Thola kulesi sihloko konke mayelana nezilwane ezishintshashintshayo, igama elingavamile ukuzwakala kodwa elibaluleke kakhulu namuhla, funda ukuthi ziyini, izinzuzo zazo kanye nokubi, izibonelo ezihlukahlukene nokunye okuningi.
Hlangana nezilwane ezishintshashintshayo
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ezikhathini zamuva lokhu kube enye yentuthuko ephawulekayo futhi ukuthi endaweni yesayensi kulindeleke ukuthi maduze izosho intuthuko yesintu, ukuthi izoshintsha inkambo yezici eziningi, ukuhlanganisa izilwane manje sekuyiqiniso. ukuthi inzuzo ephezulu ilindelwe esikhathini esizayo esingekude kangako nokuthi sebenza nezilwane abe okubalulekile.
Leli qiniso lingasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezingenakubalwa zezokwelapha nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ubuchwepheshe abusemuva kakhulu; kunenani elikhulu lezimo zabantu ezikwazile ukushabalala ngokusebenzisa leli thuluzi lofuzo.
Kodwa ziyini izilwane ezingashintshiwe?Zimane ziyilezo okuye kwenziwa kuzo ukuguqulwa okuthile kwezakhi zazo zofuzo; Lokhu akwenzeki kuphela ezinkomeni, ezimbongolweni, kumagundane nakwezinye izilwane, kodwa abantu bangaba yingxenye yalokhu kusengaphambili futhi baphathwe ngezakhi zabo zofuzo, ngisho nedatha ibonisa ukuthi sekwenziwe kakade.
Isilwane esihlolwe kakhulu kube yigundane elamukele noma yiziphi izivivinyo futhi kukho konke liphume linayo futhi lanikeza imiphumela emihle.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-genome yalesi silwane ifana kakhulu neyesilwane umuntu.
Ungasithola kanjani isilwane esishintshashintshayo?
Ngokuguqulwa kofuzo kwezilwane, ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezahlukene, zingathuthukiswa zibe izinhlobo namuhla ezibhekwa njengekhaya, kodwa zingasetshenziselwa izimboni zemithi, lolu hlobo lokuguqulwa lungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezahlukene, njengokuthi:
- Ezinye izakhi zofuzo ezitholakala esilwaneni ziyasuswa noma zishintshwe, ngale ndlela lolu shintsho luyodluliselwa enzalweni yabo futhi lokhu kuyona yonke inzalo yabo.
- Yenza ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo esilwaneni ngokusebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo noma ngokuphambene nohlobo oluhlukile.
- Umzamo wokuqala walolu shintsho lwenziwa eminyakeni engamashumi amane kuphela edlule, okungukuthi, ngo-1980, kusetshenziswa igundane; kwathi ngo-1982 basebenzisa izakhi zofuzo zokukhula kwamagundane, umphumela walokhu kwaba ukuthi ukukhula kwenzeka ngokushesha futhi ngale ndlela kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi lolu hlobo loshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo lungenziwa lusuka kolunye uhlobo luye kolunye.
Ngale ndlela, leli thuluzi eliwusizo ladalwa, ngokusebenzisa ama-laboratories akhethekile, lapho ukucwaninga kwe-physiology yezilwane kwakuyisisekelo sokuthola lolu hlobo lwesilwane.
Yini i-transgenesis?
Lena inqubo eyenziwayo ukuze ikwazi ukudlulisa zonke izakhi zofuzo ezidingekayo, i-RNA noma i-DNA, isuka kwesinye isilwane iye kwesinye, esithola lokhu kudluliselwa iba isilwane esishintshashintshayo, kodwa hhayi lesi kuphela, kodwa yonke inzalo yabo. nayo izohlukaniswa kanjalo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi akuzona zonke izakhi zofuzo ezidluliswayo, kodwa ezimbalwa kuphela, ezingasetshenziswa ngokungahleliwe, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, zikhethwe ngokunembile nangezinhloso ezikhethiwe, ezikhishwa kamuva futhi zodwa.
Njengamanje ibuye isetshenziselwe ukuguqula izitshalo, izindlela zingase zihluke, ngezinye izikhathi yenziwa ngokusebenzisa amagciwane namagciwane, kodwa kwezinye izimo kwenziwa ngezibhamu zofuzo; bese siqhubeka nokwenza ucwaningo lwezinguquko ezikhiqizwa ekwethulweni kwalolofuzo noma lezo zakhi zofuzo.
Ngalobu buchwepheshe obusha, kuzovumela izimo zokumodela kubantu, kodwa ngezilwane, ukuze kufundwe ngebhayoloji futhi kwenziwe izindlela zokwelapha noma imithi engase ibe ukwelashwa okuphelele kwezimo eziningi, okungenzeka namuhla zingabi nalo ikhambi. , noma lokho ukwelapha isitho esisodwa futhi kuthinte esinye.
Yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa izilwane ezishintshashintshayo?
Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuningi futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izosetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi kunalezo ezaziwa kuze kube manje; Selokhu yasungulwa, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuye kwavumela ochwepheshe ukuthi benze uphenyo oluningi okwamanje oluholela ezinzuzweni ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili.
Kuye kwenzeka ukuguqula isilwane ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqinise isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, esingase sihlasele izifo eziningi futhi sivimbele ezinye esikhathini esizayo, ngoba siyamelana futhi sinamandla; okuye kwaphawulwa nokuthi kwezinye izimo idluliselwa enzalweni yabo.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa yiqiniso lokuthi ama-hormone asetshenzisiwe, agcwalisa umsebenzi wokukhula okusheshayo, okungukuthi, akhula kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esincane. Kodwa lokhu akugcini lapha, kodwa ezingeni lokwelapha kuyasetshenziswa futhi, kodwa ngayiphi indlela?Isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa kwezimo kanye nokudalwa kwemithi eminingi, ukuhlukanisa isakhi sofuzo esidala isimo futhi eyibeka esilwaneni.
Ngalokhu okunye, kuye kwenzeka ukudala i-insulin, i-xenotransplantation, ukuze izilwane zibe ngabanikeli bezitho; okunye ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola imigomo kanye neminye imikhiqizo ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe kubantu.
Isibonelo sezilwane ezishintshashintshayo
Impela ufuna ukwazi izibonelo zalolu hlobo locwaningo noshintsho oselufundwe iminyaka ethile futhi olunomthelela omkhulu emphakathini, ngaphakathi kwezokwelapha nakwezentengiselwano.
Ezinye izibonelo ezingashiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- Ngonyaka ka-1952, kwenziwa i-cloning yokuqala, okwakuwumzamo wokuqala, okwathi kamuva kwaholela ekuzuzweni okufinyelele eminyakeni kamuva, ngo-1996, ngokuhlanganiswa kukaDolly, eyimvu eyaduma kakhulu, njengoba yayingowokuqala. ukuze ibizwe ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi "cell nuclear transfer."
- Esinye isibonelo yileso esenziwa eJapan, indawo lapho izinkomo ezimbili zakhiqizwa izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane, ngenhloso yokwenza ngcono inyama ezodliwa abantu, lezi zazibizwa ngokuthi iNoto neKaga.
- Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-1998, ngo-XNUMX, imbuzi yiyona ekwazile ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa eziphilayo ezizuzisa kakhulu abantu, ezazenziwa.
- Ngesinye isilwane, i-ombretta mouflon, kwafunwa ukuba ngokuhlanganiswa kwaso izinhlobo zaso zinganqandwa, njengoba kwase kuthiwe zisengozini.
Izinzuzo kanye nebubi bayo
Namuhla kunabantu abaningi abangawusekeli ngokugcwele lo mkhuba, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuntula ulwazi endaweni noma mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi bayazi ukuthi usebenza kanjani futhi bamane bacasulwe ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane, ekuhloleni okungase kubangele ukwehla kwezinga labo. indlela yokuphila .
Nokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunemithetho evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezicini ezithile, ikakhulukazi uma zizonikelwa, uma zizobabangela ubuhlungu obungokomzimba noma uma zizoshintsha kakhulu indlela yazo yokuphila yemvelo; Nazi izinzuzo kanye nokubi zale nqubo:
- Usizo ocwaningweni lwesayensi
- Izinzuzo ekukhiqizweni kwezilwane kanye nempilo
- Intuthuko yenziwa ezifweni kanye nokwelashwa kwazo
- kwakhiwa imithi
- Ukunikela ngezitho zomzimba okungenzeka
- Ukushabalala kwezinhloli eziningi kuyagwenywa, ngokusebenzisa amabhange ezakhi zofuzo.
- Ingase ibeke izinhlobo zemvelo engcupheni
- Ukudala i-allergies ngokusebenzisa amaprotheni
- Imiphumela ingase ibe nephutha ngoba isakhi sofuzo singase singanqumi
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane eziphilayo, ezingase zehluleke ezimisweni zokuziphatha.
Yiziphi izicelo zakho?
Ngobunjiniyela, ngokuguqula lezi zilwane ezingeni lofuzo, kungenzeka ukuyisebenzisela izinhloso ezahlukene, esingabala kuzo:
- Isiza ukusesha, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwalezo zakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile ekubonisweni kofuzo.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphinde ivumele ukwakhiwa kwamamodeli ezimo ezivame ukuthinta abantu njalo futhi zikwazi ukudala imithi emisha nemithi yokwelapha lezi zifo.
- Esinye isicelo esibaluleke kakhulu esizuza kakhulu namuhla ukuthi sisebenza njengomthombo wokwakhiwa kwezicubu nezitho ezingasetshenziswa ekufakeni komuntu.
- Kudalwa ama-molecule azuzisa izimboni
- Inika izinga eliphezulu izinkomo nezinye izinhlobo ezinikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu emkhakheni wezomnotho.
Njengoba sekubonile, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okukhulu kakhulu kumayelana nokwelashwa kwabantu, yingakho imithi iye yazuza kakhulu kule ndawo futhi yenza intuthuko ehlukahlukene ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ingasho ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi hhayi nje endaweni yezokwelapha kodwa. kwezentengiselwano nokunye.
Okokusetshenziswa komuntu
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi okwamanje asikho isilwane esishintshashintshayo esilungele ukudliwa abantu, nokho, kunocwaningo olufuna ukuphendula lowo mbuzo.
I-Salmon idalwe, ngezinkampani zase-US, ezinkulu kunokuvamile futhi zikhula ngokushesha kakhulu, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amaqanda angavundile avela eCanada kuvunyelwe, kodwa akuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa komuntu.
