I-Albatross: Ziyini?, Izimpawu, Indawo yokuhlala nokunye

Ngokuqinisekile uyazi ngobukhona bezinyoni zasolwandle, njenge-pelican futhi ucabanga ukuthi zonke zinhle kakhulu, kodwa njengoba kwenziwa izifundo zesayensi kuzo, izici ezithakazelisa kakhulu ziyaqhubeka nokutholakala futhi namuhla isihloko sethu sizogxila ku-Albatross. nakulo lonke ulwazi esikwazile ukuluthola ngaye.

I-Albatross

I-albatross (Diomedeidae) iyingxenye yohlobo lwezinyoni zasolwandle ezinobukhulu obukhulu ukuba zibe izinyoni ezindizayo. I-diomedeidae, kanye ne-pelicaboides, i-hidrobaticos ne-proceláridos, ziyingxenye ye-oda le-Procellariiformes.

Ama-Albatross asatshalaliswa cishe kuyo yonke indawo ehlanganisa uLwandlekazi i-Antarctic, oLwandlekazi iPacific kanye naseNingizimu ye-Atlantic Ocean, ukuze indawo yabo yemvelo ibe yinde kakhulu.

Le nyoni ihlukaniswa phakathi kweqoqo lezinyoni ezindizayo ezinobukhulu obukhulu bezilinganiso. Ama-albatross amakhulu (wohlobo lwe-Diomedea) anamaphiko amakhulu kunawo wonke, amakhulu kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo ezikhona namuhla. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezine, kodwa akukho ukuvumelana phakathi kososayensi mayelana nenani lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezizihlanganisayo.

Ama-Albatross abonakala ngokuba izinyoni ezizithutha kahle kakhulu emoyeni futhi, ngokuwasebenzisa, anekhono lokusebenzisa indlela yokundiza ebizwa ngokuthi i-dynamic gliding ukuze kusizakale, okubavumela ukuba bahambe amabanga amade ngomzamo omncane omncane.

Ukudla kwazo kuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi, ama-squid nama-krill, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ziqoqa izilwane ezifile noma zizingela ukudla kwazo uma zithola inyamazane yazo iphila phezu kwamanzi noma ibanga elifushane ukusuka kuwo, ngoba ziyakwazi nokutshuza emanzini. amanzi kanye nokutshuza kancane.

Ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwazo komphakathi, ziyizinyoni ezithanda ukubuthana, ngakho zihlala emakoloni futhi zinomkhuba wokwakha izidleke zazo eziqhingini ezikude zolwandle, futhi kuyinto evamile ukuba zihlanganyele indawo yazo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ziyizilwane ezithatha umfazi oyedwa, ngakho zihlala ngababili kukho konke ukuphila kwazo.

Kunezinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili nambili ze-albatross eziqashelwa yi-IUCN, okuyi-International Union for Conservation of Nature, idatha yazo ekhomba eziyisishiyagalombili zisesimweni sokuba sengozini, izinhlobo eziyisithupha zisengcupheni yokushabalala futhi ngeshwa ezintathu zisengozini enkulu yokushabalala. . .

I-Etymology

Olimini lweSpanishi abizwa ngokuthi ama-albatross, futhi kuyigama elivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuchaza zonke izinyoni eziyingxenye yomndeni wakwaDiomedeidae, kodwa leli gama lisuselwa egameni lesiNgisi elithi albatross. Igama lesiPutukezi elithi gannet, okuyizinyoni ezinegama elifanayo futhi ngenxa yalokho kwabhapathizwa ijele elidumile laseNyakatho Melika.

Kodwa okususelwe akugcini lapho, ngoba igama elithi gannet livela kwelesi-Arabhu elithi al-câdous noma elithi al-ġaţţās, lapho ama-Arabhu aqoka i-pelican futhi ngokwezwi nezwi lisho umtshuzi. I-Oxford English Dictionary ichaza ukuthi igama elithi gannet ekuqaleni lalisetshenziswa ezinyonini ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-frigatebird.

Ukuguqulwa kolimi kuyaqhubeka kuze kufinyelele egameni elithi albatross, okungenzeka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi albus, okuyiLatinism ngokwezwi nezwi lisho okumhlophe, futhi elalisetshenziswa ukuqoka ama-albatross futhi kuqhathaniswe nombala wama-frigatebird, amnyama. .

Ukuqokwa kohlobo lwe-Diomedea, olwasetshenziswa uLinnaeus ekuqambeni i-albatross, kubhekiselwa ekuguqukeni kwezinyoni zibe yizinyoni ezazihambisana neqhawe lezinganekwane zamaGreki uDiomedes. Igama le-oda elithi Procellariiformes lisuselwa egameni lesiLatini elithi procella, okusho ukuthi umoya onamandla noma isiphepho.

I-Taxonomy kanye ne-Evolution

Umndeni wakwa-Diomedeidae uhlanganisa phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyi-13 nezingama-24, lokhu kunjalo ngenxa yokuthi inani lezinhlobo eziwakhayo zisaphikisana nanamuhla, futhi zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine: i-Diomedea (i-albatross enkulu), i-Thalassarche, i-Phoebastria (i-albatross enkulu eNyakatho yePacific) kanye nePhoebetria (sooty albatross).

Kulawo makilasi amane, ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi iNyakatho yePacific iyintela ehlobene ne-albatross enkulu, kanti labo abasesigabeni sasePhoebetria baseduze nesigaba seThalassarche.

Ukubekwa kwayo kwe-taxonomic kube yimbangela yezingxoxo ezibanzi. I-taxonomy ye-Sibley-Ahlquist ibeka izinyoni zasolwandle, izinyoni ezidla inyama, nezinye ngohlelo olubanzi lwe-Ciconiformes, kodwa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ze-ornithological eNew Zealand, e-Australia, eNingizimu Afrika, eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika zibambelela ekutheni ziyingxenye yohlelo lwendabuko lwe-Ciconiformes. I-Procellariiformes.

Ama-albatross ahlukile kwamanye amalungu e-oda lama-Procellariiformes kuzo zombili izici zawo zofuzo kanye ne-morphological, ikakhulukazi ubukhulu bawo, ukuma kwemilenze yawo, kanye nendawo yamakhala awo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9xaDdzziI

Phakathi kososayensi abasebenzisa i-taxonomy ukuze bahlukanise izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuqanjwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, nesizukulwane baye basebenzisa indlela efanayo yokuhlukanisa iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ama-albatross ekuqaleni afakwa ohlotsheni olulodwa, i-Diomedea, kodwa ngo-1852 usosayensi uReichenbach wawahlukanisa amakilasi amane ahlukene, waqhubeka nokuhlanganisa futhi ahlukanise izinhlobo zezilwane izikhathi eziningana.

Kule nqubo yokuguqulwa kwezigaba, amakilasi angu-12 ahlukene ahlonzwa ngamagama awo ngokulandelana kwawo ngo-1965, okwakungamakilasi iDiomedea, iPhoebastria, iThalassarche, iPhoebetria, iThalassageron, iDiomedella, iNealbatrus, iRhothonia, iJulietata, iGalapagornis, iLaysanornis nePenthirenia.

Kodwa futhi ngonyaka we-1965, umzamo wenziwa uku-oda ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, ukuhlanganisa ndawonye zibe izigaba ezimbili, i-Phoebetria, okuyi-albatross emnyama, okubukeka sengathi ifana kakhulu nama-procellariid, ayehlonishwa ngaleso sikhathi njengakudala. izilwane, kanye neDiomedea, okwakungamanye ama-albatross.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okusha kwakuhloselwe ukwenza lula umndeni wama-albatross, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokubizwa kwawo, njengoba kwakusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-morphological okwenziwe ngu-Elliott Coues ngo-1866, kodwa kwakunganakwa okuncane kukho. nguCoues ngokwakhe.

Ucwaningo olusha, olwenziwa umcwaningi uGary Nunn ngo-1996, ongowe-American Museum of Natural History, kanye nabanye ososayensi emhlabeni wonke, lwafunda i-DNA ye-mitochondria yezinhlobo ezingu-14 ezazamukelwa ngaleso sikhathi. wathola ukuthi kunezigaba ezine, hhayi ezimbili.

Bathola ukuthi kwakukhona amaqembu e-monophyletic phakathi komndeni we-albatross. Ngenxa yalokhu, futhi ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngendlela efanele, izazi zasikisela ukuthi amagama amabili ayeke asetshenziselwa ukuchaza uhlobo lwalezi zinyoni aphinde asetshenziswe.

Ekugcineni kwafinyelelwa ukuvumelana, kusetshenziswa igama elithi Phoebastria ukuze kuqondwe ama-albatross ahlala eNyakatho Pacific; kanye neThalassarche, egcina amagama eDiomedea, yama-albatross amakhulu, nama-sooty albatross aqokwa ekilasini elithi Phoebetria.

Isiphakamiso sikaNunn samukelwa yiNyunyana Yezazi Zezilwane YaseBrithani kanye neziphathimandla zesayensi yezilwane zaseNingizimu Afrika, ukuhlukanisa ama-albatross abe izigaba ezine, futhi ukuguqulwa kwamukelwe ososayensi abaningi.

Kodwa, nakuba kubonakala sengathi kunokuvumelana mayelana nokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezine zezinhlobo noma isizukulwane se-albatross, lapho kungekho sivumelwano esihlobene nenani lezinhlobo ezikhona. Okufaka isandla kulokhu ukuthi, ngokomlando, intela efinyelela ku-80 ehlukene iye yachazwa abacwaningi abahlukahlukene; kodwa sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yale ntela yayiwumkhiqizo wokungahlonzwa kahle kwezibonelo zezingane.

Ngokusekelwe eziphethweni ezifinyelelwe maqondana nencazelo yegenera noma amakilasi, uRobertson kanye noNunn benza isiphakamiso sokuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic ngo-1998 esihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingu-24 ezihlukene, ezihlukile kweziyi-14 ezamukelwa kuze kube manje.

Leso siphakamiso se-taxonomic esivivinyayo saphakamisa izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, kodwa zagxekwa kakhulu ngokunganaki, esimweni ngasinye, ulwazi olwalungaphansi kokubuyekezwa kontanga ngabanye ososayensi, ababenomuzwa wokuthi ukuhlukana akuzange kube nesizathu.

Ucwaningo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi luqinisekisile amacala athile, kodwa futhi lwaphikisana nabanye ekubuyekezweni kwe-taxonomic kaRobertson noNunn; isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-2004, okusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-DNA ye-mitochondrial, kwakwazi ukuqinisekisa umbono wokuthi i-albatross ye-Antipodean (i-Diomedea antipodensis) kanye ne-Tristan albatross (i-Diomedea dabbenena) yayihlukile ku-albatross ezulazulayo (i-Diomedea exulans) UNun.

Kodwa futhi yabonisa ukuthi i-hypothesis ephakanyiswe nguRobertson noNunn ngokuphathelene ne-albatross ka-Gibson (Diomedea gibsoni) yayingalungile, ngoba yayingefani ne-albatross ye-Antipodean.

Izinhlangano eziningi, okuhlanganisa i-IUCN, nososayensi abahlukahlukene baye bakwamukela ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhashana kwe-taxonomic kwezinhlobo ezingu-22, nakuba ungakabibikho umbono wesayensi ongavumelananga ngalolu daba.

Ngo-2004, abacwaningi uPenhallurick noWink benza ucwaningo olwaphakamisa ukwehlisa inani lezinhlobo zezilwane zibe yi-13, okuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa i-Amsterdam albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis) ne-albatross ezulazulayo, kodwa leso siphakamiso saba nempikiswano enkulu kuwo wonke umphakathi wesayensi. Abavumelana ngakho abacwaningi wukuthi kunesidingo sokwenziwa kwezifundo zokulekelelana ukuze kuhlukaniswe lolu daba.

Ucwaningo lwamangqamuzana luka-Sibley no-Ahlquist, maqondana nemindeni yezinyoni, lubeka ukuvela kwe-Procellariiformes, ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo yabo, ngesikhathi se-Oligocene, cishe phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-35 nezingu-30 zeminyaka edlule, nakuba kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lokhu iqembu lezinyoni lazalwa ngaphambi kwalezo zinsuku.

Leso siphetho safinyelelwa lapho kutholakala inyoni yezinsalela, ososayensi abathile bethi ingeye-Procellariiformes. Ikakhulukazi, inyoni yasolwandle okwakuthiwa igama layo iTytthostonyx, eyatholwa ngaphakathi kwamadwala kusukela esikhathini seCretaceous, esenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-70 edlule.

Uphenyo lwamangqamuzana luphethe ngokuthi ama-storm-petrels ayengawokuqala ukuhlukana ohlwini lozalo lwakudala, alandelwa kamuva ama-albatross, nama-procellariids kanye ne-pelecanoids, ahlukana kamuva.

Izinsalela ze-albatross ezindala kakhulu zitholwe ngaphakathi kwamadwala asukela esigabeni se-Eocene kuya ku-Oligocene, nakuba ezinye zezibonelo zihlobene ngokwesikhashana kulowo mndeni futhi azikho ezifana nezinhlobo zanamuhla.

Izinsalela ezitholakele zingezesizukulwane i-Murunkus (Middle Eocene yase-Uzbekistan), i-Manu (i-Oligocene Yase-New Zealand), kanye nefomu elingachazwanga elivela ku-Late Oligocene yaseNingizimu Carolina. Okufana nalokhu kwakamuva kungaba yiTydea, kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-Oligocene (Rupelian) yaseBelgium.

Izinsalela ezatholwa ziyingxenye yohlobo lwe-Plotornis, ngaphambili olwalubhekwa njengama-petrels, kamuva lwahlukaniswa njengama-albatross, kodwa lokho kuhlukaniswa manje kuyangabazeka. Bangaphansi kwenkathi yeMiocene yaseFrance ePhakathi, okwakuyisikhathi lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwezizukulwane ezine ezikhona njengamanje ngabe sekuqalile kakade.

Lesi siphetho safinyelelwa ngemva kokubona izinsalela ze-Phoebastria californica ne-Diomedea milleri, eziyingxenye yeMiocene Ephakathi yaseSharktooth Hill, eCalifornia. Lokhu kufakazela ukuthi ukuhlukana phakathi kwama-albatross amakhulu nama-albatross aseNyakatho yePacific kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-15 edlule. Izinsalela ezifanayo ezitholakala eNingizimu Nenkabazwe zikwazile ukuphawula ukuhlukana phakathi kwesigaba se-Thalassarche nesigaba se-Phoebetria eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-10 edlule.

Umlando wezinsalela zezinto ezatholwa eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ubonakala uphelele kakhulu kunaleyo ye-Southern Hemisphere, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zezinsalela zama-albatross ziye zatholakala esifundeni saseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, indawo lapho lezi zinyoni zingasindi khona namuhla.

Izinsalela zeqoqo lama-albatross anemsila omfushane ziye zatholakala esiqhingini esiyingxenye yeBermuda. Iningi lezinsalela zaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic kwakungezohlobo lwe-Phoebastria, i-North Pacific albatrosses. Enye yazo, i-Phoebastria anglica, yatholakala emibhedeni yezinsalela etholakala eNyakatho Carolina naseNgilandi.

Izinhlobo zezinhlobo

Naphezu kwezingxabano, namuhla ukuhlukaniswa komndeni we-Diomedeidae ngezigaba ezine noma isizukulwane kwamukelwa ngokuthula umphakathi wesayensi, naphezu kwalokho inani lezinhlobo ezikhona lisaxoxwa. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) kanye ne-Birdlife International, phakathi kwezinye izinhlangano, ziqaphela intela yesikhashana yezinhlobo ezingu-22 ezisekhona.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye iziphathimandla ziyakubona ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezingu-14 zendabuko futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-taxonomic ye-Clements kubonisa ukuthi kukhona eziyi-13 kuphela.

Ngezansi sizofaka uhlu lwezinhlobo ezikhona eziqashelwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN):

I-Diomedea exulans (i-wandering albatross)

Uhlobo lwe-Diomedea

1. ama-exulans (wandering albatross)
2. (exulans) antipodensis (antipodean albatross)
3. (exulans) amsterdamensis (Amsterdam Albatross)
4. (exulans) dabbenena (Tristan Albatross)
5. i-epomophora (i-royal albatross)
6. (epomophora) sanfordi (northern royal albatross)

Uhlobo lwe-Phoebastria

1. i-irrata (Galapagos albatross)
2. i-albatrus (i-albatross enomsila omfushane)
3. i-nigripes (i-albatross enezinyawo ezimnyama)
4. i-immutabilis (Laysan Albatross)

Uhlobo lwe-Thalassarche

1. i-melanophrys (haggard albatross)
2. (melanophrys) impavida (Campbell's Albatross)
3. i-cauta (i-albatross enomqhele omhlophe)
4. (cautious) steadi (Auckland Albatross)
5. (cautious) hermit (Chatham albatross)
6. (cauta) i-salvini (i-Salvin's albatross noma i-albatross engaphambili emhlophe)
7. i-chrysostoma (i-albatross enekhanda elimpunga)
8. i-chlororhynchos (i-albatross enebhilidi encane noma i-chlororhyncho albatross)
9. (i-chlororhynchos) i-carteri (i-albatross enebhilidi eliphuzi)
10. i-bulleri (i-Buller's albatross noma i-albatross empunga)

Uhlobo lwe-Phoebetria

1. i-fusca (i-albatross emnyama)
2. i-palpebrata (i-sooty albatross).

Amakilasi noma izinhlobo zesizukulwane i-Thalassarche ne-Phoebastria kwesinye isikhathi zifakwa kuhlobo lwe-Diomedea, yingakho singathola ukuthi zibizwa ngegama le-Diomedea melanophrys, esikhundleni sokuba negama le-Thalassarche melanophrys.

ibhayoloji

Mayelana ne-biology yama-albatross, kunezici eziningi ezithakazelisayo, ezihlobene nokuma kwazo kanye nendlela ezindiza ngayo, kanye nendawo yazo yemvelo, indlela yokudla nokuzala futhi sizophatha ngayinye ngokukhethekileyo.

I-Morphology kanye Nendiza

I-Albatross iqoqo lezinyoni ezinobukhulu obusukela kwezinkulu kuye kwezinkulu kakhulu, kuye ngesigaba noma uhlobo lwezinyoni esiziqaphelayo. Ngokombono wesayensi, ziyizinyoni ezinkulu emndenini we-Procellariiformes.

Umlomo wayo uqinile, mkhulu, futhi ucijile, unomhlathi ongenhla ogcina ehukwini elikhulu. Uqhwaku lwakhiwe izingcwecwe eziningana ezinezimpondo, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-ranphothecae, futhi emaceleni oqhwaku zinamakhala amabili amise okweshubhu, akhipha ngawo usawoti futhi kwaba isizathu esabangela ukuthi baqanjwe igama elidala. ye-oda Procellariformes ukuthi Kwakuyi-Tubinaires.

Amakhala amabili amashubhu e-albatross abekwe eduze kwezinhlangothi zombili zoqhwaku, ngokungafani namanye ama-Procellariiformes, lapho amashubhu atholakala engxenyeni engenhla yoqhwaku kuphela. Lawo mashubhu enza kube nokwenzeka ngama-albatross ukuba abe nomuzwa wokuhogela ocushwe kahle, into engavamile kakhulu ezinyonini.

Njengamanye amakilasi e-Procellariiformes, asebenzisa umuzwa wawo omuhle wokuhogela ukuze athole izisulu ezingase zidle. Ama-Albatross, njengoba kunjalo ngawo wonke ama-Procellariiformes, adinga ukunciphisa usawoti onganqwabelana emizimbeni yawo ngenxa yamanzi olwandle angena ngoqhwaku lwawo lapho edla ukudla kwawo.

Lokhu kungenxa yendlala enkulu yamakhala zonke izinyoni ezinayo ngaphansi koqhwaku lwazo, engxenyeni engenhla yamehlo azo, enomsebenzi wokuqeda usawoti ngamakhala azo. Le ndlala ayisebenzi kulezo zinhlobo ezingayidingi, kodwa kuma-albatross asethuthukile, ngoba adinga ukuwasebenzisa.

Imilenze yama-albatross ayinalo uzwane oluphambene ngemuva, futhi izinzwane ezintathu zangaphambili zihlanganiswe ngokuphelele yi-interdigital membrane, ezingabhukuda ngayo, futhi zivumela ukuthi zihlale futhi zihambe zisebenzisa amanzi njengokudla.

Imilenze yayo inamandla ngokwedlulele uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni eziyingxenye yomndeni wakwaProcellariiformes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwamalungu alolu hlelo lwezinyoni, ama-albatross nama-giant petrels kuphela angahamba ngokuphumelelayo emhlabeni. Eqinisweni, ama-albatross, njengale albatross enezinyawo ezimnyama (Phoebastria nigripes), angahamba kalula phansi.

Izimpaphe zama-albatross amadala ziyehluka ngoba anombala omnyama engxenyeni engenhla yamaphiko awo, kodwa engxenyeni engezansi izimpaphe zimhlophe, ngendlela efanayo nezimpaphe zasolwandle.

Lo mehluko ungatholakala ngezindlela ezihlukene, kuye ngezinhlobo ze-albatross esizihlaziyayo, kusukela ku-royal albatross (Diomedea epomophora), ebonakala imhlophe qwa ngaphandle kwabesilisa, abanombala ohlukile ezihlokweni nasemuva kwengemuva layo. amaphiko.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi i-Amsterdam albatross endala (i-Diomedea amsterdamensis), enezimpaphe ezicishe zifane nezezibonelo ezincane, lapho imibala ensundu igqama khona, ikakhulukazi emhlambini, lapho singabona khona ukuthi le mibala imile. ngaphandle esifubeni.

Izinhlobo eziningana zekilasi i-Thalassarche kanye ne-North Pacific albatross zinezimpawu ebusweni bazo, futhi zingabonakala zinamachashaza eduze kwamehlo azo, noma amachashaza anomlotha noma aphuzi emakhanda azo kanye ne-nape.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu, okuyi-albatross enezinyawo ezimnyama (Phoebastria nigripes) kanye nezinhlobo ezimbili zama-dusky albatrosses (uhlobo lwe-Phoebetria), izimpaphe zazo ezihluke ngokuphelele kumaphethini avamile futhi zibonakala zinsundu ngokumnyama cishe ngokuphelele emzimbeni wazo, noma ezimpunga ngokumnyama ngaphakathi. ezinye izindawo, njengoba kwenzeka nge-sooty albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata). Kuthatha iminyaka eminingana ukuthi izimpaphe zazo zifinyelele umbala okufanele abantu abadala babe nawo..

Ubukhulu bamaphiko anwetshiwe we-albatross enkulu kunazo zonke (uhlobo lwe-Diomedea), budlula zonke izinyoni ezikhona namuhla, ngoba zingadlula amamitha aqondile angu-3,4, nakuba phakathi kwalowo mndeni kunezinhlobo ezinamaphiko amancane kakhulu, acishe abe ngu-1,75 m. .

Amaphiko ayo aqinile futhi amise okwe-arc, anengxenye engaphambili ewugqinsi, enomoya ophansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, zingakwazi ukuhlanganisa amabanga amade, zisebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zokundiza ezaziwa kakhulu ezinyonini zasolwandle eziningana ezinamaphiko amakhulu: ukuntweza okuguquguqukayo kanye nokuntweza.

Ukuntweza okunamandla kuzivumela ukuba zinciphise umzamo odingekayo wokundiza ngokudlula ukuhlukana phakathi kwezixuku zomoya izikhathi ezimbalwa ngomehluko oncomekayo wesivinini esivundlile kusetshenziswa i-gradient yomoya ephezulu.

Lapho indiza emthambekeni, i-albatross ikwazi ukusizakala ngokukhuphuka kwamaza omoya okuwumkhiqizo womoya lapho ihlangabezana nesithiyo, njengegquma, futhi ibhekene nomoya, okuyivumela ukuba inyukele phezulu futhi intweza emoyeni. umugqa wamanzi.

Ama-Albatross ajabulela isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu sokushwibilika, cishe u-1:22 kuya ku-1:23, okusho ukuthi imitha ngalinye ezehlayo, angaya phambili ngamamitha angu-22 kuya kwangu-23. ukuba nolwelwesi lohlobo lwe-tendon olukhiya iphiko ngalinye lapho livuleke ngokugcwele.

Lo msipha okhethekile ubavumela ukuthi bagcine uphiko lunwetshiwe ngaphandle kokwenza noma yimuphi umzamo owengeziwe wemisipha. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwe-morphological ye-tendon kutholakala kuma-giant petrels (uhlobo lwe-Macronectes).

Akuvamile ukuthi zishaye amaphiko ukuze zindize. Eqinisweni, ukusuka kwesinye sezikhathi ezimbalwa lapho ama-albatross adinga ukubhakuzisa amaphiko ukuze andize, kodwa futhi yisikhathi esinzima kakhulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokundiza okwenziwa yilezi zinyoni.

Ama-Albatross ayakwazi ukuhlanganisa lezi zindlela lapho endiza esebenzisa izinhlelo ezizalwa nazo ukuze abikezele isimo sezulu. Kuphinde kwaphawulwa ukuthi ama-albatross aseNingizimu Nenkabazwe andizela eNyakatho futhi lapho esuka emakoloni akwenza lokho elandela umzila wawo ngendlela ebheke kwewashi, ngokuphambene nalokho, lawo andizela eningizimu enza kanjalo elandela isiqondiso esiphambene newashi. .

Lezi izinyoni ezizijwayelanise kahle nendlela yazo yokuphila kangangokuthi ziye zazuza ukuthi amazinga okushaya kwenhliziyo yazo arekhodiwe phakathi nokundiza kwazo ayafana nalawo arekhodiwe lapho ziphumule. Bazuze ukusebenza kahle komzimba kangangokuthi akukhona ebangeni abalihambile lapho beyofuna ukudla lapho besebenzisa khona imali enkulu kakhulu yokusebenzisa amandla, kodwa ngezikhathi zokusuka, zokufika kanye nokubamba ukudla.

Impumelelo yama-albatross njengabazingeli abaphansi ingenxa yokuthi bayakwazi ukwenza uhambo olude, olubavumela ukuthi bahambe amabanga amade, ngaphandle kokuchitha amandla amaningi befuna imithombo yabo yokudla, etholakala endaweni. indlela ehlakazekile olwandle. Nokho, njengoba bekwazile ukuzivumelanisa nokuhlela endizeni yabo, kubenza bancike ekubeni khona komoya namagagasi.

Iningi lalezi zinhlobo azinazo izimo ze-morphological and physiological ezenza kube lula ukuthi zigcine ukundiza njalo ngokunyakazisa amaphiko azo. Uma zisesimweni esizolile, ziyaphoqeleka ukuthi zihlale ziphumule phezu kwamanzi kuze kube yilapho umoya uphinda uphakama.

Zikwazi ukulala kuphela lapho zisemanzini ziphumule, kodwa azilokothi zindiza, njengoba abanye abacwaningi beze baqagela. Ama-albatross aseNyakatho yePacific aye akwazi ukusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokundiza angashintshana ngalo izikhathi lapho ebhakuzisa amaphiko awo ngamandla, lapho efinyelela ukuphakama okwengeziwe, ngezikhathi lapho ezinikele ekuntwezanizeni emoyeni.

Esinye isici ukuthi ngesikhathi sokusuka, kudingeka zenze umjaho ukuze zithole umoya owanele ukuze zidlule ngaphansi kwamaphiko azo, ngaleyo ndlela zidale i-aerodynamic lift eziyidingayo ukuze zikwazi ukundiza.

Indawo yokuhlala kanye nendawo yokusabalalisa

Ingxenye enkulu yama-albatross isatshalaliswa eningizimu nenkabazwe, ebangeni elihlanganisa ukusuka e-Antarctica kuya e-Australia, eNingizimu Afrika naseNingizimu Melika. Okuhlukile kule ndawo kungabonakala ezinhlotsheni ezine ezihlala eNyakatho yePacific, ezintathu zazo okuyizinhlobo ezihlala kuleso sifunda, futhi zisakazwa kusukela eHawaii kuya eJapan, California nase-Alaska.

Yinye kuphela, i-Galapagos albatross, izidleke kuphela eziQhingini zaseGalapagos futhi ifinyelela ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika ukuze izondle. Njengoba zidinga umoya, eziwudingayo ohlotsheni lwazo lokundiza, kunengqondo ukuthi indawo yazo isendaweni ephakeme, ngoba lezi zinyoni aziklanyelwe ukundiza ngokushaya amaphiko, yingakho zikuthola kunzima kakhulu ukundiza. ukuwela izindawo ezihlanganayo ezishisayo.

Kodwa, izinhlobo ze-albatross ze-Galapagos ziyakwazi ukuba nendawo yazo emanzini enkabazwe, ezungeze iziQhingi zaseGalapagos, ngenxa yamanzi abandayo akhiqizwa i-Humboldt current kanye nemimoya ebangelwa yiwo. ama-oceanic expanses futhi kuvamile ukuthi bathathe uhambo oluwela izigxobo.

Akuzange kwenzeke ukuthola isizathu sangempela sokuthi kungani ama-albatross ashabalala eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ukunyuka kwezinga elijwayelekile lamanzi olwandle, okubangelwa inkathi yokufudumala kwe-interglacial, kungase kubangele ukukhukhula kwamanzi olwandle. izindawo lapho atholakala khona.Bathola indawo yokuhlala yeqoqo lama-albatross anemisila emifushane atholakala eziQhingini zaseBermuda.

Ngezinye izikhathi, ezinye izinhlobo ze-albatross eziseningizimu ziye zabonwa zisebenza ngendlela engafanele eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, zahlala amashumi eminyaka ekudingisweni kuleyo ndawo. Omunye walaba badingiswa abaphilayo ababedidekile, okwakuyi-albatross enombala omnyama, wabuyela iminyaka eminingana ekoloni lama-gannet (Morus bassanus) eliseScotland, enza imizamo eyize yokukhiqiza kabusha.

Besebenzisa uhlelo lokulandela ngomkhondo ngesathelayithi, abacwaningi banikezwe iqoqo lolwazi olubaluleke kakhulu oluphathelene nohambo lwabo lokufuna ukudla kwabo, abalwenza ngaphesheya kolwandle. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi azikhuphuki minyaka yonke, kodwa ziyahlakazeka ngemva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, kuyilapho endabeni yezinhlobo ezisuka eningizimu nenkabazwe, kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi zenza uhambo oluningi endaweni epholile.

Ubufakazi buqoqwe futhi ngokusakazwa kwezindawo zokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane olwandle, ukuphatha ukuqoqa idatha mayelana nemikhuba yokudla yezinhlobo ezimbili ezizalana e-Campbell Islands: i-albatross enekhanda elimpunga kanye ne-albatross yaseCampbell.

Ulwazi olutholakalayo lufakazela ukuthi owokuqala uthola ukudla kwawo e-Campbell Plateau, kodwa lokhu kushintshela ekufuneni kwawo ukudla kube emanzini anezici ikakhulukazi zolwandle kanye ne-pelagic.

Mayelana ne-albatross ezulazulayo, iphinde ibe nokusabela okuqondile ku-bathymetry yendawo lapho ithola khona ukudla kwayo, futhi ithola ukudla kwayo kuphela emanzini ajulile ngaphezu kwe-1000 m.

Lokhu kwaziswa, okutholwe ngesiphuphutheki, kuye kwavumela ososayensi ukuba benze indawo yokuhlala enemingcele echazwe kangangokuthi omunye umcwaningi waze wathi wayenomuzwa wokuthi cishe kwakubonakala sengathi izinyoni zazikwazi ukubona futhi zilalele uphawu lokunqamula ukudlula kulezo zindawo. oceanic okushona kwayo kungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1000.

Baphinde bathola ubufakazi bokuba khona kwezindawo ezihlukene zokusabalalisa ubulili obunye bohlobo olufanayo. Ukuhlaziywa kokuzalaniswa kwe-Tristan albatross e-Gough Island kufakazele ukuthi abesilisa baya entshonalanga kuyilapho abesifazane beya empumalanga.

Ukudla

Ekudleni kwama-albatross, izintandokazi zabo zakhiwe ama-crustaceans, ama-cephalopod nezinhlanzi, nakuba kuboniswe ukuthi nazo zingama-scavengers futhi zingafaka ukudla kwazo nge-zooplankton. Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane, kuye kwenzeka kuphela ukwazi ukudla ezithwala ngesikhathi sokuzala nokuzala, ngoba yileso sikhathi lapho zibuyela khona njalo emhlabeni, okwenze kube lula ukuzala kwazo. funda..

Ukufakwa kwemithombo ethile yokudla kunokuhlobana okuhlukile, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlobo zokudla kushintsha kakhulu phakathi kohlobo olulodwa nolunye, kubuye kuhluke ukusuka kwelinye ikoloni kuya kwelinye. Ngakho, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zisekela ukudla kwazo kuma-squid, kuyilapho ezinye izinhlobo zisekela ukudla kwazo enanini elikhulu lezinhlanzi noma i-krill.

Lo mehluko omkhulu ubonakala ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zama-albatross ahlala eziQhingini zaseHawaii, ama-albatross anezinyawo ezimnyama, ukudla kwawo okuyisisekelo kuyizinhlanzi, kodwa endabeni ye-Laysan albatross idla cishe ama-squid kuphela.

Endabeni yama-sooty albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata) kufakazelwe ukuthi atshuza ngesilinganiso esingamamitha ayi-5 ukuze azondle, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi, nakuba sekutholakele ukuthi angatshuza afinyelele kumamitha ayi-12 ukushona.

Kuye kwenzeka ukusebenzisa amadivaysi olwandle akwazi ukuthola inani lamanzi ama-albatross adlayo phakathi nokuphila kwawo, okuye kwaba nokwenzeka ukusungula isilinganiso sesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokudla kwawo, kuphetha ngokuthi. ziyizilwane ezidliwayo. , ngoba inqubo yokudla yenziwa emini.

Elinye iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi ukuhlaziya imilomo ye-squid egayiwe ama-albatross kwafakazela ukuthi amanye ama-squid ayedliwe ayemikhulu kakhulu ukuba inyoni ingawabamba ephila, okuphetha ngokuthi nawo angama-scavenger futhi lokhu umsebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwabo, njengoba kwenzeka nge-albatross ezulazulayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye baboniswa ukuthi badla izinhlobo ze-squid ezihlala endaweni ye-mesopelagic, enokujula okungaphandle kwebanga lesenzo se-albatross.

Abacwaningi baye bazibuza ngomsuka we-squid efile edliwa ama-albatross, kodwa namanje ayikabi khona impendulo ecacile, eqinisweni, lokhu kuye kwaba umthombo wempikiswano.

Abanye bathi kuwumphumela wokuxhashazwa komuntu ukudoba, nakuba imbangela efanelekile nengokwemvelo kungase kube ukufa kwe-squid okwenzeka ngemva kokuzala noma ukugabha okuvamile kwama-cetaceans adla la ma-cephalopod, njengoba kwenzeka endabeni yemikhomo. pilot whales noma sperm whales.

Ukuphakelwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, njengoba kwenzeka nge-albatross enombala omnyama noma i-albatross enekhanda elimpunga, izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu ze-squid ezinokuthambekela kokucwila ngemva kokufa kwazo, okuphetha ngokuthi kulesi simo i-necrophagy ayiwona umsebenzi ohlobene nawe. ukuziphilisa.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kube ukuziphatha okuye kwabonwa ku-albatross yaseGalapagos, ehlukumeza izinyoni ze-booby ukuze ithathe ukudla kwazo, okufakazela ukuthi lolu hlobo lungosomathuba, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lenza le albatross kube ukuphela kwelungu le-Procellariiformes elisebenzisayo. kleptoparasitism ngesiyalo.

Esikhathini esifushane esedlule, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi ama-albatross yizinyoni ezizinikela ekuqoqeni phezulu, ukubhukuda ngokuhambisana namanzi, ukubamba izinhlanzi nama-squid ayiswa phezulu ngamanzi olwandle, izilwane ezidla ezinye noma ngenxa nje yokuthi zifile.

Ngenxa yokuthi kuye kwasungulwa futhi kwasetshenziswa ama-capillary gauge ukujula, akwazi ukuxhunywa emzimbeni wama-albatross futhi asuswe lapho ebuyela ezweni, futhi okuhlanganisa nokujula okukhulu kokucwiliswa okufinyelelwe yizinyoni. ocwaningweni kungalinganiswa, kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezitshuza ekujuleni okufanayo futhi zisebenzisa amasu ahlukene ukwenza kanjalo.

Ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, njenge- wandering albatross, azitshuzi ukujula ngaphezu kwemitha, kanti ezinye, njenge- sooty albatross, zingatshuza zijule kakhulu, zibhalise kusukela kumamitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-12,5. Amamitha Ngaphezu kokuphakela phezulu nokutshuza, ama-albatross aye abonwa etshuza ngokutshuza emoyeni ukuze abambe inyamazane yawo.

Ukuzala

Sesishilo kakade ukuthi ama-albatross ayizilwane ezidlayo, ezakha amakoloni eziqhingini ezikude, lapho ezakha khona izidleke zazo, ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganyela indawo nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni. Endabeni yalezo ezincamela ukuhlala ezweni, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi zincamela ukwakha izidleke zazo ezindaweni ezinqamula amanzi noma ezindaweni eziphakeme ezikwazi ukungena kahle olwandle ezindaweni eziningi, njengoba kwenzeka eNhlonhlweni yase-Otago eDunedin, E-New Zealand.

Ama-albatross amaningi ampunga nama-albatross anezinyawo ezimnyama awavamile ukuhlala ngaphansi kwezihlahla emahlathini avulekile. Ukuvumelana kwamakoloni nakho kuyashintsha kusuka kolunye uhlobo kuya kolunye. Singabona ukuqoqwa okuminyene kakhulu, okujwayelekile kwama-albatross ohlobo lwe-Thalassarche, okungamakoloni ama-albatross ane-browed emnyama eziqhingini zaseMalvinas, iqembu lawo elinesilinganiso sabantu esinezidleke ezingama-70 nge-100 m² ngayinye.

Ngisho namaqembu amancane kakhulu futhi anezidleke ngazinye eziqhelelene kakhulu, futhi ajwayelekile ohlotsheni lwe-Phoebetria ne-Diomedea. Amakoloni alezi zinhlobo ezimbili zama-albatross atholakala eziqhingini lapho izilwane ezincelisayo zingakaze zibe khona ngokomlando.

Esinye isimo esiwaphawulayo ukuthi ama-albatross ane-philopatric kakhulu, okusho ukuthi ngokuvamile abuyela endaweni yawo yokuzalwa ukuze azale. Lo mkhuba unamandla kangangokuthi ucwaningo lwe-Laysan Albatross lwafakazela ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi nendawo yokuchanyuselwa kweqanda elachanyuselwa kulo kanye nendawo lapho inyoni izomisa khona indawo yayo kamuva ngamamitha angu-22.

Njengezinyoni zasolwandle eziningi, ama-albatross aqhubeka nesu lika-K kuwo wonke umjikelezo wawo wokuphila, okungukuthi izinga eliphansi lokuzalwa, elincishiswa iminyaka yokuphila ende uma kuqhathaniswa, libambezela ithuba lokuzala kanye nokutshala umzamo owengeziwe kumaphuphu ambalwa.

Ubude bokuphila kwazo bude kakhulu, njengoba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zingaphila ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50. Isifanekiso esaqoshwa ngenani elikhulu leminyaka yokuphila kwakuyi-northern royal albatross, eyafakwa indandatho lapho isikhulile kakade futhi yakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engu-51 ngaphezulu, ngemva kokumakwa, okuye kwavumela ososayensi ukuba bacabange ukuthi angakwazi. uphila cishe iminyaka engama-61.

Njengoba iningi locwaningo lwesayensi oluhilela ukuhlanganisa izinyoni ngezinjongo zokulandelela lusanda kwenzeka kunendaba ecashunwe ngenhla, maningi amathuba okuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zitholakale zinesikhathi sokuphila esifanayo noma esingaba sikhulu kakhulu.

Ukuvuthwa kwezocansi kwalezi zinyoni kutholakala ngemva kwesikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka emihlanu, kodwa ukuhamba nje kwesikhathi akuzibangeli ukuba ziqale ukuzala, kunalokho, ngeke zijoyine umlingani wazo kuze kudlule isikhathi eside, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zithatha iminyaka efinyelela kweyishumi ukuzinza, futhi lapho zithola umngane wazo womshado, zakha ubuhlobo bokuphila komuntu oyedwa.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa mayelana nokuziphatha kwe-Laysan albatross lubonise ukuthi uma kunokuguquguquka okubalulekile kwenani lezocansi labantu, ngenxa yokunganele kwezibonelo zabesilisa, ukwakheka kwayo kwenhlalo kungashintsha kanye nokuziphatha ngokubambisana kokufukamela nokukhulisa amatshwele. abesifazane ababili.

Lokhu kuziphatha kuyaxaka, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-albatross inyoni enemikhuba yokushada nomuntu oyedwa futhi indlela yayo yokuphila iwukwakha umbhangqwana oneduna ukuphila kwakho konke, kodwa kuye kwatholakala ukuthi lezi zinsikazi ezimbili eziye zahlanganyela ekufukameleni kanye nezabantu besifazane. ukukhuliswa kwamatshwele kuvame ukuhlala ndawonye, ​​kunwebe lokho kuphila okufanayo iminyaka, okuyinto eyivelakancane, njengoba kungekho buhlobo noma ubuhlobo phakathi kwawo.

Intsha engakafiki esigabeni sokuzala ngokuvamile ijoyina ikoloni ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukuzala, ithola amakhono phakathi neminyaka embalwa, ngokwenza amasiko okukhwelana ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nemidanso eyaziwayo yalolu hlobo. ukuheha abesifazane. Okunye ukunyakaza esikweni lokukhwelana kwe-Laysan Albatross ukuthatha isikhundla ngentamo bese ubiza phezulu.

Ama-albatross abuyela endaweni yawo yokuqala ngqá abonisa ukuthi asuke ebona ukuziphatha okwakha ulimi lwama-albatross ahlala lapho, kodwa awakwazi ukuqaphela ukuziphatha okubonisa ezinye izinyoni, noma ukuwaphendula ngendlela efanele. .

Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi izinyoni ezincane zibhekene nesikhathi sokuvivinywa nokufunda kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlola nephutha, lapho izinyoni ezincane zikwazi ukuphelelisa isiko lokukhwelana nokudansa. Ulimi lomzimba lungafundwa ngokushesha uma inyoni encane ikanye nenyoni endala.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwalokhu kuziphatha kudinga ukusebenza okuvunyelanisiwe kwezenzo eziningi, njengokuzilungisa, ukukhomba izindawo ezithile, izingcingo, ukukhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene eshaya emlonyeni, ukugqolozela, nezingxube eziyinkimbinkimbi zokumbalwa kwalokhu kuziphatha ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Lapho i-albatross iqala ukubuyela endaweni yayo yokuzalwa, yenza umdanso nabalingani abaningi, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, inani lezinyoni elisungula ubuhlobo nalo liyancipha, kuze kube yilapho ikhetha umlingani oyedwa kuphela futhi zizoqhubeka ziphelelisa ulimi olulodwa, okuzogcina kuhlukile kulezo zithandani. Uma sicabangela ukuthi lo mbhangqwana uzosungula ubuhlobo bomuntu oyedwa impilo yonke, iningi lale midanso ngeke liphindwe.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi isizathu esenza le mikhuba nemidanso eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ecophelelayo wukuqinisekisa ukuthi bakhethe umlingani ofanele, futhi bakwazi ukubona kangcono umlingani wabo esikhathini esizayo, ngoba kubo kunzima kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuba nomlingani ofanele ngesikhathi sokubekela amaqanda kanye nokunakekela izingane.

Kuye kwaphawulwa nokuthi ezinhlotsheni ezingase zibe nomjikelezo wokuzala ophelele esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka, akuvamile ukuba ziphinde zizale eminyakeni elandelayo. Ama-albatross amakhulu, njenge-wandering albatross, asebenzisa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ukuze anakekele inzalo yawo, kusukela ekuzaleni kwamaqanda, ize ifinyelele ezimpahleni zayo.

I-Albatross izalela iqanda elilodwa ngesikhathi sokuzalanisa, leli qanda linomumo we-subelliptical, futhi limhlophe namachashaza ansundu ngokubomvu. Amaqanda amakhulu anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-200 no-510 amagremu. Uma kwenzeka belahlekelwa iqanda, kungaba ngephutha noma ngenxa yesilwane esizingelayo, ngeke baphinde bazame ukuba nengane phakathi nalowo nyaka.

Ngenxa yokwehliswa kwezinga lempumelelo yokuzala kanye nobudlelwano bokushada nomuntu oyedwa ababusungulayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwamapheya asevele amisiwe akuvamile kakhulu phakathi kwama-albatross futhi ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi awaphumeleli ekukhiqizeni kuze kudlule iminyaka eminingana. ngokungaphumeleli.

Kodwa lapho eba nengane ngokuphumelelayo, ama-albatross ayawanakekela futhi awavikele kuze kube yilapho esemakhulu ngokwanele ukuba azivikele futhi alawule ukushisa. Kule nqubo inzalo iyoba nesisindo esanele esilingana nesabazali bayo.

Wonke ama-albatross asezifundeni eziseningizimu akha izidleke ezinkulu zamaqanda awo, esebenzisa utshani, izihlahla, inhlabathi, i-peat, ngisho nezimpaphe zepenguin, kodwa lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zaseNyakatho Pacific zakha izidleke ngendlela engavamile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-albatross ye-Galapagos ayakhi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesidleke futhi ihambisa iqanda layo kuyo yonke indawo yokuzalanisa, ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela kumamitha angu-50, ngenxa yalokho, ngezinye izikhathi, iqanda liyalahleka.Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-albatross. , bobabili abazali bafukamela iqanda isikhathi esingasukela osukwini olulodwa kuya emasontweni amathathu.

Njengamakiwi, ama-albatross anesikhathi eside sokufukamela kunoma iyiphi inyoni. Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-70 kuya kwezingama-80, kanti kuma-albatross amakhulu kuthatha isikhathi eside. Le nqubo ikhiqiza izindleko ezinkulu zamandla kuzo futhi ingaholela ekutheni umuntu omdala alahlekelwe kufika ku-83 amagremu wesisindo ngosuku.

Ngemva kokuchanyuselwa eqandeni, inzalo, okuyi-semi-altricial, ngakho-ke iyachanyuselwa futhi ivikelwe amasonto amathathu, ize ifinyelele usayizi owanele ukuze ikwazi ukuzivikela kanye ne-thermoregulate ngokwayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, abazali bazoqhubeka nokuphakela itshwele ukudla okuncane ngesikhathi ukushintsha ukushintsha ukuze banakekelwe.

Lapho isikhathi sokuzala sesiphelile, izothola ukudla kubazali bayo ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokuvamile abashintshana ngohambo olufushane nolude beyofuna ukudla, ukuze ikwazi ukunikeza inzalo yayo lapho ibuya ohambweni ngalunye ukudla okwakuyodingeka. inesisindo esingaba ngu-12% wesisindo somzimba wabo, esibalwa cishe ngamagremu angu-600.

Ukudla kwezingane kwenziwa i-krill kanye ne-squid kanye nezinhlanzi ezintsha, ngendlela yamafutha e-albatross esiswini, okuwukudla okunamandla okulula futhi okulula ukukuthutha kunokuthutha inyamazane ebanjwe ngaphandle kokuyigaya. Lamafutha akhiwa esithweni sesisu iningi lama-Procellariiformes analo futhi elithola igama le-proventriculus, kanye nenyamazane ebanjwayo igaywe futhi ibanike iphunga labo le-musty.

Amatshwele ngokuvamile athatha isikhathi eside ukundiza. Uma sibhekisela kuma-albatross amakhulu, le nqubo ingathatha izinsuku ezingu-280. Ngisho nasezindabeni zama-albatross amancane kakhulu, kuthatha phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-140 kuya kweziyi-170.

Njengezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zasolwandle, amatshwele e-albatross ekugcineni athola isisindo esanele ukuze ahlangane nabazali bawo, futhi ukuze asebenzise kahle ukudla okwengeziwe ukuze akhulise isisindo somzimba wawo. , okudingekayo ukuze ukwazi ukuba nekhono ekundizeni, inqubo yokuphaphaza kwenzeka kuphela lapho ilingana nobukhulu babazali bazo.

Kuye ngesigaba noma uhlobo lwezilwane, phakathi kuka-15% no-65% walabo abakwaziyo ukuba nezinsiba zabo baphile isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba bazalane. lapho uchanyuselwa selunezimpaphe ngokugcwele, lungaqapheli ukuthi ukuchanyuselwa kwawo sekuphelile.

Lapho zisuka esidlekeni, kunezifundo ezihlobene nokuhlakazeka kwezinyoni ezisencane olwandle okuye kwavumela ososayensi ukuba baqagele ngokuba khona kokuziphatha okungokwemvelo kokufuduka, njengokungathi kunomzila wokuzula ofakwe ezakhini zazo zofuzo, ezivumela ukuthi zihambe. olwandle lapho beqala ukungena olwandle.

ama-albatross nomuntu

Ama-albatross abizwa ngokuthi izinyoni ezidumile kunazo zonke.I-albatross ingumlingiswa oyinhloko enkondlweni edumile ethi Rime of the Ancient Mariner, eyabhalwa uSamuel Taylor Coleridge; i-albatross ethunjiwe iphinde ibe isingathekiso se-poète maudit enkondlweni kaCharles Baudelaire, i-Albatross. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-albatross njengesingathekiso olimini lwesiNgisi kuvela enkondlweni kaColeridge.

Ngokwezinga elincane, liye laphefumulela ababhali bolimi lweSpanishi, ulimi okuyisiko kulo ukuthi lapho othile enomthwalo osindayo noma inkinga, khona-ke une-albatross entanyeni yakhe, okwakuyisijeziso esibekwe enkondlweni. etilosini elabulala i-albatross.

Inganekwane eyasungulwa amatilosi iyaziwa ukuthi i-albatross iyinyoni enenhlanhla nokuthi ingaphumela enhlekeleleni ukuyibulala noma ukuyilimaza futhi kwakuyinkolelo evamile yokuthi ihlanganisa imiphefumulo yamatilosi afela olwandle. nokho, kusibonisile ukuthi ayevame ukubulawa futhi adliwe amatilosi.” Izizwe zamaMaori zazisebenzisa amathambo azo amaphiko ukuze zibaze imifanekiso yesikhumba engokomkhosi futhi zibaze imitshingo yazo.

Lezi izinyoni ezihlonishwa kakhulu yilabo abathanda ukufunda ngezinyoni futhi izindawo ezisungula kuzo amakoloni ziba izindawo ezidumile zokuvakasha kwemvelo. Kunamadolobha namadolobhana amaningi asogwini njengeKaikoura, Sidney, Wollongong noma iMonterey, lapho kwenziwa khona uhambo lokubuka izinyoni zasolwandle, futhi ama-albatross avame ukukhangwa kalula kulezi zikebhe zezivakashi ngokuphonsa amafutha ezinhlanzi olwandle.

Ukuvakashela amakoloni alezi zinyoni kuyindawo eyaziwa kakhulu yezivakashi; i-northern royal albatross colony e-Taiaroa Head eNew Zealand iheha izivakashi ezingu-40 ngonyaka, futhi amakoloni angawodwa asephenduke izivakashi ezivamile eziqhingini ezingaphansi kwe-Antarctic.

Izinsongo kanye Nokugcinwa Kwemvelo

Naphezu kokubhekwa njengezinyoni zezinganekwane, ama-albatross awakwazanga ukukhishwa ngaphandle noma avikelwe emiphumeleni eqondile nengaqondile ekhiqizwa yithi bantu. Lapho etholwa ama-Aleut nabasePolynesia, asetshenziswa kahle ekuzingeleni, kwaze kwaba yilapho enyamalala kwezinye iziqhingi, njengoba kwenzeka e-Easter Island.

Njengoba abantu baseYurophu beqala ukuhamba ngomkhumbi benqamula iplanethi, baqala ukuzingela ama-albatross futhi, bewadoba emikhunjini ukuze bawasebenzisele ukudla, noma bamane bawadubule ngenjongo yezemidlalo noma ukuzijabulisa.

Leli siko lokubadubula lafinyelela umvuthwandaba walo emigwaqweni yokuthuthela e-Australia futhi lalingase limiswe kuphela lapho izikebhe sezishesha kangangokuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukudoba kuzo futhi lapho kumiswa imithetho evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zomlilo emikhunjini. ngezizathu zokuphepha.

Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, amakoloni ama-albatross, ikakhulukazi lawo aseNyakatho Pacific, aqedwa ngenxa yokuhweba ngezimpaphe, okwabangela ukuba ama-albatross anemsila omfushane acishe ashabalala.

Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, kwezinhlobo ezingu-22 ze-albatross eziye zaqashelwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ezingu-8 zisesimweni sokuba sengozini, eziyisi-6 zisengozini yokushabalala kanti ezi-3 zisengozini enkulu. .

Izinhlobo ezintathu ezisengozini enkulu yokushabalala i-Amsterdam Albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis), i-Tristan Albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) kanye ne-Galápagos Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata). Enye yezinsongo eziyinhloko kulezi zinyoni ukudoba ngodobo olude.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-albatross kanye nezinye izinyoni zasolwandle ezidla imfucumfucu zikhangwa isiheho solayini ende, ngeshwa zigxambukela emigqeni noma ezingwegweni bese ziminza. Ama-albatross angaba ngu-100 000 unyaka ngamunye abulawa ngale ndlela. Okubi nakakhulu ukuthi kwenzekani ngezigameko zokudoba izigcwelegcwele, okuthi ngokungalandeli noma yimiphi imigomo, zenze inkinga ibe nkulu nakakhulu.

Omunye umsebenzi owenziwa abantu omelela ingozi kuma-albatross ukundiza. Isibonelo, eMidway Atoll kube nokushayisana okuningi phakathi kwe-Laysan albatross nezindiza, okubangele ukufa kwabantu nezinyoni, kanye nokukhubazeka okungathi sína ekusebenzeni kwezindiza zezempi.

Ukuzama ukugwema lezi zingozi, kwenziwa izifundo ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1950 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1960 ezazihlaziya imiphumela eyayizoyiletha ukuze ikwazi ukubeka izindlela nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokulawula, ngeshwa zaphetha ngokubulawa kwezinyoni nokubulawa kwezinyoni. ukucekelwa phansi kwaminyaka yonke kwezindawo zabo ukuze bakhe isidleke, noma ukuguqula isimo sezindawo zabo, ngokulinganisa nokususa umhlaba ukuze kungafaki imisinga yomoya ekhuphukayo esetshenziswa yilezi zinyoni ekundizeni kwazo.

Omunye umqondo wawuwukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo eziphakeme, njengemibhoshongo yokulawula izimoto nemibhoshongo yezokuxhumana, eyabulala izinyoni ezingu-3000 1964 lapho kushayisana indiza phakathi kuka-1965 no-XNUMX, ngaphambi kokuba le mibhoshongo yehliswe. Ngeshwa, njalo lapho lowo muntu ezama ukuxazulula le nkinga, kuye kwasho ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lalezi zinyoni.

Ukuvalwa ngokuphelele kwezindawo zezindiza zasolwandle eMidway Islands ngo-1993 kwaqeda inkinga yokushayisana kwe-albatross nezindiza zempi. Ukwengeza, ukuncishiswa kokusebenza kwabantu eziqhingini ngenxa yokuvalwa kwemisebenzi eyisisekelo kuye kwasiza ukwehlisa inani lokufa kwezinyoni.

Enye inkinga yethulwa izilwane ezidla ezinye eziqhingini kanye nokungcoliswa kukapende osekelwe kumthofu ezungeze izakhiwo zamasosha, konke okungenzeka kwabulala izinkulungwane zezinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpaphe zayo zaziswa kakhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1909. Ngo-300 kuphela, ezingaphezu kuka-000 XNUMX zalezi zinyoni zazizingelwa eMidway naseLaysan Islands ngenxa yaleso sizathu.

Ngokuphathelene nosongo oluvela ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezethulwayo, njengamagundane noma amakati asendle, kumelwe sisho ukuthi ahlasela ngokuqondile ama-albatross noma amaqanda awo namaphuphu. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-albatross avela ukuze abe nezindawo zawo zokuzalela eziqhingini ezingenazo izilwane ezidla ezinye zasemhlabeni, yingakho engazange akhe izinhlelo zokuzivikela ngokumelene nazo.

Ithonya lalezi zilwane liyingozi kangangokuthi ngisho nezinhlobo ezincane njengamagundane zingaba yingozi kakhulu; isibonelo, esiQhingini saseGough, okungelinye lamakoloni amakhulu ezinyoni zasolwandle emhlabeni, amatshwele e-Tristan albatross ahlaselwa futhi adliwe ephila amagundane ahlala ekhaya angeniswe esiqhingini.

Izinhlobo ezethulwayo zingase zikhiqize eminye imiphumela engaqondile. Lena indaba yezinkomo ezidla ungqimba olubalulekile lotshani eziqhingini zaseSão Paulo nase-Amsterdam, ezibeke i-Amsterdam albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis) esimweni esisongelwa; Enye inkinga ivela ezitshalweni ezethulwe kwezinye iziqhingi, ukwanda kwazo kuye kwanciphisa izindawo lapho ama-albatross engakwazi ukwakha khona izidleke zawo.

Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, manje sesinokufakwa kwezinto zepulasitiki ezintantayo olwandle, futhi hhayi ngama-albatross kuphela, kodwa izinyoni zasolwandle eziningi. Ukuqoqwa kwezinto zepulasitiki ezilwandle nasezilwandle kukhule kakhulu kusukela kwaqoshwa okokuqala ngeminyaka yawo-60.

Ngeshwa, lo pulasitiki uvela kudoti olahlwa emikhunjini, ezindaweni zokulahla ugu, udoti emabhishi kanye nemfucumfucu egezelelwa olwandle ngemifula. Ipulasitiki ayinakugaywa futhi uma ibhajwe yinyoni ithatha isikhala esiswini noma i-gizzard okufanele isetshenziselwe ukudla, noma ingabangela isithiyo esivimbela ngokuqondile inyoni ukuthi idle.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa eNyakatho Pacific lubonise ukuthi ukugwinya amapulasitiki kuye kwaholela ekwehleni kwesisindo nokuqina kwalezi zinyoni.Ngezinye izikhathi ipulasitiki ibuye igayelwe amanzi lapho incelisa amaphuphu azo, futhi ucwaningo olwenziwa amatshwele e-Laysan albatross eMidway Islands lwabonisa ukuthi kuye kwaba nenani elikhulu lepulasitiki. ukumuncwa imidlwane efile ngokwemvelo, uma iqhathaniswa nemidlwane ephile saka eyafa engozini.

Nakuba kungeyona imbangela eqondile yokufa, ukuba khona kwepulasitiki emzimbeni we-albatross kudala ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba futhi kubangela ukuthi intsha izizwe isuthi ngesikhathi idla, okubangela ukuthi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kokudla okudliwayo. futhi ikhawulela amathuba abo okusinda.

Abanye Ososayensi kanye nezinhlangano ezithile zezemvelo, njenge-BirdLife International, eyaqala umkhankaso i-Save the Albatross, bagxilisa imizamo yabo ekufundiseni ohulumeni nabadobi, ukuze kutholakale izixazululo zezingozi okufanele ibhekane nazo ne-albatross.

Imizamo iyenziwa yokuqalisa izindlela ezintsha zokudoba, ezilula njengokuphonsa izintambo ezinde ebusuku, ukubeka izinti ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukuqinisa isisindo sezintambo kanye nokusebenzisa amathuluzi nezindlela zokwethusa lezi zinyoni, okungaholela ekwehliseni kakhulu inani lezinyoni. izinyoni ezivalelwe.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngokubambisana kososayensi nabadobi eNew Zealand lukwazile ukuhlola ngempumelelo isisetshenziswa esikwazi ukwenza izinguquko ngaphansi kwamanzi ezikebheni zokudoba ezinezintambo ezinde, futhi ezihlanganisa imigqa ebekwa ekujuleni okukhulu kunalokho okungaba khona. ukufinyelela ama-albatross ezilwane ezisengozini.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela ezintsha ezimbalwa endaweni yokudoba i-Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) eziQhingini zaseMalvinas kukwazile ukwehlisa isibalo sama-haggard albatross abevamise ukubanjwa umkhumbi wokudoba eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule.

Okunye okuphawulekayo umsebenzi owenziwa izazi zemvelo, abenze imizamo endaweni yokubuyiselwa kwemvelo endaweni ezungezile, ukufeza ukuxoshwa kwezinhlobo zakwamanye amazwe ezethulwe ngephutha, futhi lokho kwasongela izilwane ezihlala njalo, ezinikeza usizo olubalulekile ukufeza ukuvikelwa kwama-albatross ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezethulwa.

Esinye isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu sokufinyelela uhlaka olungcono kakhulu lokuvikela nokuvikelwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zasolwandle yiSivumelwano Sokongiwa kwe-Albatrosses and Petrels, esasayinwa ngo-2001, esaqala ukusebenza ngo-2004 futhi esesigunyazwe ngamazwe ayishumi: I-Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Spain, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa kanye ne-United Kingdom.

Yize ibingekho ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa, iNorway ne-Uruguay ibambelele kuyo futhi iFrance ikwamukele. Kuyisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe lapho la mazwe evuma khona ukuthatha izinyathelo ezibambekayo nezingenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe isibalo sama-albatross angabanjwa ngezindlela zokudobela ukuhweba okusemthethweni okwenziwa ngazo, ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa komhlaba kanye nokuqeda izilwane zakwamanye amazwe. bakhe izidleke zabo.

Lesi sivumelwano siba yisisekelo esibalulekile samazwe ngamazwe somthethonqubo ohlangene wokuvikelwa kwe-albatross ukuze amazwe azibophezele kufanele enze imizamo efanayo yokuvimbela lo mndeni omuhle wezinyoni zasolwandle kanye nezigaba zazo ekushabalaleni endaweni yazo yemvelo, kodwa izinyathelo ezengeziwe ziyadingeka, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisho ukuzibophezela komuntu ngamunye okucatshangelwayo, ekulondolozweni nasekugcinweni kwemvelo yakhe.

Ngempela, kuze kube yilapho umuntu eyeka umkhuba wakhe wokungcolisa ulwandle nezindawo ezisogwini, kuze kube yilapho kubekwa imingcele ekusetshenzisweni kwepulasitiki futhi asazi ukuthi sizenzela umonakalo kithi, umonakalo esiwenzayo emvelweni futhi, ngenxa yalokho. , kuzo zonke izidalwa ezihlala kuyo, ikakhulukazi i-albatross, eye yanciphisa inani labantu bayo, yaze yafika ezindaweni ezibucayi kwezinye zezinhlobo zayo.

Kungakho sikumema ukuthi uqaphele, ube nobungane nemvelo futhi usisize silondoloze i-ecosystem yethu ukuze i-biosphere ikwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha. Sisesesikhathini ecaleni le-albatross, sidinga nje ukuzibophezela kwakho.

Sincoma lezi ezinye izindatshana ezithakazelisayo:

• Izilwane zasolwandle
• Izilwane zasemhlabeni
• Izilwane zasepulazini