobuSulumane yayifundwa khona. Phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX, i-Islam yaba nokwanda okukhulu kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-mosque.
Isakhiwo sabo sasihambisana nezidingo zale nkolo, ngakho bajwayelana nezimfuneko eziyisisekelo ezingokwenkolo. Babenezimpawu eziqukethwe emasikweni ezakhiwo zendawo, anokuthambekela okucacile kweByzantine, Persian, Hindu, phakathi kwabanye..
izakhiwo zezempi
Ifomu elashintshwa engxenyeni yezakhiwo zezempi kwakuyizitshalo ezinobunjwa obuvamile, futhi izisekelo zazo zaziyi-quadrangular. Izakhiwo ezinkulu ezazakhiwe ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho izinqaba zazigqama khona, zazijwayelaniswa nesimo sendawo lapho zazakhiwe khona, zithole izitezi ezingajwayelekile.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, ungabuye ubuyekeze ngaphakathi kwamakhasi ebhulogi yethu, isihloko se Imithetho yobuKristu
Sawubona, isihloko esihle. Ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi yimiphi imithombo yokuqala esetshenziswe ukubhala kwakho. ngibona kakhulu