Ubuwazi ukuthi wonke amangqamuzana namuhla avela engqamuzaneni elifanayo elivamile? Izwe elimangalisayo lamangqamuzana, elifundwa igatsha elithile lesayensi, i-cell biology, lisivumela ukuba siqonde kangcono izici zeyunithi eyisisekelo yokuphila: ingqamuzana.
Ngosizo lwe-microscopy, kungenzeka ukuchaza ukubukeka okuguquguqukayo nokusebenza kwamaseli, kanye nokuqonda izici zabo eziyisisekelo, okuvumela ososayensi ukuba bahlukanise phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamaseli: ama-prokaryotes nama-eukaryotes. Lapha sizokutshela umehluko phakathi kwamaseli eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic, futhi kancane mayelana nomhlaba wamaseli.
Isingeniso: umehluko phakathi kwamaseli eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic
Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwamaseli e-eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic uncike kumaseli awo usayizi futhi we ubukhona noma ukungabi khona kwama-organelles athile nezakhiwo zamaselula.
- Ngokuvamile, singanquma lokho amaseli eukaryotic makhulu (ngaphezulu kwama-micrometer ayi-10) futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kunamaseli e-prokaryotic, angaphansi kwama-micrometer ayi-10 ngosayizi futhi alula ngesakhiwo.
- El umnyombo,lapho i I-ADN lokho kuchaza iseli. Itholakala kuphela kumaseli e-eukaryotic, njengoba kwenza i-cytoskeleton namanye ama-organelles anjenge-mitochondria, ama-chloroplast, nama-vacuoles.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indlela yokuphila eziphilayo ezizimele ze-unicellular iyisici se amaseli prokaryotic. Ngenkathi use- amaseli eukaryotic ezinye ziyi-unicellular phila ngokukhululeka futhi abanye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-multicellular.
- Esinye isici somehluko phakathi kwalawa maseli yi- ukuzala. Amaseli e-Prokaryotic ahlala azalana ngendlela efanayo, kuyilapho kuma-eukaryotic kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinqubo zokukhiqiza amangqamuzana: okocansi kanye nocansi.
Ukufana Phakathi kwamaseli e-Eukaryotic kanye ne-Prokaryotic
Ngaphezu komehluko obonwe ephuzwini eledlule, kunokufana okuthile phakathi kwamaseli e-eukaryotic namaseli e-prokaryotic esizokubalula ngezansi:
- Womabili amaseli eukaryotic namaseli e-prokaryotic zingamayunithi ayisisekelo futhi ayisisekelo okuphila eMhlabeni. Ngenxa yaleli qiniso, ngayinye yezinto eziphilayo ezihlukene ze-unicellular kanye ne-multicellular zikwazi ukuvela futhi zenze ikoloni ezindaweni ezahlukene eMhlabeni.
- Lezi zinhlobo zamaseli ezimbili zibonakala ngokuthi a isakhiwo esihlukaniswe ulwelwesi oluqukethe ngaphakathi kwayo i-DNA noma ulwazi lofuzo. Nezinqubo ezahlukene ze-enzymatic ezivumela ukuthi zenze imisebenzi yazo ebalulekile: ukondla, ukukhula nokuzala.
- Amaseli e-Eukaryotic kanye ne-prokaryotic, ukuze asinde futhi aguquke, Bahlala beguqula amandla besuka kwesinye isimo baye kwesinye. Ngaphezu kokugcina ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo nengaphandle lazo ekuphenduleni ulwazi oluhlukile lwamakhemikhali-lwezinto eziphilayo abaluthola endaweni yabo.
Iyini iseli ye-prokaryotic?
Igama layo lisuselwa egameni lesiGreki "Pro", okusho ukuthi "ngaphambi", kubhekiselwa ekubeni khona kwayo ngaphambi kokuvela kwezinye izinhlobo zamaseli e-eukaryotic. Uma sibheka umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezinto eziphilayo, amaseli e-prokaryotic angamaseli ahluke kakhulu futhi alula futhi amadala kakhulu.
Amaseli e-prokaryotic ahlukene ahlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala eMhlabeni ayingxenye yombuso we I-Moneraokungamabhaktheriya (i-eubacteria) kanye ne-archaea (iminsalo).
Izimpawu zeseli ye-prokaryotic
Ukuze ubone ngaphakathi amaseli prokaryotic udinga ukukwenza nge Isibonakhulu sikagesi, ngoba iyona enesinqumo esiphezulu. Amaseli e-Prokaryotic anesakhiwo esilula nesincane kunazo zonke. Ingaphakathi leseli le-prokaryotic lisekelwe kulokhu:
- Ulwelwesi lwe-Plasma. Njengawo wonke amangqamuzana, lizungezwe ulwelwesi. Iqukethe ukugoqa okubizwa ngokuthi i-lamellae. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza ingqamuzana amandla aphezulu okushintshanisa izinto ezivamile nezinye izinto eziphilayo ngazo.
- ama-mesosomes. Ukungena kwe-membrane ye-plasma, ehlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.
- Udonga lweseli. Iwungqimba olungaphandle kakhulu lweseli, futhi luyinika isivikelo.
- I-Cytoplasm. Lena indawo yangaphakathi kuseli. Inemvelo enamanzi-viscous. Yilapho ama-organelles nama-molecule amakhemikhali eseli atholakala khona.
- i-nucleoid. Indawo eminyene kakhulu ye-cytoplasm lapho kutholakala khona i-DNA yeselula, noma izinto zofuzo. Ngokungafani namaseli e-eukaryotic, i-DNA lapha ayihlukile kwezinye izingxenye zeseli.
- Ama-Ribosomes. Lezi zakhiwo zinomsebenzi wokwenza ama-molecule afana namaprotheni. Zingaba mahhala ku-cytoplasm, noma ukwakha amaqembu (polyribosomes).
- I-Cilia, i-flagella noma ama-fibrils. Ziyizakhiwo zangaphandle zeseli, ezivumela ukuthi zihambe.
Su isimilo Iyaguquguquka (i-spherical, spiral noma induku, njll.). Futhi uhlobo lokuzala kwabo ucansi, okubangela ukuba bahlukane ngokushesha okukhulu.
Iyini iseli ye-eukaryotic?
Incazelo ye-eukaryote ivela kwesiGreki, lapho "Eu" lisho "iqiniso" futhi "karyoni" lisho ukuthi "core". Ngale ndlela, isici esiyinhloko esichaza a iseli le-eukaryotic yiyona ubukhona be-nucleus yeqiniso esakhiweni sayo samangqamuzana, esichaza futhi sigcine i-DNA yeseli ihlelekile. Ngaphezu kokuba zinkulu, ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ku-morphology yazo kanye nomsebenzi.
Izimpawu zeseli ye-eukaryotic
Izici zamaseli eukaryotic sithola ukuthi anohlelo olubanzi noluyinkimbinkimbi lwama-organelles. Amanye ama-organelles akhethekile kumaseli ezilwane noma ezitshalo, kanti amanye ajwayelekile kukho kokubili.. Okulandelayo, sizobala eziyinhloko:
- Ulwelwesi lwe-Plasma. umngcele ongaphandle weseli. Umsebenzi wawo ukushintshana kwama-molecule nezinto zamakhemikhali phakathi kwengaphandle nengaphakathi lengqamuzana. Yakhiwe ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lwama-phospholipids namaprotheni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-membrane amaprotheni:
- Amaprotheni e-Transmembrane: ukudabula i-lipid bilayer ukusuka kolunye kuya kolunye. Zinemisebenzi ehlukene, isibonelo, ukuthuthwa kwezinto nama-molecule ngaphandle kwengqamuzana.
- Amaprotheni we-peripheral: baxhumana kuphela nohlangothi lwangaphakathi noma lwangaphandle lweseli. - I-nucleus yeseli. Kulapho i-DNA noma izakhi zofuzo zeseli zitholakala khona. Ihlukaniswa ne-cytoplasm ngolwelwesi lwenuzi, lokhu kuba kabili.
- Ulwelwesi lwenuzi. Yisakhiwo esihlukanisa i-nucleus yeseli kuyo yonke i-cytoplasm. Inezimbobo, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-nuclear pores, ezivumela ukushintshaniswa kwama-molecule.
- i-nucleolus. Yingxenye engaphakathi impela ye-nucleus. Inesibopho sokwenziwa kwezingxenye ezakha ama-ribosomes.
Ama-Chromosomes, ayini?
Zitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, kanye no-sngamayunithi akha i-DNA. Emgogodleni kuhlanganiswe i ama-histones (amaprotheni) kanye I-ADN kanjalo ukwakha i i-chromatin.
Esikhathini esiningi somjikelezo wokuphila kweseli, i-chromatin isesimweni sokungalali. Kodwa ngesinye isikhathi, iqala ukusonteka futhi ihlangane. I-DNA izisonga yona kanye namaprotheni izikhathi eziningi kangangokuthi ibukeka njengento eqinile. Kunjengokungathi uthathe imitha yocingo futhi waqala ukuligoqa ngokuqinile ngangokunokwenzeka. Bagcina ngebhola elincane, elihlangene kakhulu. Kulesi simo esisha esihlangene, i-chromatin ihlela kabusha ibe yimizimba eminingi ehlangene ebizwa ngokuthi ama-chromosome.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kwe-DNA, ziqukethe ulwazi lofuzo. Isibonelo, kwenye yama-chromosome uzothola ulwazi mayelana nombala wezinwele, kwenye kungase kube ulwazi mayelana nobude bomzimba, njalonjalo.
Isidalwa ngasinye siqukethe ulwazi oluhlukile lwezakhi zofuzo, futhi inani lama-chromosome lizoba elijwayelekile lohlobo oluthile.. Kubantu, ingqamuzana ngalinye emzimbeni wethu linama-chromosome angu-46. Izihlobo eziseduze zamamfene zinama-chromosome angu-48 kumaseli azo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kumaseli e-eukaryotic, inani lama-chromosomes lihlala lilingana. Kunamasethi amabili afanayo ama-chromosome, futhi ama-chromosome anosayizi ofanayo, umumo, nolwazi lofuzo ahlanganiswa abe ngamapheya abizwa ngokuthi. amapheya ama-homologous chromosomes noma ama-homologous pair.
Amanye ama-organelles aboshwe ulwelwesi lwamaseli eukaryotic
La ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi Amaseli e-eukaryotic anquma izindawo ezihlukene lapho imisebenzi ehlukene yenzeka khona. Kufana nefekthri, eyenza imisebenzi ezindaweni ezahlukene ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle. Phakathi kwama-organelles aboshwe ulwelwesi yi- i-endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inokubonakala kwe-labyrinth, futhi ulwelwesi lwayo luhlotshaniswa ne-nucleus. Hlukanisa izifunda ze-lattice ezihlobene nama-ribosomes.
I-Los ama-ribosomes banamathela ebusweni obungaphandle be-membrane ye-reticular, banikeze ukubukeka okumaholo noma okuhlaza. Isifunda se-reticular esihlotshaniswa ne-ribosome, esinomsebenzi wokwenza amaprotheni, sibizwa i-reticulum ye-endoplasmic reticulum eqinile noma eyimbudumbudu (RER noma REG). Ingxenye ye-lattice engenawo ama-ribosome ibizwa ngokuthi i-smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) futhi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, inomsebenzi wokukhiqiza ama-lipids.
El I-Golgi complex kungenye i-organelle emise okwesaka le-membrane enqwabelene. Amanye amaprotheni akhiqizwa ku-RER afika lapha futhi ashintshiwe. Imikhiqizo iya ezindaweni ezahlukene: i-Golgi apparatus ungumphathi wokuthuthwa kwamaprotheni akhiqizwa amaseli.
Amanye aya kulwelwesi lwe-plasma, amanye amaprotheni azothunyelwa kwamanye amaseli, kanti amanye azopakishwa kumasaka amancane abizwa ngokuthi. ama-vesicles. I ama-lysosomes ziwuhlobo olukhethekile lwama-vesicles olwakhiwe ku-complex ye-Golgi equkethe ama-enzyme adlala indima ekucekeleni phansi kwama-molecule ephilayo angena kumaseli. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukugaya kwamaselula.
Mitochondria
Bazungezwe a ulwelwesi oluphindwe kabili. Ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi lwe-mitochondria lunemigoqo eminingi ebizwa ngokuthi izigaxa. Ku i-mitochondrial matrix ama-molecule atholakala I-DNA kanye ne-ribosomes. Ku-mitochondria, kwenziwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla amakhemikhali avela kuma-molecule ephilayo lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo. La mandla yiwo agcina zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile zengqamuzana.
Ama-chloroplast
zikhona kuphela kumaseli ezitshalo. Inolwelwesi olungaphandle, ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi, kanye nohlobo lwesithathu lolwelwesi olusesimweni samasaka ayisicaba abizwa ngokuthi. thylakoids Abukeka njengamapuleti astakiwe. Ngayinye yalezi zitaki ibizwa ngokuthi cochineal. Ama-thylakoids aqukethe chlorophyll, i-pigment eluhlaza evumela ukuthi inqubo yenzeke inqubo ye-photosynthesis.
vacuoles
Bangama-membranous vesicles ekhona kumaseli ezilwane nezitshalo. Nokho, banjalo ebaluleke kakhulu kumaseli ezitshalo. Bangakwazi ukuhlala kuze kube I-70-90% ye-cytoplasm. Ngokujwayelekile, umsebenzi wayo uwukugcina.
Ama-Ribosomes
Ziyi-organelles ezakhiwe ngama-subunits amabili (amancane namancane) avela ku-nucleolus, futhi uma ese-cytoplasm, ahlangene ukuze enze imisebenzi yawo. Ama-ribosomes anjalo obhekene nokukhiqiza noma ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni. Zizikhulula ku-cytoplasm noma zibophe ebusweni be-RER.
Ama-cytoskeleton
Ku-cytoplasm yamaseli e-eukaryotic, kunesethi ehlukile yemicu eyakha i-cytoskeleton, futhi le micu okudingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuma kweseli nokubamba ama-organelles endaweni. Isakhiwo esinamandla kakhulu njengoba sihlala sihlela futhi sihlakazeka, sivumela amangqamuzana ukuthi ashintshe ukuma (isibonelo, kulawo okumele anyakaze) noma ama-organelles ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwe-cytoplasm.
centrioles
Ziyizakhiwo ezimbili ezakhiwe yi-filaments kanye kutholakala ku-cytoplasm yamangqamuzana ezilwane. Babambe iqhaza ekuhlukaniseni amaseli.
Udonga lweseli
Ihlukile ekutshaleni amaseli. Itholakala ngaphandle kwe-membrane ye-plasma futhi inikeza isivikelo. Ukwakheka kwayo kuhlukile kulokho kodonga lwamaseli wamaseli e-prokaryotic. Ukubekwa kwezinhlanganisela ezithile odongeni lwamaseli kunikeza izingxenye zezitshalo i ukuqina nokuqina izici, isibonelo, iziqu zesihlahla.
Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lube usizo kuwe, futhi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana namaseli e-prokaryotic kanye ne-eukaryotic.