Idolobha laseTeotihuacán lalingesinye sezikhungo zasemadolobheni ezibaluleke kakhulu zasendulo, elakhiwa ngekhulu lokuqala BC, ladlula izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, laliyidolobha lesithupha ngobukhulu emhlabeni wasendulo waseMelika kanye nokubonakaliswa kobuhle balesi siko! Funda konke mayelana Teotihuacan bokwakha!
Ukwakhiwa kweTeotihuacan
Isiko laseTeotihuacan kwakuwumphakathi wangaphambi kwe-Columbian owawuhlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yesigodi saseMexico, phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu kanye nekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngemva kukaKristu. Kubhekwa njengenye yamasiko angaqondakali kakhulu eMesoamerica, njengoba kokubili umsuka wayo kanye nokunyamalala kwayo kusaxoxwa kakhulu phakathi kwalabo abayaziyo le ndaba.
Njengobufakazi bokuba khona kwayo amanxiwa amakhulu edolobha laseTeotihuacán elaliyisikhungo salo esikhulu kunazo zonke nesiyinhloko.
I-architecture yase-Teotihuacan iyisibonelo samandla nombono walo mphakathi, owabonisa, ngenxa yokuhlela nokuklama kwawo okucophelelayo, ukuthi uthuthuke ngokwanele ukuze wenze ukuhlelwa kwedolobha okungaka, okwakuyisizinda samasiko awo kanye nelaseMesoamerica.
Isitayela nokubaluleka kwezakhiwo zaseTeotihuacan kukhonjiswa ezakhiweni ezahlukene nemisebenzi eyathuthukiswa edolobheni laseTeotihuacán, okwakudingeka khona ulwazi lwesayensi njengezibalo nesayensi yezinkanyezi, ngaphandle kokudebeselela isici sezenkolo nesenganekwaneni esiphefumulelwe ukuphila.kule miphakathi.
Izakhiwo ezihlukene zazakhiwe ngokuhleleka okuphelele, zahlelwa ngendlela yokuthi ukukhanya kwenza imihlobiso yazo igqame.
Isakhiwo sayo sasibonakala ngesitayela sejometri nesivundlile, izakhiwo zayo ezihlukene zazihlelwe ngokuvumelana futhi zihlotshiswe ngokucebile, ziqoshiwe, imidwebo yasezindongeni kanye nokuhlanganisa, konke okuhlobene nombono wayo we-cosmogonic.
I-Teotihuacán yayingesinye sezikhungo zokuqala zasemadolobheni endaweni emaphakathi yalokho manje osekuyisizwe saseMexico, yakhiwa phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu kanye nekhulu lesi-XNUMX ngemva kukaKristu, mhlawumbe enkulu kunazo zonke eMesoamerica.
Isakhiwo esiyisikhumbuzo sesiko esakha amadolobha okuqala ayinkimbinkimbi sabe sesinyamalala, ngaphandle kokushiya umkhondo omningi wokuthi babengobani, okusishiya sinolwazi olulinganiselwe mayelana nokuthi babengobani laba bantu.
Ngisho negama langempela lalesi sakhiwo sasemadolobheni sangaphambi kweSpanishi alaziwa, njengoba iTeotihuacán kwakuyigama labantu baseMexico elaqanjwa lapho befika emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva. Lapho befika bathola amanxiwa aleli dolobha elikhulu elihlaba umxhwele, okungenzeka lakhiwe, ngokombono wabo, ngabantu abavamile.
Ubuhle nobukhulu bezakhiwo kwabenza bacabanga ngedolobha lezidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo, ngakho balibiza ngegama lesiNahuatl elithi Teotihuacán: idolobha lonkulunkulu.
Esinye sezici ezigqamayo nezibalulekile zezakhiwo zaseTeotihuacan isikali sayo, iPyramid of the Sun eyaziwa kakhulu iyisakhiwo esikhulu kakhulu, mhlawumbe esikhulu kunazo zonke esakhiwe emhlabeni wasendulo. Kwakungesinye sezakhiwo ezinde kakhulu eNtshonalanga, ngaphambi kokusungulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo eziphakeme.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaklami bezakhiwo kanye nabahleli basemadolobheni baseTeotihuacan basebenze ngendlela efanele esikalini sendawo ebazungezile, ukuhamba endleleni yabafileyo kukuvumela ukuthi ubonge ukubusa kwegquma emkhathizwe, noma kunjalo, uma uqala asondele ePyramid of the Moon ithatha indawo yentaba.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokwakhiwa kwe-Teotihuacan ukusetshenziswa kwe-talud-tablero, engabonwa emibhoshongweni yedolobha, lokhu kuyisitayela esiphezulu. I-slope-tablero ngokuyisisekelo iqukethe ukubeka iplatifomu odongeni ngezinto ezinamatshe ezehlela ngendlela efanayo nomthambeka, okungukuthi, enomumo we-concave phezulu.
I-Teotihuacan yayibusa kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi kangangokuthi lapho isitayela se-talud-tablero sibonakala kwenye indawo, sihlotshaniswa ngokushesha naleli dolobha elikhulu lasendulo. Esinye isici esivame kakhulu sezakhiwo zedolobha ukusetshenziswa kwamapulatifomu eyodwa phezu kwesinye, eba mancane njengoba isakhiwo sikhuphuka.
Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kweTeotihuacan, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwedolobha laseTeotihuacan, zakhishwa endaweni ezizungezile, ikakhulukazi amatshe nezinkuni. Nokho, sazise ngokuningiliziwe ezinye zezinsiza leli siko elizisebenzise kulezi zakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo:
- Usimende waseTeotihuacan: kwakuyinqwaba eyenziwe ngothuli lwamatshe entabamlilo nodaka olwasetshenziswa ukumboza izindonga zezakhiwo.
- I-lime plaster: yenziwe ngesihlabathi, amanzi kanye ne-lime, efana ne-plaster. Ifakwa odongeni ukuze iphele kahle bese iyapendwa.
- I-Tepetate: idwala elikhishwe ngaphansi komhlabathi wale ndawo.
- I-Tezontle: idwala lentaba-mlilo elimnyama noma elibomvu, elinezimbotshana futhi liqinile, kodwa kulula ukuliqopha nokulolonga.
- I-Adobe: kwakungamabhulokhi enziwe ngodaka notshani, abekwe elangeni ukuze ome futhi aqine. Kuyinto evame ukuwohloka ngokushesha, noma kunjalo, yayisetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni emaphakathi yezakhiwo.
- Izinkuni: esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa namandla edolobha, yayisetshenziswa ngendlela eyeqisayo kangangokuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwakubi kakhulu futhi kuphelele.
ukuhlela kwedolobha
I-Teotihuacan yakhiwe i-plaza, imibhoshongo emincane eminingana, amathempeli nezigodlo ezihloselwe ababapristi nezicukuthwane, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezakhiwo zomnyango eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ezinesitezi esisodwa, ezithatha cishe amakhilomitha-skwele angamashumi amabili.
Leli dolobha elinalezi zilinganiso zobukhulu lihehe abantu abaningi bezinhlanga ezahlukene nezilimi zaseMesoamerica, abazinza eTeotihuacan, abahlala ezindlini ezinemindeni eminingi efana kakhulu nezakhiwo zamadolobha anamuhla.
Izakhiwo ezinkulu zedolobha zixhunywe yiCalzada de los Muertos eyaziwayo, umgwaqo wabafileyo noma miccaotli, umgwaqo ongaba amamitha angamashumi amane ububanzi namakhilomitha angaba ngu-2.4 ubude.
Phakathi kwezakhiwo nezakhiwo ezinkulu nezibaluleke kakhulu sithola iPyramid of the Moon, iPyramid of the Sun, iCitadel kanye neThempeli laseQuetzalcoatl.
Iminikelo yezakhiwo
Njengamanje i-Teotihuacán ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zemivubukulo eMexico, lapho kumbiwe cishe amaphesenti ayishumi kuphela, kwatholwa amasampula amaningi kanye nezakhiwo ezimangalisayo.
Kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwezakhiwo zaseTeotihuacan futhi ikakhulukazi zaleli dolobha amaphiramidi amabili asendulo kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi iNdlela Yabafileyo. Ake sijule kancane kule minikelo emangalisayo yezakhiwo zaseMesoamerica:
Iphiramidi yeLanga
Yakhiwa cishe ngonyaka wama-200 ngemuva kukaKristu, iyisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke eTeotihuacan. Bayithole ibheke entshonalanga futhi inobude obungamamitha angama-216 noma amamitha angama-66, isisekelo sayo silinganiselwa ku-720 ngamafidi angama-760, ngamamitha acishe abe ngu-220 ngo-230.
Isakhiwo sePyramid of the Sun sinezitebhisi, izinkundla ezigxilile ezithatha indawo yangaphandle eyisicaba netshekile evamile kwamanye amaphiramidi.
Lo mbhoshongo ungomunye wemibhoshongo emikhulu nendala kakhulu enkabeni yeMexico, intaba yonke yesakhiwo esimangalisayo. Abaningi bathi kulabo abawakhayo, umbhoshongo wawungamelela intaba.
Emasikweni asendulo izintaba zaziyindawo engcwele futhi ikakhulukazi imigede engaphakathi kuzo, ngakho-ke kungacatshangwa ukuthi imigudu etholakala ngaphakathi kwephiramidi ingase ifanekisele leyo migede engcwele, okuye kwavela kuyo ngokwezinganekwane abantu basendulo. Kulokhu isakhiwo sasiyoba nomfanekiso omkhulu kakhulu emikhubeni yezenkolo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sibheka indawo yombhoshongo, lo mbono ungaba yiqiniso kakhulu, ngoba ngemuva nje kwawo kunentaba enkulu futhi zombili izikhonkwane, kokubili i-Pyramid of the Sun kanye nentaba kuhambisana kahle.
Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kombala owenziwe ematsheni esakhiwo, kuthiwa umbhoshongo ekuqaleni wawupendwe obomvu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi wawuyindawo yomkhosi yokwenza umhlatshelo womuntu.
Ezinye izinkolelo-mbono zibonisa ukuthi wonke umbhoshongo wawupendwe ngokubomvu ukuze ubonakale ugcwele igazi, umbono owawujabulisa onkulunkulu lapho bewubuka usezulwini.
Iphiramidi Lenyanga
Enyakatho yePyramid of the Sun kunesinye isakhiwo esincane kancane esaziwa ngokuthi iPyramid of the Moon, okubikwa ukuthi sakhiwa eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule.
Lesi sakhiwo sisemaphethelweni asenyakatho yeCalzada de los Muertos futhi sibheke eningizimu. Noma incane kakhulu, iyisakhiwo sesibili ngobukhulu edolobheni, esinobude obungamamitha angama-43 noma amafidi angama-140 kanye nesisekelo esicishe sibe ngamamitha ayi-130 ngo-156 noma amamitha angama-426 ngo-511.
Iphinde ibe nesici sokulingisa i-contour yentaba eseduze futhi yayisetshenziselwa imikhosi, futhi ihloselwe imihlatshelo yabantu, ekuqaleni yayipendwe ngokubomvu ngokugqamile.
Kulo mbhoshongo, ngokungafani nezinye, kwambiwa ngaphakathi futhi kwatholakala ithuna lomlingiswa othile obalulekile, elinezimpahla nezinto eziningi, okuyilona eligcinwe kangcono phakathi kwabo bonke abatholakala eTeotihuacán, kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona amanye amathuna amaningi kuwo nakwamanye amapiramidi.
Indlela Yabafileyo
I-Miccaotli noma indlela yabafileyo njengoba yaziwa nangokuthi iwumgwaqo oqondile ohlanganisa i-Pyramid of the Sun kanye nePyramid of the Moon, ezungezwe amaphiramidi amancane, kodwa wonke acishe abe ngobude obufanayo.
Igama laso laqanjwa amaMexico, okwathi lapho ebona le ndawo okokuqala ngqa abona umgwaqo ongasemngceleni wamagquma amancane, kubantu bomdabu lezi zindunduma zazifana namathuna okuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bawo kungaba ukungcwatshwa konkulunkulu namakhosi amakhulu igama lomgwaqo noma indlela yabafileyo.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi la magquma amancane wonke ayengamaphiramidi okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ambozwe umhlaba kanye nezitshalo ezikhule ngokwemvelo kuwo.
ICitadel
Itholakala emaphethelweni aseningizimu ye-Avenue of the Dead, iyivulandi noma iplaza elingamahektha ayishumi nanhlanu, iqukethe izakhiwo zokuhlala eziphakeme futhi liphethwe yiThempeli laseQuetzalcoatl, uhlobo lwephiramidi encishisiwe ehlotshiswe ngamakhanda amaningi amatshe. yobunkulunkulu beNyoka Enezimpaphe.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yakhiwe cishe ngonyaka we-150 wenkathi yethu, isebenza ngesikhathi esithile njengesikhungo sezombangazwe, sezomnotho namasiko saseTeotihuacán.
Leli gceke elikhulu liyindawo lapho kuvela khona imigwaqo esempumalanga nesentshonalanga edlula edolobheni futhi iphambana nendlela yabafileyo, umgudu wabo osuka enyakatho uye eningizimu. Ukuphambana kwale migwaqo emibili kwahlukanisa idolobha laseTeotihuacán laba izingxenye ezine, ngayinye eyayiyindawo enkulu. umakhelwane.
Le nqaba izungezwe i-Great Platform, indawo enama-engeli amane ebonisa izisekelo eziyishumi nanhlanu zamaphiramidi, izakhiwo ezimise okwe-pyramidal njengoba igama layo libonisa, futhi enethempeli elilodwa noma amaningana phezulu, ezifinyelelwa ngezitebhisi eziyingxenye yesakhiwo. lesakhiwo.
Izisekelo ezine zephiramidi ezisohlangothini olusentshonalanga zinezitebhisi eziholela eCalzada de los Muertos, ezinye eziholela eGreat Plaza. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zazihlanganiswe nodonga noma udonga oluvala yonke indawo.
Ithempeli laseQuetzalcoatl
Unkulunkulu owaziwa ngokuthi Inyoka Enezimpiko useTeotihuacán, Idolobha Lonkulunkulu, ithempeli eliyinhliziyo yeCitadel kanye nesampula enhle kakhulu yezakhiwo zaseTeotihuacan.
Inomumo wephiramidi encishisiwe futhi enezindonga ezihlotshiswe ngokucebile, izingqikithi zazo zingamakhanda amatshe amaningi kankulunkulu, aphuma kulawo ayekade ebomvu ngokugqamile.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi lakhiwe okungenani ngezigaba ezimbili, njengoba isakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke esakhiwa phakathi kuka-100 no-200 AD, sinesakhiwo esengeziwe esakhiwe ohlangothini lwaso olusentshonalanga, cishe ngo-300 AD.
Ithempeli libonisa ezinye zezethulo zakuqala zeNyoka Enezimpiko noma i-Quetzalcoatl, evela kuyo yonke i-Mesoamerica ngamasiko nezinkathi ezahlukene.
Sikumema ukuthi uthintane nezinye izixhumanisi kubhulogi yethu: