" Awukho umsebenzi ngaphandle kwe-anatomy ". UCamillo Golgi, uMklomelo KaNobel Kwezokwelapha ngo-1906, wabhala lokhu ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX mayelana nezifundo zakhe zamangqamuzana ezinzwa aphakathi nendawo. Ngamanye amazwi, umsebenzi uphinda ulolonge umumo wamaseli, ngakho-ke ukubonwa kwe-microscopic kuba kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe izindlela zayo zokwakheka komzimba.
Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi umuntu wokuqala owaqonda ukuthi izinzwa zazakhiwe isethi yezintambo futhi wayengamele uhlobo lomgudu onento ethambile ngaphakathi, njengoba kwenzeka emithanjeni yegazi, kwakungu-Anton Van Leeuwenhoek ngo-1715.
I-Leeuwenhoek kanye nesibonakhulu
leeuwenhoek, udokotela wamehlo waseDutch kanye nesazi semvelo, uqashelwa njengomqambi we-microscope yokubona; ngakho-ke, owaba ngowokuqala ukubona, ngokucacile nangokunembile, ezinye izenzakalo zemvelo ezifana nokujikeleza kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu kuma-capillaries, ukuba khona kwamangqamuzana egciwane wesilisa, ukuhlonza okuqondile kokuqala isakhiwo se-lamellar se-lens, ukutholakala kwe-protozoa namagciwane abizwa ngokuthi "izilwane ezincane". Ngokusobala kwakungekona nje ukutholakala kwama-lens optical angcono kakhulu angaleso sikhathi, futhi wazakhela yena.
Lena yindlela uLeeuwenhoek abhala ngayo encwadini ayibhalela iRoyal Society yaseLondon ngo-1692, ephendula ukugxekwa kwabanye abantu besikhathi sakhe:
Ngazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi imibiko enginibhalela yona nenginithumelela yona ngezikhathi ezithile ayihambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi, nokuthi ukuphikisana kutholakala kuyo; engifuna ukusho futhi ukuthi nginomkhuba wokunamathela kudatha enginayo kuze kube yilapho ngaziswa kangcono noma kuze kube yilapho engikubonile kungiholela kwenye indawo; futhi angisoze ngaba namahloni okushintsha indlela yami.
Yazalwa kanjena i-microscope yesimanje, okungukuthi, ukutadisha imvelo ngamanani amancane, nanamuhla okusengenye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokuphenya ucwaningo lwesayensi yesimanje. Kodwa ukuze siqonde kangcono ukuzalwa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwale sayensi, kufanele sibhekisele emibonweni eminingi kanye nokutholwayo okuvela emizamweni yokuqala yase-Antiquity kuye kwalungisa ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi siyalo kuya ekubonweni okumangalisayo kwesayensi yesimanje.
Ukukhanya esikweni lamaGreki namaSulumane
Nakuba isibonakhulu siwukusungulwa kwamuva nje, ukucwaninga ngezimo zokukhanya kuye kwathakazelisa izingqondo eziningi ezinkulu ze-Antiquity futhi kuye kwabangela izinkulumo-mpikiswano phakathi kwezikole ezahlukene zokucabanga; Sesivele sibakweleta ongqondongqondo abakhulu abafana no-Aristotle, noma u-Euclid, owaphila phakathi kwekhulu le-IV nele-III BC, okuqalwa kwabo ngokusemthethweni esibhale ubufakazi bombono wombono nemisebe yokukhanya. Kakade ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. C. ukusetshenziswa kwezibuko ezivuthayo ezidumile zika-Archimedes kwaduma phakathi neMpi Yesibili YamaPunic, nakuba kungakafakazelwa ngokomlando.
amaRom
Izibonelo ezibhalwe kakhulu mayelana nalokhu yilezo bavela ezweni lamaRoma. Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa okwakwenziwa amaRoma asendulo ngeziyingi zengilazi ezicishe zibe isicaba ukuze kugxiliswe imisebe yelanga futhi bathole umlilo sekugunyazwe kabanzi isikhathi eside. Ubuchwepheshe be-lens bubonakala bundala kakhulu kunempucuko yamaRoma, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinto ezitholwe e-Knossos, ezasukela eNkathini Ye-Bronze, isikhathi esiphakathi kuka-3500 no-1200 BC. c.
Pompeii
Ngokungeziwe kuma-crystal prism wokunemba okungavamile kanye nokujwayelekile (okusetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya kube imibala ye-spectrum), futhi avela ekumbiweni i-pompeii yasendulo imikhumbi emincane eyindilinga, i-convex kancane, ekwazi ukunikeza isithombe esicacile nesikhulisiwe. Ngeshwa, cishe ayikho imithombo yemibhalo ekhuluma ngalezi zinto njengamathuluzi ombono. Yanikezwa uPliny Omdala lapho umbusi uNero, mhlawumbe i-myopic, ejwayele ukubuka izimpi zama-gladiator ngokuzibuka nge-emerald enkulu epholishiwe.
I-Ottica ne-Catoptrica
Uma sibuyela ku-Euclid, siphawula ukuthi wayengumbhali wemibhalo emihlanu edumile yejometri equkethe imiqondo yephuzu, umugqa kanye nendiza; Le miqondo eyisisekelo yahlangana Umsebenzi we-Ottica eCatoptrica lapho izici zombono ziqukethwe, i isifundo sokucabangisisa endizeni nasezibukweni eziyindilinga futhi, ngokokuqala ngqa, umqondo we-ray ebonakalayo ngaphandle kwesakhiwo somzimba uchazwa. Lokhu kuvumela u-Euclid ukuthi anwebe indlela evamile yemiboniso yejiyomethri emkhakheni wezenzakalo zokukhanya.
Imvelo yala ma-axiom, nokho, isekelwe ngokuqinile umqondo wokuthi ukubona kwenzeka ngemisebe ekhishwa iso: inkolelo-mbono yokukhanya ecacile. Ukuze kufinyelelwe embonweni othuthuke kakhudlwana, kwadingeka kulinde kuze kube ikhulu le-965, nemibono ye-Arab Alhazen (1039-XNUMX). Ngokuka-Alhazen, iso alikwazi "ukuyizwa" into ngaphandle kwemisebe okukuthumela ngesivinini esilinganiselwe; ukukhanya kufanele kube khona ngempela ngoba uma kunamandla kakhulu kungalimaza amehlo futhi kukhiqize izithombe zesibili.
Ukusungulwa kwe-microscope
Kuzodingeka ukulinda kuze kube yinkathi ye-Baroque ukuze ubone ukuzalwa kwe-microscope yangempela eyandulela yesimanje. Ikhulu le-1609 liyinkathi enezithelo emazweni amaningi ngesayensi ngokujwayelekile, empeleni kufanele kushiwo ukuthi yabona uguquko lweqiniso lwesayensi noBacon, Boyle, Copernicus, Leibniz nabanye abaningi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi emlandweni we-microscope alukho usuku oluvelele oluqhathaniswa no-XNUMX, unyaka lapho UGalileo Galilei (1564-1642) yenziwa ngesibonakude esingajwayelekile.
abenzi bendwangu kanye nama-microscopes
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukhona nje ukuqondana ukuthi iNetherlands yaba yisizinda sensimbi enjengesibonakhulu, ngoba ngekhulu le-XNUMX leli zwe lalimelela impambano ebalulekile yezentengiselwano emkhakheni wezindwangu futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhiqizwa kwezitsha zobumba kanye ne-majolica. . Kulezi zingxoxo zokugcina, mhlawumbe njengomkhiqizo wesibili wenqubo yokukhiqiza, kungenzeka ukuthi kwavela amathonsi engilazi encibilikisiwe. abakhiqizi bendwangu abasetshenziswa njengezingilazi ezincane zokukhulisa ukulawula kangcono ukuthungwa phakathi nesigaba sokukhiqiza. Lokhu kwaba ukusetshenziswa kokuqala u-Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), ekuqaleni umphathi wesitolo sendwangu, owenziwe ngobuhlalu bengilazi obuqinile; kamuva, mhlawumbe elandela isithakazelo sakhe kusayensi yemvelo ayethambekele kuyo ngokwemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, i-Van Leeuwenhoek ingabhekwa njenge-microscope yokuqala, ngoba yakhulelwa ngokukhethekile futhi yalungiselelwa ukusetshenziselwa izinjongo zocwaningo lwesayensi. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi wacashunwa njengomcwaningi okhaliphile
[…] iklame izibonakhulu ezidlula kude lezo ezibonwayo kuze kube manje…
Eqinisweni, isibonakhulu sika-Leeuwenhoek siqukethe ilensi eyodwa ebekwe phezu kosekelo lwensimbi olufakwe isibambi sesampula esikhethekile esinokugxila okungalungiseka kusetshenziswa i-screw mechanism, futhi ihlinzekela ukusetshenziswa kokukhanyisa okwenziwayo. Lezi zici, ngaphezu kokwakhiwa, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izisekelo zanoma iyiphi isibonakhulu optical, ake sithi indlela yocwaningo lwezehlakalo zemvelo enambitheka eseyisimanjemanje.
I-Arcana Nature
U-Leeuwenhoek wayembozwe ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni, ilabhorethri yakhe yavakashelwa izifundiswa kanye nezazi zezombusazwe ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba (ukuvakasha okudumile kuka-Tsar Peter Omkhulu waseRussia). U-Leeuwenhoek ushone eneminyaka engu-91, ngo-August 26, 1723, ngemva kokubona uhlelo lwesiLatini lweqoqo eliphelele lezincwadi zakhe nemibiko eminingi, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1722 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Arcana Naturae."
Imizamo yezazi emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo izonikelwa ngokuphelele ekwakheni izibonakhulu ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe nasekuhleleni ngendlela ehlelekile, ekuhlukaniseni ngezigaba, nasekubaleni inani lembulunga yonke esanda kutholwa. Ngalo mqondo, umnikelo weNgisi uRobert Hooke (1635-1703) uyisisekelo, ukhunjulwa kakhulu ngezifundo zakhe zokunwebeka kunalezo ze-optical microscopy. UHooke, isazi esiphelele, wasithuthukisa isibonakhulu, wasifaka nesistimu yokubona entsha nesimiso esisha sokukhanyisa. Lokhu kwamvumela ukuba enze izinto eziwuchungechunge, njengemigodi kakhokho, ehlukaniswe izindonga, ayibiza ngokuthi. amaseli. Lapho ephikisana no-Isaac Newton, mhlawumbe usosayensi omkhulu kunabo bonke ngaleso sikhathi, wasekela umbono we-wave theory of light ngokuphambene nenkolelo-mbono ye-corpuscular.
Ukuvela kwe-microscope phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX: ukusuka kusibonakhulu kuya kusibonakhulu se-electron.
Intuthuko eyethulwa kancane kancane kumamicroscopes ehlanganisiwe eyakhiwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX yayiphathelene nesakhiwo semishini. Nakuba kwakwenziwe inqubekelaphambili ku- amasu okukhiqiza amalensi, ukusebenza kwe-optical kwakusekubi. Lokhu kudalwe kokubili ikhwalithi yengilazi kanye namaphutha amabili abucayi kumalensi: i-spherical aberration kanye ne-chromatic aberration, okuholele ezithombeni ezilufifi kanye ne-iridescent.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa ngakunye njalo futhi kwenzeka kuphela ngokombono futhi ngenxa yalokho Kwakuyimikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezandla.. Ukuze kulungiswe, lokhu kuphambana kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwamalensi amaningana, ngakho-ke, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX lapho lezi zinhlelo zingafezeka.
Ernst Abbe
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, izifundo zetiyori nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe kwahambisana. Isibalo esimele kakhulu salesi sikhathi kwakungu-Ernst Abbe waseJalimane (1840-1905), owathi iguqule isibonakhulu isuka ekubeni yikhwalithi yayisa ekubeni yithuluzi lomthamo; izimiso eziningi lapho ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-microscope optics nama-lens ngokuvamile busekelwe ngenxa yakhe; U-Abbe usebenzisana noCarl Zeiss (1816-1888) kuma-workshops adumile e-Jena.
Wathola inkulumo, enegama lakhe (inombolo ka-Abbe), ukuze abonise amandla engilazi ahlakazayo futhi ahlobanise ukuxazululwa komgomo we-microscope njengomsebenzi wokuvula kwayo izinombolo. izimiso eziningi lapho ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-microscope optics namalensi ngokuvamile busekelwe ngenxa yakhe. U-Abbe usebenzisana noCarl Zeiss (1816-1888) kuma-workshops adumile e-Jena.
August Kohler
Kusukela ngo-1900 Agasti u-Kohler (1866-1948) naye wasebenza e-Jena, esebenza nge-microphotography futhi waphelelisa uhlelo lokukhanyisa olwamukelwa emhlabeni wonke lwama-microscopes; Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, amathuluzi amahle kakhulu aqondile futhi ahlanekezelwe asevele ekhona emakethe.
Ngo-1903 uRichard Zsigmondy (1865-1929) wasungula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-ultramicroscope, evumela ukufundwa kwezinhlayiya ze-colloidal ezinobukhulu obuncane kunobude bokukhanya; futhi emashumini eminyaka alandela ijubane alizange lihambe kancane: amasu amasha njengokuqhathanisa kwesigaba, izindlela zokuphazamiseka kanye ne-reflection microscopy Bavula izinkambu ezintsha zokusetshenziswa ngenkathi ezinye izindlela ezaziwa kakhulu zenziwa ziphelele, njenge-fluorescence, ukuphazamiseka kokungafani kanye ne-polarization. imisebe.
i-electron microscopy
Kakade ngawo-30, ngencazelo yezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ezifana ne-electron kanye nokwethulwa kwe-wave/particle dualism ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwabo, izikhathi zase zivuthiwe ngenxa yokuthi imingcele ekuxazululeni kwendawo yamamicroscopes optical, ebekwe ubude be-wavelength bokukhanya. , ingadlulwa kumongo wombono omusha ngokuphelele: i-electron microscopy. I-electron microscope yokuqala yakhiwa ngo-1933 izazi zefiziksi zaseJalimane u-Ernst Ruska (1906-1988) noMax Knoll (1897-1969). URuska ngokwakhe, eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, wayezobhekisela kulezo zikhathi njengenkathi enezithelo zokufunda nokucwaninga:
Ngemva kokuphothula kwakhe iziqu (ngo-1931), isimo sezomnotho eJalimane sase sinzima kakhulu futhi kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthola isikhundla esanelisayo enyuvesi noma embonini. Ngakho-ke, ngijabule ngokukwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wami mahhala njengomfundi we-PhD e-High Voltage Institute…”.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX kanye nokuskena i-microscopy ye-probe
Kusewuhlelo oluqhubekayo lwemithetho ye-quantum mechanics ephakamisa izixazululo ezintsha zokuphenya umhlaba onama-microscopic ngemininingwane eyengeziwe, kuze kufike ekudaluleni ubunjalo bawo obuseduze, okungukuthi, ama-athomu nama-molecule. Ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ngaphambili, ngawo-1980 eminye imibono emihle yathuthukiswa ezimweni ezazivele zivulekile ngokomqondo futhi, okungekubi kakhulu, ezinikezwe ngokwanele izinsiza zabantu, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho.
George Gamow
Kusuka embonweni kaGeorge Gamow (owasevele wathola lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiCosmic Background Radiation) yokuba khona komphumela womhubhe, owakhiwa ngo-1928, lapho izazi zefiziksi ezimbili zaseJalimane, uGerd Binnig (1947) noHeinrich Rohrer (1933-) 2013) wazalwa ngo-1981, ngenkathi esebenza ezindaweni zokucwaninga ze-IBM eZurich, isibonakhulu sokuqala sokuskena sokuthwebula.
Lesi sibonakhulu sisebenzisa i-probe yenaliti enhle ukuze kutholwe amandla kagesi abuthaka phakathi kwe-probe nendawo engaphezulu yesampula efundwayo, engaphenywa kuze kufike ekulungisweni ngokomqondo okuncanyana kunosayizi wama-athomu nama-molecule. Lokhu okutholakele kutholele abavundululi bakho uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics ka-1986. Kuyamangaza ukuthi umklomelo waklonyeliswa, kunalokho sekudlule isikhathi, ku-Enrst Ruska naye. "Ngomsebenzi wakhe oyisisekelo kuma-electron optics kanye nokwakhiwa kwesibonakhulu se-electron yokuqala".
ukuskena i-microscopy
Ngomongo ofanayo, kodwa ngokusekelwe emandleni kagesi asetshenziswa ama-athomu angaphezulu endaweni yokuhlola encane ebekwe eduze, kwasungulwa i-Atomic Force Microscope (1982) (ngokubambisana kuka-Binning ngokwakhe), okudalwa kwayo kuncike ekuhlanganyeleni okuhlangene. yezinye izazi, okuhlanganisa uCalvin Quate (1923-2019) noChristoph Gerber (1942). Lesi sibonakhulu senza kube nokwenzeka ukunweba ukusetshenziswa kwe ukuskena i-microscopy ye-probe esigabeni esibanzi samasampuli, okuhlanganisa nalawo ebhayoloji.
Ngenxa yobubanzi bayo bezinhlobonhlobo nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo, le ndlela namuhla, cishe wonke, iguquguquka kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezindawo ezingaphezulu emkhakheni we-nanotechnology. Namuhla, eqinisweni, ama-microscopies ahlose ukuthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa futhi oluphelele mayelana nemvelo yendawo kanye nama-microscopes anamuhla ahlanganisa, kuthuluzi elifanayo, amasu ahlukene ukuze azivumelanise nocwaningo lwamasampuli emvelo ehlukene.
Kusukela ekuvuselelweni kabusha kwe-optics kuya ku-nanoscope
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo ye-laser okwenzeka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX kumelele ukuthuthukiswa okusha kwenkambu ye-optical yakudala, empeleni kungashiwo ukuthi kwakha ukutholwa okubaluleke kakhulu ku-optics ngemva kwalokho kwe-X-ray. izici zokukhanya kwe-laser (ukuhambisana okwedlulele, ukuqina okuphezulu kanye ne-wavelength eyodwa) zivumela gwema izigigaba zokuphambuka kanye nokwehluka isici sokukhanya okukhiqizwa amalambu endabuko e-incandescent.
Ngo-1955, ngesikhathi sethesis yakhe yobudokotela kwizibalo, uMarvin Lee Minsky (1927-2016), ongomunye wabasunguli bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, wanikeza umbono mayelana ne-confocal microscope, ithuluzi lokubona elinesinqumo esingakaze libonwe kanye nekhwalithi yesithombe senkathi. Njengoba esho ngokwakhe:
Ngo-1956, ngathola ilungelo lobunikazi ngesibonakhulu sami se-confocal, kodwa ilungelo lobunikazi laphelelwa yisikhathi ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani akhe esesibili. Asizange sizihluphe ngisho ngokunikeza ilungelo lobunikazi esikrinini noma ilogo, sicabanga ukuthi kwakuyizinto eziqanjiwe ezisobala ngokuphelele. Kubonakala sengathi okusobala akuhambisani nelungelo lobunikazi.
i-microscope ye-confocal
I-confocal microscope iyahluka ngokwesakhiwo kusibonakhulu esivamile se-fluorescence ngokusebenzisa umthombo we-laser kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngokuba khona kwe-diaphragm endleleni yokubona evumela ukukhipha isignali evela ezingxenyeni ezingenhla nangaphansi kokugxilwe kwesampula, ngaleyo ndlela. ukunikeza isithombe okokuqala nge ulwazi lwezinhlangothi ezintathu. Eqinisweni, isibonakhulu se-confocal singena ezindaweni zokucwaninga kuphela ngasekupheleni kwawo-80 lapho ubuchwepheshe belaser nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha bufinyeleleka ngokuqhathaniswa futhi bube namandla ngokwanele. Njengamanje iyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lwesayensi ye-biomedical.
I-confocal microscope imele, emkhakheni wezokubona, hhayi umgomo wezobuchwepheshe kodwa indawo yokuqala yokuchuma kwamasu amasha ocwaningo asekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-laser kanye ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu ze-fluorescent ezintsha, njenge-TIRF (Ingqikithi yangaphakathi ye-Reflection Fluorescence) microscopy, I-Live Cell Imaging, i-confocal spectral microscopy, ukusetshenziswa kwamasu ahlukene wokucabanga, ukuhlaziywa kwe-morphofunctional okuhlanganisa i-FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching), FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer), FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging), FCS (Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy) futhi ekugcineni ukusetshenziswa kwama-laser multiphoton ukuze kutholwe ukwanda okukhulu kwamandla okungena kokukhanya kusampula .
Imakroskophu ye-STED
Iminyaka yokuqala yaleli khulu leminyaka iphawuleka futhi ngokuthuthukiswa kwemibono emisha ekhaliphile eye yaphusha ukucaca kwe-optical ngale kwemingcele ebekwe yimvelo yokukhanya. Eqinisweni, sikhuluma ngokulungiswa okuphezulu, okuzuzwe ngenxa yezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko ezihlukene: lI-microscopy ye-STED yathuthukiswa nguStefan Hell (1962), Umklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry ngo-2014, i-microscopy yokukhanya ehlelekile ezalwa u-Mats Gustafsson (1960-2011). ), kanye ne-microscope yasendaweni, eyethulwe kulabhorethri yase-Harvard ngu-Xiaowei Zhuang (1972), ekwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo i-molecule eyodwa enesinqumo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 kune-microscope evamile yendabuko.
Ukwethulwa kwezindlela zokulungiswa okuphezulu kwaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezibonakhulu zesimanje zokukhanya, ezingabizwa ngokunengqondo. "ama-nanoscopes". inkhulumomphendvulwano ngokuqhubekayo ngezibonakhulu ze-elekthronikhi ukuze kuhlanganiswe kangcono ukuhlaziya kokuma kwemvelo. Namuhla, i-microscope iyithuluzi elingenakushintshwa elabhorethri futhi seliwuphawu locwaningo lwesayensi.
Ikusasa le-microscope
Ngokungangabazeki isibonakhulu sasingenye yezinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni wesayensi, ephawula ukuzalwa kwe-microbiology, i-cytology, kanye ne-cell biology. Ukugxuma okukhulu okwenziwe ucwaningo lwezokwelapha eminyakeni eyi-100-150 edlule, nakho konke okuye kwalandela, bekungeke kucatshangwe ngaphandle kwe-microscope.
Imingcele emisha yobuchwepheshe kakade iyawubona umshado phakathi kokwaziswa okukhiqizwa ngesibonakhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Lesi siyalo esisha, esibizwa Ukufunda Okujulile, iyakwazi ukuhlaziya izithombe ezithathwe ngesibonakhulu futhi ingashintsha ngokuphelele i-microscope futhi ivule indlela yokutholwa okusha. Kodwa uMats Gustafsson, omunye wobaba wesinqumo esihle kakhulu, wayesekubonile kakade konke lokhu lapho ethi: “Lapho i-computer isinezelwa phakathi kwesibonakhulu nesibukeli esingumuntu, wonke umdlalo uyashintsha. Ngaleso sikhathi, isibonakhulu akusaseyona into okufanele ikhiqize isithombe esichazeka ngokuqondile. Manje isiyidivayisi yokurekhoda ulwazi.”
Kuleli qophelo, kungaba okusemthethweni ukubuza ukuthi kungenzeka kude kangakanani ekuphenyweni nasekufundeni i-microscopy: umhlaba onama-microscopic wakha inqolobane yolwazi ecishe ingapheli: Indaba inesakhiwo, amakhemikhali, kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezibonisa ukugxilisa okunikezwe yizimo eziyisisekelo kanye nokufana kwemithetho yemvelo. kwavela ezikhathini zokuqala zeNdawo Yonke kanye nokuhlukahluka okungenzeka, okuningi kwakho okusengaphezu kokuqonda kwethu, kwakha izinhlobonhlobo zomhlaba esizibonayo.