I-Los izilwane ezingenamathambo okuthi, ngesiLatini ama-invertebrates, abizwa ngokuthi ngasinye salezo zidalwa zezilwane ezingangeni ngaphakathi kwe-vertebrate subphylum ye-chordate phylum. Igama lisuka endleleni yokuthi, ngokungafani nokugcina okukhulunywe ngakho, abanalo ingxenye ye-vertebral noma i-notochord kanye nohlaka lwangaphakathi oluhlanganisiwe.
historia
U-Lamarck ubonwe njengomsunguli we-invertebrate zoology. U-Lamarck ubhekise kuzo njengezidalwa ezingenawo ama-vertebrae, lawo angenawo amakholomu futhi ngesi-French okuyi-animaux sans vertèbres. Ngokohlelo lukaCarlos Linnaeus, izilwane ezingenamathambo zisakazwa e-Insecta, kubhekiselwa kuma-arthropods kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi ama-Vermes ahlanganisa izikelemu, ama-molluscs nama-coelenterates, ngaphakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene. izinhlobo zezilwane.
Ngonyaka ka-1794, uLamarck wahlukanisa lokho kamuva okwabizwa ngokuthi izidalwa zezilwane ezingenamathambo zaba ama-mollusc, izinambuzane, izikelemu, ama-echinoderm nama-polyp. Ngonyaka ka-1809, ngangivame ukubona amakilasi angaba yishumi: ama-molluscs, ama-barnacle, ama-annelids, izinkalankala, ama-arachnid, izimbungulu, izikelemu, ama-echinoderms, ama-polyps kanye ne-infusoria, i-conglomerate ye izilwane ezingenamathambo.
Eminyakeni ka-1815 no-1822, uLamarck wasakaza, ngemiqulu eyisikhombisa, ethi Characteristic History of the izilwane ezingenawo amathambo (Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres), enokumelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuleyo ndawo eyaziwayo futhi okwakuyincwadi eyireferensi isikhathi eside.
Izici
Izilwane ezingenamathambo esikhathini esiningi zinalezi zimfanelo ezizihlukanisa kwezinye:
- Ngokuvamile ziyizidalwa ezincane, ziwela kuhlaka lwamathambo lwangaphakathi (ithambo noma i-cartilaginous).
- Kukhona abanye abanamathambo afana nama-arthropods nokho kuwuhlaka lwamathambo lwangaphandle olubizwa ngokuthi i-exoskeleton.
- Maningi anezembozo, amagobolondo noma avikelwe ngento ethile eqinile.
Namuhla, ucwaningo ku Yiziphi izilwane ezingenawo uhlaka lwamathambo? kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba kutholakale amakhulu ambalwa ezinhlobo ezimangalisayo zamandla anengqondo, ezezimboni, ezemali, noma ngisho nokudla, futhi imithi yanamuhla ikweleta kakhulu izidalwa ezizumayo, isb., izinkalankala, i-jellyfish, ne-plankton, phakathi kwe izinhlobo zama-amphibians.
Ngokuphathelene nenani lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo ezitholakalayo yenziwe izidalwa ezingenamgogodla.
I-Los izilwane ezingenawo uhlaka lwamathambo awakhi iqoqo le-monophyletic: lokhu kusakazwa kwashiywa izinhlangano eziqhubekayo eziyizinhlamvu ze-phylogenetic.
Itemu elithi boneless lisetshenziselwa ukwabela inani elikhulu lezidalwa eziphilayo ezabelana ngendlela evamile yokungabi namgogodla.
Sebenzisa
Esenzweni sochwepheshe bezoology nasemfundweni yayo, umehluko phakathi izilwane ezinamathambo futhi izilwane ezingenamathambo ziyaqhubeka nokuba nokubaluleka, njengoba zingamahhovisi avamile amakolishi avamile, amajenali anengqondo noma izincwadi zesayensi yezilwane ezinikezelwe ku uhlelo lwamathambo ezilwane, ngokwesibonelo, incwadi kaBrusca noBrusca.
Futhi ka-Hickmann, nakuba lokhu kufanele kufundwe njengomthelela womkhuba hhayi njengokuqaphela ukuba wusizo okunengqondo kombono. Ekwelashweni kwezifundo kwezinhlobonhlobo ezingenamathambo, ukufaneleka kwezigaba ezimbili kuye kwaqhubeka ukusetshenziswa kabanzi: ama-arthropods nama-non-arthropods.
Ukubaluleka kokwazi ama-macroinvertebrates
Olimini lwemvelo yasolwandle, igama elithi macroinvertebrate livame ukusetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ezilwaneni ezingenamathambo emanzini ahlanzekile, okuhlanganisa ama-critters (ikakhulukazi ama-hatchlings nama-nymphs), i-shellfish, ama-annelids, ama-molluscs (iminenke ephilayo nama-bivalves), kanye ne-planaria (izikelemu). flat) eziphethe imibhede yamanzi, amachibi.
Impela, ukugcwala kwazo kanye nokwahlukahlukana kwazo kusetshenziswe njengezimpawu (izinkomba ze-bioindicators) zenhlalakahle yendawo ezungezile kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ziyingxenye eyisisekelo kuhlelo lokupeka lwemvelo kanye nokushintsha kwesihloko okungokwemvelo.
Izilwane ezingenamathambo kanye nokuhleleka kwazo kwezibonelo
Izilwane ezingenamathambo zitholakala kuzo zonke izindawo zemvelo kuplanethi enguMhlaba, kusukela e-Antarctica ebandayo kuya emahlathini ashisayo ashisayo. Kungamaqoqo amakhulu ezidalwa ezingenamgogodla, eziningi zazo namanje azaziwa abantu futhi abanye bangakholelwa ngisho nokuthi azizona izidalwa ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo ngokomzimba.
Isimiso esibonisa izidalwa ezingenamathambo noma ezingenamgogodla ukuntula usizo oluvela kuma-vertebrae namathambo ahlukene. Izidalwa ezingenamgogodla azinawo uhlaka lwamathambo angaphakathi, aluqinile noma alunamathambo. Kuye ngohlobo lwesidalwa, ingaba nohlobo oluthile lokusekela, isibonelo, i-exoskeleton ye-arthropods.
I-Phylum porifera
I-Porifera, ebizwa nangokuthi izipontshi, ihlanganisa uhlu lwamagama ezidalwa ezingenamathambo. Eziningi zasolwandle (izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-6000) kanti ezinye zingamanzi ahlanzekile (cishe izinhlobo eziyi-150). Zinenani elikhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganayo futhi zikhula kuma-substrates ahlukene.
Ubukhulu bawo bungasukela kumamilimitha ambalwa ukuya kumamitha ambalwa. I-Poriferous phyla imigudu e-sessile benthic, okungukuthi, izisekela ngokugcina imvuthuluka yokudla emisiwe, yilawo anamathela ogwini lolwandle futhi angakwazi ukunyakaza.
I-Placozoa
Lulodwa kuphela uhlobo lwe-placozoan olwaziwayo futhi yi-Trichoplax adhaerens, etholakala emanzini olwandle eMedithera, e-Atlantic nasePacific. Ziyizidalwa ezingenamathambo ezinomzimba oqondile, amamilimitha amabili kuya kwamathathu. Ziyi-benthic yasolwandle futhi zihamba nge-flagella.
Zidla ku-biofilm ehlanganisa izindawo ezingaphansi. Yisidalwa esiphilayo esinamaseli ambalwa kakhulu kanye nenani elincane le-DNA. Inokwanda kwe-agamic ngokukhipha noma ukukhula.
AmaCnidarians
I-Jellyfish iyingxenye yezidalwa ezingenamgogodla. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-10,000 zamaCnidarians, izinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile ezingaba ngu-20 kanye nezinye zasolwandle. Umzimba wayo wakhiwe ngesaka elingaboni, elinembobo yodwa ehlobene nokucindezeleka (umlomo) wesisu. Ukusakazwa kwe-Jellyfish kuwucansi, kodwa futhi bangazalana nge-agamically.
Ama-acelomorphs
Izidalwa ezingenamathambo ezihambisana nazo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili, ama-acoels (izinhlobo ezingu-380) kanye ne-nemertodermatids (izinhlobo ezingu-9). I-acelomorphic phylum noma izikelemu ezincane ezingenawo amathumbu, ngokuvamile asolwandle futhi anesimiso esiyisisekelo sempilo yangaphakathi. Banobulili obubili, naphezu kokuthi abanazo izitho zocansi. Bangakwazi futhi ukuphindaphinda nge-agamically.
Ama-flatworms noma ama-flatworms
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20.000 zama-flatworms, isibalo esikhulu sazo izinhlobo zezilwane ezinomgogodla zase-continental, isibonelo, inja nekati.
Uhlaka lwazo lokugaya luvaleka lube yisikhwama esiyimpumputhe, esinomlomo ophumela ngaphandle lapho ziphila ngokukhululeka noma zibheke phambili lapho zine-parasitic. Amafreyimu afana ne-excretory, ukuzala kanye novalo athuthuke kahle kakhulu, nawo ahlukene nabesilisa nabesifazane.
Ama-Annelids
Elinye igama lezidalwa ezingenamathambo lithi annelid. Ziyizibungu ezichazwa njengezinomzimba ohlukaniswe ngamasongo noma izigaba. Ngalolu hlelo, kutholakala ama-leeches noma izikelemu zomhlaba. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-15.000 zama-annelids, eziningi zasolwandle, ezinye zamanzi ahlanzekile nezinye ezisemhlabeni.
Umzimba wakho uvikelwe i-cuticle eyenziwe nge-collagen. Isikhumba sabo sivikelwe nge-cilia nezitho ezihlukene ezinezinwele ze-chitin ezibizwa ngokuthi i-setae, ezibhekele ukuphefumula.
AmaMollusks
Yakhiwe ncamashi izinhlobo eziyi-100.000 zezidalwa ezingenamgogodla. Eziningi ngezasolwandle, kodwa futhi kukhona neziningi zasemhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ama-gastropods noma iminenke. Atholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo.
Kunezigaba ezimbili, ama-bivalves kanye nama-gastropods, anegobolondo elingaphandle alisebenzisayo ukuze avikeleke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iklasi, ama-cephalopods, okungama-octopus kanye nama-squid, anamagobolondo awo abheke ngaphakathi.
Ama-arthropods
Ama-arthropods azuze impumelelo emangalisayo futhi ayiqembu lezidalwa ezinezinhlobo eziningi, ikakhulukazi izimbungulu. Banosayizi ohlukile, kusukela kwabancane kakhulu, isibonelo, i-Demodex spp. (0,1 mm) ukuya kokukhulu, isb i-Macrocheira kaempferi kufika kumamitha angu-4 (evamile kancane).
Iqoqo lama-arthropods lihlukaniswa libe i-tagmata, okuwenza abe izidalwa ezingenamathambo ezinomzimba ohlukaniswe ikhanda, isifuba, kanye nendawo emaphakathi. Zine-sclerosed cuticular exoskeleton, lokhu kuzivimbela ekukhuleni, ngakho-ke kufanele zichithe njalo lapho kufanele zikhule. Ngaphakathi kwama-arthropods, ama-myriapod, ama-arachnid, ama-crustaceans nama-hexapod ayatholakala.
Ama-Echinoderms
Ama-Echinoderms ayiqembu elikhulu futhi awafani. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-7.000, zonke zasolwandle. Bayizidalwa ze-dioecious, okungukuthi, banobulili obuhlukene. Phakathi kwalezi zidalwa ezingenamgogodla kukhona ama-crinoid, ama-asteroid noma i-starfish, ama-ocean urchins, i-brittle stars nama-holothurians.
Bane-endoskeleton eyenziwe ngamapuleti, abizwa ngokuthi ukunyakaza noma ama-sclerites. Isidalwa sivikelwe ngezicubu ze-epidermal, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona i-dermis nawo wonke ama-ossicles, angase ahlangane noma angahlangani, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni.