USawulu waseTarsu igama lamaJuda lalowo okwathi ngemva kokuguquka kwakhe waba ngumphostoli uPawulu oNgcwele. Wayengeyena omunye wabafundi bakaJesu abaseduze, kunalokho washushisa amaKristu kwaze kwaba yilapho uJesu Kristu ebonakala phambi kwakhe, ukuze abone ukuthi kungani ashushisa abalandeli bakhe, kodwa uma ufuna ukwazi ukuphila kwakhe, qhubeka ufunda lesi sihloko.
USanta Paul Umphostoli
Igama lakhe lokuqala kwakunguSawulu waseTarsu, indoda engumJuda, okukholakala ukuthi yazalelwa eKhilikhiya cishe ngonyaka we-5 noma we-10 ngemva kukaKristu, edolobheni laseTarsu, namuhla elizoba yiTurkey. Naphezu kokuba nemvelaphi yobuJuda, wakhulela ezweni lamaRoma, futhi njengayo yonke into ngesikhathi sakhe wasebenzisa uhlobo lwe-praenomen okwakunguSawulu, igama lakhe lesiJuda elisho ukuthi "oceliwe" kanye ne-cognomen, alisebenzisa ezincwadini zakhe, uPaulus. , okwakuyigama lakhe lesiRoma.
Wancamela ukuzibiza ngegama lakhe lesiRoma elithi Pawuli, elisho ukuthi “Omncane.” Lapho kuhunyushelwa olimini lwesiGreki, kubhalwe ngokuthi Paulos, lapho igama lingazange lishintshwe, kodwa kwakuvamile ukuba kusetshenziswe amagama amabili, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaye. Igama lesiRoma likaPaulos, lihambisana nezinhlanga zamaRoma zika-Emilia, kukholakala ukuthi wayenesakhamuzi saseRoma ngenxa yokuthi wayehlala eTarsu noma ukuthi omunye wokhokho bakhe wathatha lelo gama. Encwadini yeZenzo zabaPhostoli ubizwa ngokuthi "uSawulu, owayebizwa nangokuthi uPawulu."
Iqiniso liwukuthi lapho esethathe isinqumo sokuba ithuluzi noma inceku kaNkulunkulu, wathathwa njengomuntu omncane phambi kukaNkulunkulu, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe wawumkhulu emsebenzini kaNkulunkulu. Lapho eboshiwe, wabhala incwadi eya kuFilemoni cishe ngonyaka wama-50 ngemva kukaKristu lapho esezimemezele ukuthi useyikhehla, ngaleso sikhathi eRoma umuntu oneminyaka engama-50 noma engu-60 wayesebhekwa njengomdala, ngakho uphila ngesikhathi sikaJesu. waseNazaretha.
ULuka oNgcwele ukuqinisekisile ukuthi ungowokudabuka eTarsu, ulimi lwakhe lwebele kwakuyisiGreki, njengoba wazalelwa khona nokuthi wayelwazi kahle lolu limi. UPawulu wasebenzisa i-Septuagint, inguqulo yesiGreki yemibhalo yeBhayibheli, umbhalo owawusetshenziswa kakhulu emiphakathini yamaJuda asendulo. Zonke lezi zici zisikisela ukuthi unomlando womJuda waseDiaspora owazalelwa edolobheni lamaGreki.
ITarsu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyidolobha elicebe kakhulu nelibalulekile, laliyinhloko-dolobha yaseKhilikhiya kusukela ngo-64 BC. Wawusendaweni engaphansi kwezintaba zeTaurus futhi osebeni lomfula iCidno, owawugelezela oLwandle LwaseMedithera nalapho ungase ube netheku eTarsu.
Njengedolobha lalibaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiselwano njengoba lalingelinye lamadolobha asemigwaqweni yohwebo yaseSyria nase-Anatolian, kanti nesikhungo noma isikole sefilosofi yamaStoyiki sasikhona lapho. Lo muzi wawunikeza ilungelo lokuba isakhamuzi saseRoma ngokuzalwa, yingakho eyisakhamuzi saseRoma esinabazali abangamaJuda.
Encwadini yeZenzo zabaPhostoli ukuthi lobu yisakhamuzi buvezwa, ngakho-ke ngeke kusungulwe njengoba kweyesi-2 Korinte eqinisekisa ukuthi wafika ukuzoshaywa, into engekho isakhamuzi saseRoma esasingaphansi kwayo. Ukube wayengeyena umRoma, babengeke bamyise eRoma lapho eboshiwe eJerusalema, kulabo abathi lobo yisakhamuzi wayeyobuthola ngefa enzalweni eyayikhululwe njengesigqila.
Mayelana nemfundo yakhe, kukholakala ukuthi ekuqaleni wayefunde edolobheni lakubo, kodwa wathi esemncane wathunyelwa eJerusalema futhi wathola iziyalezo kuRabi uGamaliyeli, futhi ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe kukholakala ukuthi wathola imfundo. Imfundo yabaFarisi. UGamaliyeli, wayaziwa ngokuthi ikhehla, isikhulu samaJuda esinengqondo evulekile, ngakho kumelwe ukuba waqeqeshwa okuthile ukuze abe urabi.
Imithombo Icaphuna uSaint Paul
Imithombo emibili iyaziwa ukuthi ikhuluma ngoPawulu waseTarsu, omunye wayo uhambelana ne-papyrus lapho kukhulunywa khona iNcwadi Yesibili eya kwabaseKorinte, le papyrus ingaphakathi kwesigaba I futhi isukela phakathi kweminyaka engu-175 kuya kwengama-225 ngemva kukaKristu. Zonke izincwadi zakhe ziyiqiniso, futhi kukholakala ukuthi zalotshwa ngeminyaka yama-50s ngemva kukaKristu.
Zibhekwa njengemithombo ewusizo kakhulu nethakazelisa kakhulu njengoba zabhalwa nguye, futhi zibonisa ubuntu bakhe bonke njengomuntu, njengendoda yezincwadi nesazi semfundiso yenkolo. Kusukela esahlukweni 13 sencwadi yeZenzo zabaPhostoli, sikhuluma ngazo zonke izenzo ezenziwa nguPawuli, kungenxa yabo ukuthi sinolwazi oluningi ngaye, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekuphendukeni kwakhe ngesikhathi besendleleni eya eDamaseku kuze kube nguye. wafika kunuka isiboshwa. Emibhalweni yakhe eminingi ubuKristu buboniswa ukuthi wayeshumayela egcizelela ukulungisiswa ngomusa hhayi ngemisebenzi yomthetho, ngamanye amazwi ukushumayela kwakhe kwakumayelana nevangeli loMusa kaNkulunkulu.
Imithombo yesibili yilezo ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-pseudepigraphic noma nezincwadi ze-deutero-Pauline, ezibhalwe ngegama lalo mphostoli, kodwa okukholakala ukuthi zivela kubafundi bakhe abambalwa futhi ezizobhalwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe, zihlanganisa:
- Incwadi Yesibili eya kwabaseThesalonika
- Incwadi eya kwabaseKolose
- Incwadi kwabase-Efesu
- 3 izincwadi zokwalusa
- I kanye II Incwadi eya kuThimothewu
- Incwadi kuThithu.
Ekhulwini le-XNUMX leminyaka, lezi zincwadi zenqatshwa njengezilotshwa uPawulu futhi kwathiwa zilotshwe kubafundi bakhe abambalwa bakamuva, nokuthi umehluko endikimbeni nasesitayeleni ungenxa yesikhathi esingokomlando ezalotshwa ngaso.
Mayelana nesimo sakhe somshado, akukho lutho olubonisa ukuthi kwakuyini, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi wayengashadile ngesikhathi ebhala izincwadi zakhe, ngakho-ke wayezohlala engashadile ukuphila kwakhe konke, noma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wayeshadile kodwa wayezoba indoda. Umfelokazi, njengoba ngesikhathi sakhe wonke umuntu kufanele ashade, ikakhulukazi uma inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuba urabi.
Manje encwadini yakhe yokuqala noma incwadi eya kwabaseKorinte wabhala ukuthi amadoda angashadile nabafelokazi, kwakukuhle ukuba ahlale enjengaye, okusho ukuthi wayengase engashadile ngoba wayengumfelokazi, nokuthi yena ngokwakhe akazange aphinde ashade. Ngendlela efanayo kunezazi ezivikela ngazo zonke izindlela ukuthi uPawulu wahlala eyinyumba ukuphila kwakhe konke. Kwabanye ababhali abavikela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yilungelo likaPauline alisungula ngokwakhe, wayezohlukana nomkakhe, ngoba omunye wabathintekayo ubengathembekile futhi babengakwazi ukuhlala ndawonye ngokuthula.
Yonke imithombo eyisisekelo ephathelene nempilo kaPawuli oNgcwele iseTestamenteni Elisha, njengoba sesishilo yincwadi yeZenzo zabaPhostoli kanye nezincwadi eziyishumi nane okwakuthiwa nguye futhi ezaziqondiswe emiphakathini eyahlukene yamaKrestu. Imikhakha eminingi egxeka iBhayibheli iyangabaza ukuthi izincwadi zobufundisi ezihambisana nencwadi yokuQala neyesi-II eya kuThimothewu kanye neNcwadi eya kuThithu, zilotshwe nguPawulu.
Kulokho okuhambisana neNcwadi eya kumaHeberu futhi bakholelwa ukuthi inombhali ohlukile, ngisho nokuba nayo yonke le mithombo, idatha esezingeni lokulandelana kwezikhathi ngokuvamile ayicacile futhi kukhona ukuhlukana okuningi phakathi kwalokho izEnzo zabaPhostoli kanye nezincwadi. ukusho, ngalokho okuye kwabhekwa njengeqiniso okushiwo yilaba bamuva.
Sasivele sikhulume ngesimo sakhe njengomHeberu, umJuda, ovela emndenini wezingcweti ezicebile ezakhuliswa ngesiko lamaGreki, ngakho-ke wayenesikhundla sokuba isakhamuzi saseRoma, izifundo zakhe zenkolo, ifilosofi, umthetho, izindaba ze-mercantile. futhi ezifundweni zezilimi zaziphelele kakhulu futhi ziqinile, zikhumbula ukuthi wayeyindoda ekwazi ukukhuluma, ukufunda nokubhala ngesiLatini, isiGreki, isiHebheru nesi-Aramu.
UPawulu umFarisi noMshushisi
Isimo sikaPawuli sokuba ngumFarisi sivela eqinisweni le-autobiographical elilotshwe encwadini eya kwabaseFilipi lapho ethi wasokwa ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili, ukuthi uphuma ohlwini luka-Israyeli, isizwe sakwaBenjamini, umHeberu, indodana yamaHeberu, kanjalo nomthetho womFarisi, njengokuba engumshushisi webandla ngobulungisa boMthetho, futhi ngenxa yalokho wayengenacala.
Nokho, la mavesi ale ncwadi ayingxenye kuphela yencwadi okukholakala ukuthi yalotshwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe, cishe ngonyaka wama-70, kodwa kukhona izazi zikaPawulu ezithi yena ngokwakhe akanakuba umFarisi njengoba kungekho bufakazi borabi. akukho neyodwa yezincwadi zakhe.
Leli hlelo kungenzeka ukuthi liqanjwe nguye ebusheni bakhe, encwadini yeZenzo zabaPhostoli yena ngokwakhe uthi ngempilo yakhe wonke amaJuda amazi kusukela esemncane, kusukela eseJerusalema. Ukuthi base bemazi kudala nokuthi babengofakazi bakho lapho esengumFarisi futhi bewulandela ngokuqinile umthetho wenkolo yakhe, okungukuthi, umJuda onezinkolelo eziqinile nowayelandela uMthetho KaMose kuze kube phakade.
Imithombo ikholelwa ukuthi wayengekho eNazaretha ngesikhathi uJesu eshumayela futhi ebethelwa esiphambanweni, nokuthi ngokuqinisekile wayeyofika emzini waseJerusalema ngonyaka ka-36, lapho umfel’ ukholo ongumKristu uStefanu ekhandwa ngamatshe wafa. Kungakho, esenemfundo eqinile futhi engumqapheli oqinile wamasiko amaJuda nabaFarisi, wayezoba umshushisi wamaKristu, ngaleso sikhathi ayevele ethathwa njengenkolo yobuJuda, ngaleso sikhathi wayengumshushisi. ngokweqile engaguquki futhi indoda orthodox.
UPawulu wayengamazi uJesu
Le ndlela kungenzeka yayingenzeka ngoba ukube uPawulu wayeseJerusalema etadisha noRabi uGamaliyeli, wayengamazi uJesu, lapho esenkonzweni yakhe ngisho nangaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Kodwa akukho neyodwa yezincwadi ezilotshwe ngesandla sakhe siqu esho okuthile ngakho, futhi kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi ukuba lokho kwakwenzeka, uPawulu ngokwakhe wayeyokhuluma ngakho esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwakhe, futhi akushiye phansi.
Uma kunje nokwazi ukuthi uPawulu wayengumFarisi kusukela esemncane, kwakuyoba okungajwayelekile ukuba umFarisi abe ngaphandle kwasePalestina, ngaphandle kukaPawulu wayengazi nje kuphela isiHebheru nesi-Aramu, kodwa futhi wayekhuluma isiGreki, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ngeminyaka yama-30 ngemva kukaKristu ukuthi waya eJerusalema ukuze enze isifundo esijulile seTorah.
Ukushushiswa Kokuqala KwamaKristu
Encwadini yezEnzo zabaPhostoli, kulandiswa ukuthi okokuqala efika kubafundi bakaJesu, kwakusedolobheni laseJerusalema, lapho iqembu lamaJuda namaGreki likaStefanu nabangane bakhe lalilapho, ngobudlova obuthile. umzuzwana uPawulu ngokwakhe evuma ukuba uStefanu akhandwe ngamatshe, okumenza abe ngomunye wabafel’ ukholo bokuqala bokholo lobuKristu, ukubulawa ngokukhandwa ngamatshe kwakuzokwenzeka engxenyeni yokuqala yeshumi leminyaka engu-30 ngemva kukaKristu, okungukuthi, eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kokuzalwa kukaJesu Kristu. ukufa kukaJesu.
Kwezinye zezazi zakhe, ukuhlanganyela kukaPawulu kulokhu kufela ukholo kwakulinganiselwe, njengoba ukuba khona kwakhe kwakungeyona ingxenye yesiko lokuqala lezincwadi zezEnzo, azikholelwa ngisho nokuthi uPawulu wayekhona kulokho kukhandwa ngamatshe. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi akungabazeki ukuthi yena ngokwakhe wahlanganyela ekubulaweni kukaStefanu, encwadini yezEnzo kuthiwa abaningi bofakazi babeka izingubo zabo ezinyaweni zikaSawulu osemusha, njengoba ayaziwa ngaleso sikhathi, nokuthi wayeyoba cishe iminyaka engu-25.
Esahlukweni 8 sencwadi yezEnzo zabaPhostoli, amavesi athile akhuluma ngomfanekiso wokubulawa kokuqala komKristu emzini waseJerusalema, futhi uSawulu ubizwa ngokuthi umphefumulo walokhu kushushiswa, lapho abesifazane babengahlonishwa khona, ngoba bonke bayiswa ejele.
USawulu wavumelana nokubulawa okunjalo, ekushushisweni okukhulu kwebandla laseJerusalema, kwadingeka ukuba wonke umuntu ahlakazeke ngaphandle kwabaphostoli, baya eJudiya naseSamariya. Amanye amadoda ayenesihawu yilawo angcwaba u-Esteban ompofu futhi amkhalela. Lapho uSawulu ebhidliza ibandla lakhe, wangena ezindlini wathatha amadoda nabesifazane ukuba ababophe. Ngokwakho, izibhicongo zamaKristu aziqanjwa ngamagama, kodwa ngezokuboshwa nokushaywa kwalabo bantu abakholelwa kuJesu waseNazaretha.
Ngabo kuphela babheka indlela yokwethusa ngokufa labo ababethembekile kuJesu, ngisho nakuzEnzo, ivesi 22,4:XNUMX uthi uPawulu wathi ukushushiswa kwakuwukufa, ebopha amadoda nabesifazane ababeboshwe ngamaketanga . Kwabanye, indlela yokubona uPawulu ngaphezu komshushisi kwakuwukushushiswa mathupha, ngenxa yentshiseko ayenayo ngoJesu hhayi ngenxa yokuthi wayengumFarisi, ngakho ukuphila kwakhe ngaphambi kokuba umKristu kwakugcwele ukuzidla okukhulu. ukushisekela uMthetho wamaJuda.
Ukuguquka kukaPawulu
Encwadini yezEnzo zabaPhostoli, kulotshiwe ukuthi ngemva kokuba uStefanu ekhandwe ngamatshe waze wafa, uSawulu wayesendleleni eya eDamaseku, ngoba ochwepheshe beBhayibheli lolu hambo kumelwe ukuba lwenzeka ngemva konyaka uStefanu efile. USawulu wayehlale esongela ngisho nangokubabulala bonke abalandeli nabafundi bakaJesu, waya kuMphristi Omkhulu eyocela kuye izincwadi ukuba ziyiswe emasinagogeni aseDamaseku.
Lokhu kwakuwumsebenzi owawuphathiswe abapristi ngokwabo futhi bacela ukuba abophe abalandeli bakaJesu. Ngakho uma betholakala endleleni babezoyiswa eJerusalema beboshiwe.
Kodwa lapho esendleleni, ukukhanya okuphuphuthekisayo okuvela ezulwini kwammhaqa, wawela phansi futhi izwi lathi kuye: “Sawulu, ungishushiselani na?” Wambuza ukuthi ungubani, futhi izwi laphendula, ukuthi nguJesu abemzingela. Wamtshela ukuthi akasukume, aye edolobheni nalapho azotshelwa khona ukuthi enzeni.
Amadoda ayemphelekezela agcwala ukwesaba engakwazi nokukhuluma, nawo ezwa izwi, kodwa awazange abone muntu. USawuli wasukuma emhlabathini futhi nakuba amehlo akhe ayevulekile, wayengaboni, wayeyimpumputhe. Waholwa ngesandla, wangena eDamaseku, izinsuku ezintathu engaboni lutho, engadli, engaphuzi. UJesu wamcela ukuba aguquke futhi abe umphostoli wabeZizwe hhayi wamaJuda, leli qiniso kumelwe ukuba lenzeka ngonyaka ka-36 ngemva kukaKristu.
UPawulu wakuchaza lokhu okwenzeka njengombono noma ukubonakala kukaJesu Kristu ovusiwe ngokwakhe kanye nevangeli lakhe, kodwa akazange akhulume ngalokhu njengokuguquka, njengoba leli gama kumaJuda laliyindlela yokulahla izithixo zabo nokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu weqiniso. , kodwa uPawulu wayengakaze akhulekele izithombe, njengoba ayengumJuda futhi engakaze aphile ukuphila okuxekethile. Leli gama lisetshenziswa kuPawulu ukuze akhulise ukujula okholweni lwakhe lobuJuda njengoba ubuKristu njengenkolo babungekho ngaleso sikhathi.
Lapho eseDamaseku, wakwazi ukubona futhi wathola iqembu elincane labalandeli bakaKristu, waya ogwadule izinyanga ezimbalwa, ecabanga ngokujulile ethule futhi eyedwa ngezinkolelo ayenazo kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Uphindela eDamaseku futhi futhi wahlaselwa ngonya amaJuda ashiseka ngokweqile, kakade kwase kuwunyaka wama-39 futhi kwadingeka abaleke edolobheni kungaziwa muntu, ehla ngobhasikidi omkhulu owehliswa ngezindonga.
Waya eJerusalema wakhuluma nezinhloko zebandla likaKristu, uPetru nabaphostoli, bangamthembi, ngoba wayebashushise ngonya. USan Bernabé uyamamukela eduze kwakhe, njengoba wayemazi kahle futhi eyisihlobo sakhe. Ukusuka lapho uya edolobheni lakubo eTarsu, lapho aqala khona ukuhlala nokushumayela kwaze kwaba yilapho uBarnaba eyomfuna cishe ngonyaka ka-43 ngemva kukaKristu. UPawulu noBarnaba bathunyelwa e-Antiyokiya, manje eyiSiriya, lapho kwakukhona abalandeli abaningi bakaKristu, futhi lapho igama elithi amaKristu laqala ukusetshenziswa khona, futhi balethe usizo lwabangane balowo mphakathi kulowo oseJerusalema, owayedlula ekudleni okunzima. ukushoda.
Le ndaba inezici eziningi nokuhluka kodwa empeleni iyafana futhi yikuthi izwi elivela ezulwini limbuza ukuthi kungani emshushisa. Ezincwadini zakhe zikaPauline akukhulunywa ngakho ngemininingwane yalesi siqephu, nakuba ukuziphatha kwakhe ngaphambi nangemuva komcimbi kubonakala kuzo. Kwenye yazo wabhala ukuthi akazange ayifunde kunoma ubani, kodwa ukuthi uJesu Kristu ngokwakhe wayeyibonisile kuye. Uthi futhi wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi ukuziphatha kwakhe kwakunjani njengomJuda, nomshushisi webandla likaNkulunkulu, okwakubuhlungu kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke ngoba wayedlula inkolo yobuJuda, yikho kwazalwa ukushisekela amasiko ayenawo emfundweni yakhe. Kodwa futhi kuyakhombisa ukuthi lowo owamehlukanisa nonina futhi wambiza ngomusa wembula iNdodana yakhe kuye, ukuba ibe umshumayeli kwabezizwe, ngakho uya e-Arabiya futhi abuyele eDamaseku. Umphumela walokhu okuhlangenwe nakho okunamandla eDamaseku kwaba yilokho okwashintsha indlela yakhe yokucabanga nendlela ayeziphatha ngayo.
Ukhuluma njengomJuda enkathini yamanje, yingakho kwakufanele ahambisane nezinkambiso zoMthetho wamaJuda kanye neziphathimandla zawo, mhlawumbe akazange ashiye izimpande zakhe zobuJuda, futhi wayethembekile ekuhlangenwe nakho ayephila kuleyo ndlela, okuyiyo. ibhekwa njengenye yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni webandla lobuKristu. Ubumpumputhe abuthola kulowomgwaqo futhi obathatha izinsuku ezintathu belashwa ngu-Ananiya, lapho ebeka izandla zakhe ekhanda lakhe, naye wabhapathizwa futhi wahlala edolobheni izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Ngonyaka ka-1950 imibono yaqala ukuthunyelwa yokuthi uPablo de Tarso wayenesifo sokuwa, nokuthi imibono yakhe kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe okujabulisayo kwakuwukubonakaliswa kwalesi sifo, ukuthi ubumpumputhe bakhe bungaba ngenxa yesisu esiphakathi esasingabangela i-solar retinitis lapho indlela eya eDamaseku, noma ukuthi kungenzeka futhi kubangelwe ukuvaleka kwemithambo ye-vertebrobasilar, i-occipital contusion, i-vitreous hemorrhage ebangelwa umbani, ubuthi be-digitalitis noma izilonda ze-cornea, kodwa konke lokhu kuyimibono nje.
inkonzo yokuqala
Inkonzo yakhe yaqala edolobheni laseDamaseku nase-Arabia, lapho umbuso wamaNabataea wawukhona, kodwa wahlushwa ukushushiswa u-Aretas IV, cishe ngeminyaka yama-38 no-39 ngemva kukaKristu. Yingakho kwadingeka aphinde abalekele eJerusalema lapho ayevakashele khona futhi ekhuluma ngokuqondile noPetru noJakobe, abaphostoli bakaJesu. KwakunguBarnaba ngokwakhe owamletha phambi kwabo, lapho bamnika khona izimfundiso ezithile uJesu ayezilungiselele.
Isikhathi asichitha eJerusalema sasifushane, njengoba kwadingeka abaleke lapho ngenxa yamaJuda ayekhuluma isiGreki, wabe eseya eKhesariya Maritima futhi wabalekela edolobheni lakubo eTarsu eKhilikhiya, lapho kwadingeka achithe khona iminyaka eminingana. UBernabé wahamba wayomfuna ukuze aye e-Antiyokiya, lapho achitha khona unyaka efundisa ivangeli, leli dolobha laba isikhungo lapho amaqaba aphendukela ebuKristwini. Ngemva kokuthatha uhambo oluthile ubuyela eJerusalema ngemva kweminyaka.
Ukuboshwa nokufa kukaPablo
Esigabeni sokugcina sokuba khona kukaPawulu, siqala kusukela ekuboshweni kwakhe eJerusalema aze ayiswe eRoma, yonke le ngxenye ilandiswe encwadini yeZenzo zabaPhostoli kusukela esahlukweni 21 kuya ku-31, nakuba engakhulumi ngokufa kwakhe, ababhali le ndaba ayinabo umlando kodwa inikeza izindaba ezithile ngempilo yakhe ezithathwa njengeziyiqiniso.
Kulesi sigaba uJakobe unikeza uPawulu iseluleko sokuthi ngokuziphatha kwakhe lapho eseJerusalema kufanele azibonakalise ethembekile futhi engokoqobo, uyavuma ukwenza kanjalo, lapho isiko lezinsuku ezingama-70 selizophela, kwakunamaJuda amaningi avela ezifundazweni E-Asiya ababona uPawulu ethempelini bamtshela amacala okwephula uMthetho nokungcolisa ithempeli elingcwele, okwenza ukuba amaGreki aphendukile eze kuye.
Phakathi kwabo bazama ukumbulala, kodwa wasuswa lapho ngokuboshwa i-Tribune yenkantolo yaseRoma, eyayizinze e-Antonia Fortress, wayiswa enkantolo yeSanhedrin lapho akwazi khona ukuzivikela kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wabangela ukuphikisana phakathi kwabaFarisi nabaSadusi, ngendaba yovuko. Kodwa amaJuda kakade ayeseceba indlela yokumbulala uPawulu, kodwa induna yezempi imthumela kuMbusi waseJudiya uMarco Antonio Félix, edolobheni laseKesariya iMaritima, lapho ezivikela khona ekumangaleleni.
Ummeli uhlehlisa ukuqulwa kwecala kanti uPablo uchitha iminyaka emibili ejele, icala libuye libuyekezwe lapho kufika ummeli omusha u-Porcio Festo. UPawulu wadlulisela icala lokuba abe phambi kukaKesari, ngakho uthunyelwa eRoma, kumelwe kukhunjulwe ukuthi wayenesakhamuzi saseRoma.Kukulenkathi yokuboshwa lapho kumiswa khona izincwadi eziya kwabaseFilipi nezikaFilemoni.
Kusukela kuloluhambo lokuya eRoma njengesiboshwa, kutholakala imithombo enokwethenjelwa yokuthi uhambo lwakhe lwalunjani, ubani owamphelezela kanye nendlela achitha ngayo isikhathi eSiQhingini saseMelitha cishe izinyanga ezintathu. Encwadini yeZenzo zabaPhostoli, ukubaluleka kokufika kukaPawulu eRoma kulandiswe njengendlela yokugcwalisa amazwi kaJesu okuyisa ivangeli ezizweni zonke.
Ufika eRoma hhayi ngentando yakhe, njengoba ayefuna ukwenza eminyakeni eyi-10 ngaphambili, kodwa njengesiboshwa esasingaphansi kwesimo sikaKhesari, okwenza amaRoma ngokwawo abe amanxusa aqondile endlela ubuKristu babuyobamba ngayo umbuso waseRoma. isikhathi kwakuzothatha iminyaka emibili lapho engaboshiwe kodwa egadiwe.
Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi kusukela ku-61 kuya ku-63 uPawulu wayehlala eRoma, ohlotsheni lwejele nenkululeko enezimo, hhayi etilongweni kodwa endlini yomuntu siqu, wayehlale elungiswa futhi eqashwe. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ukhululiwe, njengoba phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala kwakungekho ukuvumelana kunoma yimaphi amacala ayebekwe wona, ngakho uqala ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe wokushumayela ivangeli futhi, kodwa akukho ukunemba ngalenkathi.
Encwadini efanayo yezEnzo zabaphostoli akukhulunywa ngokufika kwakhe eRoma, ngakho kunenkolelo yokuthi wayeseKrethe, Iliria nase-Akhaya futhi mhlawumbe naseSpain, futhi eziningana zezincwadi zakhe kuyaphawulwa ukuthi lapho. kwaba umsebenzi omkhulu enhlanganweni yebandla lobuKristu. Ngonyaka ka-66 kungenzeka wayeseTréade, lapho emangalelwa ngamanga ngomunye wabafowabo.
Lapho ubhala incwadi ethinta inhliziyo kakhulu, iNcwadi yesiBili eya kuThimothewu, lapho, esekhathele kakade, okuwukuphela kwento ayifunayo iwukuhlupheka ngenxa kaKristu futhi anikele ngokuphila kwakhe ukuze kube eceleni kwakhe ngenxa yebandla elisha elalisakhiwa. Wayiswa kwelinye lamajele amabi kakhulu, lapho ezinyangeni zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe ayenethemba lokufinyelela lokho kukhanyiselwa kokuba noKristu, kumelwe ukuba wezwa ukulahlwa yibo bonke abalandeli bakhe nabanye abaphostoli.
Isiko liyasitshela, kanye nezifundo zomlando kanye nezincazelo, ukuthi uPawulu wafela eRoma lapho umbusi kunguNero nokuthi kwakunobudlova obukhulu. U-Ignatius wase-Antiyokiya wabonisa lapho ebhala ngobuhlungu uPawulu abhekana nabo lapho ebhala incwadi eya kwabase-Efesu XII, ekhulwini lesibili leminyaka. Kukholakala ukuthi uPawulu wafa cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo nokufa kukaPetru phakathi kuka-64-67 AD. UNero wayengumbusi kusukela ku-54 kuya ku-68, u-Eusebius waseKesariya ubhala encwadini ukuthi uPawulu wanqunywa ikhanda edolobheni laseRoma nokuthi uPetru wabethelwa esiphambanweni, konke ngomyalo kaNero.
Lo mhlaziyi ofanayo ubuye abhale ukuthi uPawulu wabhekana nokufa okufanayo noJohane uMbhapathizi. UNero ekubuseni kwakhe waba omunye wabashushisi abanonya bamaKristu futhi ikakhulukazi abaphostoli bakhe. Izimo zokufa kwakhe zimnyama kakhulu, wagwetshwa intambo, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sakhe sokuba isakhamuzi saseRoma, kwadingeka anqunywe ikhanda ngenkemba, cishe ngonyaka wama-67 ngemva kukaKristu.
Ithuna likaPawulu
UPawulu wangcwatshwa e-Via Ostia eRoma. ERoma kwakhiwa i-Basilica kaSaint Paul Ngaphandle Kwezindonga lapho okunenkolelo yokuthi isidumbu sakhe sangcwatshwa khona. Ihlelo likaPawulu lakhula ngokushesha kulo lonke elaseRoma, lasakazekela kwezinye izifunda zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Afrika. IPresbyter Caius ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX noma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX ixhumanisa ukuthi lapho uPawulu efa wangcwatshwa e-Via Ostiensis futhi lolu lwazi lutholakala ekhalendeni lezinkonzo elikhuluma ngokungcwatshwa kwabafel’ ukholo kusukela enkathini yesonto. Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX.
I-Basilica of Saint Paul Ngaphandle Kwezindonga yayingokwemibhalo eminingi endaweni eyikhilomitha lesibili le-Via Ostiensis, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Hacienda de Lucina, umatron ongumKristu. Kakade ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kutholakala umbhalo we-apocrypha kaPseudo Marcelo, onegama lezEnzo zikaPetru noPawulu, lapho uthi ukubulawa kukaPawulu nokunqunywa kwakhe ikhanda kwenzeka e-Acque Salvie eVia Laurentina lapho itholakala khona. manje i-Delle Tre Fontane Abbey, nayo ichaza ikhanda lakhe elishaya kathathu, okubangela ukuvuza okuthathu kuvuleke esizeni.
I-Basilica yaseSaint Paul Ngaphandle Kwezindonga yahlushwa uchungechunge lokumba ngo-2002 futhi ngo-2006 bathola izinsalela zomuntu ngaphakathi kwe-marble sarcophagus eyayingaphansi kwe-altare elikhulu, ithuna lalibhalwe ngonyaka ka-390, kodwa izinsalela ezazingaphakathi. i-sarcophagus yahlolelwa i-carbon-14 futhi yabhalwa phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala nelesi-2009. NgoJuni XNUMX, uPapa Benedict XVI wamemezela ukuthi ngokophenyo olwenziwa ngenxa yosuku lokuqokwa kwayo, indawo ekuyo kanye nazo zonke ezandulela ezaziwayo, kungaba izinsalela zikaSaint Paul the Apostle.
Uhambo Lwezithunywa
Ngonyaka ka-46 ngemva kokuba uKristu eqale ukwenza uchungechunge lohambo lwezithunywa zevangeli, abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hambo lwaqala ekuqaleni konyaka ka-37. Ngalunye lwalolu hambo lwalunezinjongo zokufundisa. Zaziqhutshwa ngezinyawo, okwakudinga umzamo omkhulu, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamakhilomitha okwakudingeka lihanjwe e-Asia Minor.
- Owokuqala wabo wawusuka eKhupro noma e-Atalia uya eDerbe, emzileni ongamakhilomitha angu-1000 XNUMX.
- Uhambo lwesibili lwalusuka eTarsu luya eTróades, uhambo lwamakhilomitha angu-1400, ukusuka lapho ukuya e-Ancyra lungamakhilomitha angu-526 ngaphezulu.
- Uhambo lwesithathu olusuka eTarsu luya e-Efesu lwalungamakhilomitha angu-1150 1700, futhi uhambo oludabula lesi sifunda lwalungaba amakhilomitha angaba ngu-XNUMX XNUMX.
Wabuye wenza olunye uhambo ezweni laseYurophu nasolwandle emigwaqweni enzima, lapho kwakukhona umehluko omkhulu ekuphakameni, yena ngokwakhe waphawula emibhalweni yakhe ukuthi wayedlula ezikhathini zokufa, amaJuda ambhaxabula ngezindophi nezinduku, wakhandwa ngamatshe, waphihlizeka umkhumbi olwandle, waze wadabula kwalasha, izingozi zemifula, abahlaseli, namaJuda, nabezizwe, phakathi kwemizi, ngilambile, ngomile, angizange ngilale izikhathi eziningi. ngenxa yokubanda, umsebenzi, ngamafuphi, konke ngenxa yomthwalo wabo wemfanelo nokukhathalela amabandla abo.
Ohambweni lwakhe wayengenabo abaphelezelwayo ukuze abe yisisulu sezigebengu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya lapho kungekho ndawo yokumisa khona nalapho abantu bengayi khona. Kodwa ukuhamba ngolwandle nakho akuphephile. Futhi uma eya emadolobheni amaGreki namaRoma, akazange ayeke ukuba umJuda, owayengabaza isiko elalibhekwa njengendoda eyisigebengu nokuthi wabethelwa esiphambanweni. Wonke umuntu wamgunyaza futhi wamsola, ngisho namaJuda uqobo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umsebenzi wakhe awuzange uphele ngemva kokuqeda ukushumayela ivangeli likaJesu Kristu ukuze akhe umphakathi.
Uhambo lokuqala
Uhambo lwakhe lokuqala luhamba noBernabé noJuan Marcos, umzala kaBernabé, owayengumsizi, bonke bethunyelwe iBandla Lase-Antiyokiya. UBernabé nguye owahola umsebenzi ekuqaleni, basuka echwebeni laseSelucia ngesikebhe, baya esiqhingini saseKhupro, lapho uBernabé wayedabuka khona. Badabula isiqhingi bedabula iSalami baya ePhafu, okungukuthi, kusukela empumalanga kuya ogwini olusentshonalanga.
Lapho besePafos, uPablo ukwazile ukuguqula umbusi waseRoma, uSergio Paulo. Kanye nabo kwakukhona u-Elima oyisangoma, owayengafuni ukuba umbusi alandele lolu kholo olusha. UPawulu wathi ungumuntu okhohlisayo ogcwele ububi, ukuthi wayeyindodana kadeveli futhi eyisitha sokulunga, futhi ethi lokhu, u-Elima waba yimpumputhe. Lapho umbusi ekubona lokhu, wakholwa enkolweni yobuKristu. Ukusuka lapho badlulela ePherge, esifundeni sasePhamfiliya, ngasogwini oluseningizimu ye-Asia Minor. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuwukuthi uSawule uyayeka ukubizwa ngalokho okwakuzokwaziwa ngokuthi Pablo, igama lakhe lesiRoma, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uyinhloko yemishini, uJuan Marcos owayebaphelezela uyabashiya futhi ubuyela eJerusalema, okubangela ukucasuka kuPablo.
Landela uhambo lwakhe noBarnaba ezweni lase-Anatoliya, bedabula iGalathiya, ne-Antiyokiya yasePhisidiya, e-Ikoniyu, eListra naseDerbe, umqondo wakhe wawuwukuba ashumayele kuqala kumaJuda, njengoba ebona ukuthi ayekulungiselele kangcono ukuqonda isigijimi, futhi ubonisa ukuthi lokhu kwakuphambene nezimemezelo zakhe zevangeli lobuKristu, lapho bebonakalisa ukungayamukeli inkonzo yakhe wabe eseqhubeka nokushumayela kwabezizwe, abanye babo bamamukela ngokujabula. Khona-ke bathatha umkhumbi osuka e-Athaliya baya e-Antiyokiya eSiriya, lapho echitha isikhathi namaKristu. Lolu hambo lokuqala lwaluphambi koMkhandlu waseJerusalema futhi wakhandwa ngamatshe waze wafa edolobheni laseListra.
umkhandlu wasejerusalema
Ngemva kwaloluhambo lokuqala noma ukuthunywa futhi ngemva kokuchitha isikhathi e-Antiyokiya, amaJuda athile eza kuye, ebonisa isidingo sokusoka ukuze kube nensindiso, okubangela inkinga kuPawulu noBarnaba. Bobabili bathunywa kanye nabanye abantu ukuba baye eJerusalema bayobonisana nabadala nabanye abaphostoli. Lokhu kwakuzoba uhambo lwesibili lukaPawulu eJerusalema, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nane lapho eba umKristu, kwakungonyaka wama-47 noma 49, futhi waletha ukuguquka kwakhe engxoxweni njengendlela yokwenza iziqondiso mayelana nengozi ehilelekile esinqumweni sokuvuma. ukusoka.
Leli qiniso laholela engqungqutheleni ebizwa ngokuthi uMkhandlu waseJerusalema lapho isikhundla sikaPawulu sanqoba khona, nalapho isiko lokusoka lamaJuda kwakungamelwe libekwe phezu kwabeZizwe abaphendukela ebuKristwini. Lokhu kwamukela isikhundla sakhe kwakuyisinyathelo esiya phambili endleleni ubuKristu bokuqala obakhululwa ngayo ezimpandeni zamaJuda ukuze bube ubuphostoli obusha.
Kamuva uPawulu wakulahla ukuthi amasiko amaJuda awanamsebenzi, futhi lokhu kwakungekona nje ukusoka kuphela, kodwa nakho konke ukulandelwa kwakho, ukuze aphethe ngokuthi umuntu akuyena ozuza ukulungisiswa kwakhe lapho egcina uMthetho waphezulu, kodwa kwakungomhlatshelo uKristu awenza omenza alunge ngempela futhi ngendlela yenkululeko, ngamanye amazwi insindiso iyisipho samahhala esivela kuNkulunkulu.
Lapho umkhandlu waseJerusalema usuphelile, uPawulu noBarnaba babuyela e-Antiyokiya, lapho kuphakama khona ingxoxo entsha. USimoni Petru wayedlile nabeZizwe futhi wayesilahlile lesi sikhundla lapho amadoda avela eSantiago efika futhi eqala ukwethula ukungezwani kwawo kulokho akwenzayo, uPawulu wasamukela isikhundla sikaPetru, ayekholelwa ukuthi uyinsika eyisisekelo yeBandla laseJerusalema.
Kodwa kwadingeka ukuthi azwakalise ukukhononda kwakhe futhi wamtshela ukuthi ngalokhu wephula izimiso zakhe nokuthi wayengekho endleleni efanele ngokwalokho okwasungulwa yivangeli abalishumayelayo. Lokhu kwakungekona nje ukwehlukana kwemibono, kodwa kunalokho uPawulu wabona ukuthi uPetru wayewela ebugqilini bomthetho, evukela ivangeli kanye nalokho okwakunqunyiwe eJerusalema, okungukuthi, ukubaluleka kokukholwa kuKristu kwakushiywa eceleni. umthetho.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wawuyini umphumela walesi senzakalo, iqiniso liwukuthi sanqamula imiphumela ethile, njengoba uBarnaba ayengase avune amadoda aseSantiago futhi lokho kwakuyoba imbangela yokuhlukaniswa kukaPawulu noBarnaba nokumuka kukaPawulu emzini wase-Antiyokiya. ngoSilas.
Uhambo lwesibili
Uhambo lukaPawulu lwesibili luhambisana noSila, besuka e-Antiyokiya badabula amazwe aseSiriya naseKhilikhiya, eDerbe naseListra, eningizimu yeGalathiya. Lapho befika eListra, uThimothewu wahlanganyela nabo, ukuze kamuva baqhubekele eFrigiya lapho bethola khona imiphakathi emisha yobuKristu, bathola eminye imiphakathi yamaKristu aseGalathiya. Abakwazanga ukuqhubekela eBhithiniya, base befika eMisiya naseTrowa lapho uLucas ayebalindile.
Banquma ukuqhubeka baye eYurophu naseMakedoniya, lapho basungula khona ibandla lokuqala laseYurophu lobuKristu, umphakathi waseFilipi. Kodwa babhaxabulwa ngezinduku futhi bagqunywa ejele ngababusi bamaRoma kulo muzi, uPawulu waya eThesalonika, wachitha isikhathi esifushane khona futhi ezuza ngokushumayela ivangeli labo ayengaba nabo, kodwa njalo ebhekene nobunzima obuningi namaJuda.
EThesalonika kwakunobutha obuningi kubo, ngakho umbono wabo wokuqala wokuthi kwakufanele bafike eRoma uyashintsha. Uhamba nge-Via Egnatía futhi ushintsha indlela e-Thessaloniki alibangise eGreece. Kwadingeka ukuba uPawuli abaleke anqamule eBereya futhi athathe uhambo oluya e-Athene lapho abheka khona indlela yokunaka izakhamuzi zase-Athene, ezazihlale zibheke izinto ezintsha, ziletha ivangeli lakhe likaJesu ovukile.
Ngemva kwalokho uya eKorinte lapho ehlala khona unyaka nengxenye, wamukelwa u-Akwila noPrisila, umbhangqwana ongamaKristu angamaJuda owaxoshwa eRoma ngomthetho omusha woMbusi uKlawudiyu futhi baba abangane abakhulu bakaPawulu. Edlula e-Efesu, lapho uPawulu eyiswa khona esigodlweni sikaGaliyu, umbusi wesifunda sase-Akhaya, ongeyena omunye ngaphandle kukaLukiyu Junius Anneus Gallio, umfowabo omdala wesazi sefilosofi esikhulu uSeneca.
Lokhu kwaziswa kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe emyalezweni owaqoshwa eDelphi futhi watholakala ngo-1905, futhi kubhekwa njengobufakazi obungokomlando obuyiqiniso obuhlehlela emuva eminyakeni yama-50 no-51 yokuphila kukaPawulu nokuba khona kwakhe eKorinte. Lapho ngonyaka ka-51 uPawulu ubhala iNcwadi yokuqala eya kwabaseThesalonika, enye yezincwadi ezindala kakhulu eTestamenteni Elisha, futhi ngemva kwalokho ngonyaka olandelayo ubuyela e-Antiyokiya.
Uhambo lwesithathu
Lolu kwakuwuhambo lukaPablo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi olwamphawula kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe, yilo olwambangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu, kulo wayenokuphikiswa okunamandla kanye nezitha eziningi, wadlula ezinsizini eziningi, waboshwa, izinto ezenza uzizwa ecindezelekile , futhi wengeza kulokho izinxushunxushu ezazikhona emiphakathini yaseGalathiya naseKorinte, ezamphoqa yena neqembu lakhe labalandeli ukuba babhale izincwadi ezimbalwa futhi benze ukuvakasha komuntu siqu, kodwa zonke lezi mishini zalolu hambo zathela izithelo ayezilindele.
Lolu hambo lwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-54 kuya kwengama-57 ngemva kukaKristu, futhi yilapho iningi lezincwadi zakhe livela khona. Ngemva kokuba ese-Antiyokiya, esebuyile ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili, wadabula enyakatho yeGalathiya naseFrigiya ukuze aqinisekise abafundi abasha futhi aqhubekele e-Efesu lapho azimisa khona ukuze afeze umsebenzi wakhe omusha, ephumelela ekushumayeleni ivangeli ezindaweni eziningi ndawonye. eyahamba eduze kwakhe. Wakhuluma namaJuda asemasinagogeni, kwathi ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu bengakholwanga ngamazwi akhe, waqala ukufundisa eSikoleni Somashiqela.
Ayikho idatha etholakalayo kuleso sikole, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi kuyiqiniso, mhlawumbe bekungaba isikole sokukhuluma, engiqashe isayithi ku-Pablo ngenkathi singasetshenziswa. Ngokusobala wanikeza izimfundiso zakhe lapho kusukela ngo-11 ekuseni kwaze kwaba u-4 ntambama, yilokho okwakuzobhekwa njengendlela yokuqala yekhathekhisi, eyenziwa njalo, lapho kwanikezwa khona izimfundiso zenkolo kaPauline kanye nendlela yokuhumusha. wemibhalo.
Lapho efika e-Efesu, ubhala incwadi yakhe eya emabandleni aseGalathiya njengoba kwakukhona izithunywa zevangeli zamaJuda ezazithi bonke abezizwe abaguqukile kufanele basokwe, babephikisana nombono kaPawulu wokuthi lo mkhuba wawungadingeki kulabo ababaguqulayo. njengoba babengewona amaJuda azalwa, lencwadi kunalokho iyindlela yokuveza inkululeko yobuKristu ukuze ibekwe emibonweni yamaJuda eyayisekulamabandla, umthwali wawo kwakunguThithu, futhi baphumelela bethemba ukuthi gcina futhi ulondoloze ubunjalo bukaPauline emiphakathini yaseGalathiya.
Wabuye wezwa ngezinkinga ezavela ebandleni laseKorinte, lapho kwakwakhiwa khona amaqembu phakathi komphakathi, amanye emelene noPawulu, kwaba namahlazo amaningi nezinkinga ngenxa yezimfundiso, futhi konke lokhu kwaziwa ezincwadini ezathunyelwa uPawulu. Wabhala izincwadi ezine kubo, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi eziyisithupha, ezimbili zazo ezaziwa namuhla, okukholelwa ukuthi zivela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala.
Izincwadi ezimbili zokuqala zahlanganiswa kulokho esikwazi ngokuthi iNcwadi yokuQala eya kwabaseKorinte, lapho akhipha khona izixwayiso ezinzima kuwo wonke lo mphakathi ngenxa yokwehlukana okwavuka kuwo, amahlazo aqubuka ikakhulukazi ebudlelwaneni bobulili nezihlobo kanye nokusetshenziswa kobufebe. imikhuba. Lomphakathi wawunezinkinga eziqhubekayo, ezazihlelwe izithunywa zevangeli ezazingezwani noPawulu.
Yingakho abhala incwadi yesithathu, okuyiyona echazwe eBhayibhelini kweyesi-2 Korinte. Okwesithathu nokwesine kwaba ukuvakasha okugcwele ubuhlungu kuPawulu njengoba ibandla lalimelene naye futhi bamonile obala. Lapho ebuyela e-Efesu, ubhala incwadi yesine eya emphakathini waseKorinte, ebizwa ngokuthi Incwadi Yezinyembezi, njengoba ingewona nje umyalezo wokudumisa ukuzivikela ezitheni zakhe, kodwa futhi yayigcwele imizwa yakhe eminingi. .
E-Efesu bayamqinisekisa ukuthi wayezolondeka iminyaka emi-2 noma engu-3, encwadini yezEnzo kukhulunywa ngokungqubuzana okunamandla phakathi kukaPawulu namadodana ayisikhombisa abakhipha imimoya yompristi ongumJuda, okwakuthiwa ukuvukela kwabakhandi besiliva . ngesikhathi sokuhlubuka kwenzondo enkulu eyabangelwa uDemetriyu futhi okwalandelwa abakhandi begolide ababezingcwelise kunkulunkulukazi u-Arthemisi. Lokhu kushumayela kukaPawulu kwamcasula uDemetriyu owayezinikele ekwenzeni izindawo ezingcwele zesiliva futhi engenzi nzuzo.
UDemetriyu wathi ngenxa kaPawulu abaningi bahlubuka, ngokuba wabancenga ukuba baphenduke ngokuthi onkulunkulu abenziwanga ngezandla, futhi ngalokho ukushumayela kwakhe kwabekwa engozini nokuhlanjalazwa nokuthi ithempeli likankulunkulukazi u-Arthemisi yayikhulekelwa e-Asiya futhi emhlabeni wonke yayingase ihlakazeke ngobukhulu bayo. Ababhali abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uPawulu wayeboshiwe e-Efesu, yingakho kukhulunywa ngobunzima bakhe obuningi kule ngosi, futhi bakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wabhala izincwadi eziya kwabaseFilipi nezikaFilemoni lapho, njengoba yena ngokwakhe ekhuluma ngokuthi wayeyisiboshwa. ngenkathi ezibhala..
Akwaziwa ukuthi ngemva kokuba ese-Efesu uPawulu uye ngokushesha waya eKorinte, eMakedoniya nase-Iliriku, ukuze aqale ukushumayela ivangeli kafushane, iqiniso liwukuthi lokhu kwakuyoba ukuvakasha kwakhe kwesithathu eKorinte futhi wahlala izinyanga ezintathu e-Akhaya. Lapho wayezobhala izincwadi zakhe zokugcina ezilondolozwe namuhla, okuyincwadi eya kwabaseRoma okukholelwa ukuthi yalotshwa ngonyaka wama-55 noma wama-58 ngemva kukaKristu. Lona ubufakazi obudala kakhulu obubhekisela emphakathini wamaKrestu eRoma futhi bubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi bubizwa ngokuthi yi-Pablo's testament, yilapho kuthiwa uzovakashela eRoma futhi esuka lapho aye e-Hispania naseNtshonalanga.
UPawuli wabuye wacabanga ukubuyela eJerusalema, ezama ukuthi amabandla akhe abeZizwe aqale ukuqoqela abantu abampofu bomuzi, lapho ethatha isinqumo sokungena eKorinte ukuya eSiriya, amanye amaJuda afuna indlela yokumbamba, unquma ukudabula izwe edabula iMakedoniya. Wayesehamba nabanye babafundi bakhe bevela eBereya, eThesalonika, eDerbe nase-Efesu, wakhuphukela ngomkhumbi waya kuFiliphu, eTrowa, nase-Asuse naseMitilene.
Udabula eziqhingini zaseKiyo, naseSamose, naseMilethu, lapho ekhuluma kahle namalunga ebandla lase-Efesu ayebuthene khona, waphuma ngomkhumbi waya eKhose, naseRode, nasePathara laseLisiya, naseTire laseFenike, nasePhetolemayi, EKesariya Yasolwandle, uhamba ngezinyawo uya eJerusalema lapho ekwazi ukuletha khona imali eyayiqoqwe.
Encwadini ayithumela kwabaseRoma, kubonakala ukuthi uPawulu wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngokubuyela kwakhe eJerusalema, okokuqala ngenxa yokushushiswa amaJuda nangenxa yokusabela kwawo wonke umphakathi ngaye kanye nemali ayenayo. eqoqwe kweminye imiphakathi yamaKrestu ayeyisungule. Okungaziwa ukuthi ngabe le minikelo yahanjiswa yini, ekubeni kukhulunywa ngokungqubuzana kukaPawulu angakwazi ukukuxazulula ngenxa yomona owawusekhona emphakathini waseJerusalema ngendlela ashumayela ngayo ivangeli.
Yaziswa kanjani iSão Paulo?
Kusukela aphila futhi eqhubeka kuzo zonke ezinye izizukulwane, umuntu kanye nezigijimi zikaPawulu waseTarsu kuye kwaba yimbangela yezinkulumo-mpikiswano eziye zaveza izahlulelo zenani elinokwehluka okuningi futhi eziye zabangela ukusabela okukhulu. UPapa uClement waseRoma waze wasikisela nangesikhathi sakhe ukuthi ukufa kukaPawulu kwakubangelwa umona nomona awubangela phakathi kwabalandeli bakhe.
Obaba abathathu bokuqala abangabaphostoli beBandla lekhulu lokuqala nelesibili, uClement waseRoma, u-Ignatius wase-Antiyokiya noPolycarp waseSmirna bakhuluma ngoPawulu futhi bamesaba, ngisho noPolycarp ngokwakhe wathi akasoze aphila ekuhlakanipheni kukaPawulu. lendoda ebusisiwe. Ukuthi yena nanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu ofana naye wayengenakho ukuncintisana nokuhlakanipha kwakhe, njengoba esaphila wakwazi ukufundisa abantu nokuletha izwi leqiniso, lapho engekho wayebhala izincwadi zakhe futhi ngokufunda kwakhe umuntu angajula ngabo. futhi bakhe izakhiwo egameni lokukholwa.
Umsinga wamaJudeo-Christian webandla lokuqala wawuhlubuka kancane ekushumayeleni kukaPawulu, owagcina esethathwa njengomphikisi kaJakobe ngisho noPetru uqobo, ababengabaholi bebandla laseJerusalema. Umbhalo okuthiwa wabhalwa uPetru obizwa ngokuthi Incwadi Yesibili KaPetru eyabhalwa ngonyaka we-100 kuya ku-150 ngemva kukaKristu, wabonisa ukuthi umuntu kufanele aqaphe ngokuphathelene nemibhalo kaPawulu.
Futhi nakuba ekhuluma ngaye njengomzalwane othandekayo, lo mbhalo uzwakalisa ukungabaza kwakhe ngezinkinga ezingase ziphakame mayelana nendlela yokuqonda imibhalo yakhe, ikakhulukazi kulabo ababebhekwa njengababuthakathaka noma ababengaqeqeshwanga emfundisweni yobuJuda nobuKristu. okungashintsha ukuqonda kwemfundiso futhi kubaholele ekubhujisweni.
Obaba bebandla abalandelayo bagunyaza izincwadi zikaPawulu futhi bazisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo. U-Irenaeus waseLyons ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili leminyaka, waze wabonisa ngokuphathelene nokulandelana kwabaphostoli emabandleni, ukuthi kokubili uPetru noPawulu babeyisisekelo seBandla laseRoma. Waphakamisa ukuthi kufanele kuhlaziywe imicabango namazwi kaPawulu, athole ukuthi encwadini yeZenzo zabaPhostoli, izincwadi zikaPauline kanye nemibhalo yesiHeberu, kwakukhona ubuhlobo.
Kufanele zicaciswe mayelana nezincazelo zalabo abazibiza ngabahlubuki, ababengamqondi uPawulu, futhi ababeyiziphukuphuku futhi behlanya, amazwi kaPawulu, ukuze bazibonakalise bengabaqambimanga, kuyilapho uPawulu ehlala ezibonisa ngeqiniso futhi efundisa zonke izinto ngokuvumelana nalokho. ekushumayeleni iqiniso laphezulu. KwakungoAugustine waseHippo lapho ithonya likaPawulu labonakaliswa koyise beBandla, ikakhulukazi kuPelagianism yakhe, kodwa umsebenzi kanye nesibalo sikaPawulu kwahlala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
URomano Penna wathi emibhalweni yakhe uSt John Chrysostom waholela uPawuli esintwini esiphakeme njengezingelosi nezingelosi ezinkulu, uMartin Luther wacabanga ukuthi ukushumayela kukaPawulu kwakunesibindi. KuMigetius, isihlubuki sikaPawulu sekhulu lesi-XNUMX safaka uMoya oNgcwele futhi umfundi owaziwa kakhulu wemfundiso yenkolo yekhulu lamashumi amabili wabheka uPawulu njengomsunguli wobuKristu beqiniso.
Indlela imibhalo yakhe engachazwa ngayo, njengoba kwenza uMartin Luther noJohn Calvin, iyona eyaholela enqubweni yeNguquko yobuProthestani yekhulu le-XNUMX. Kamuva, ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, incwadi kaPauline ithathwa njengendlela yokukhuthaza inhlangano eyayizosungulwa eNgilandi nguJohn Wesley bese kuthi ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye iphinde iphenduke iphikisana nemibono kaPawulu ngomfanekiso nemisebenzi kaFriedrich. Nietzsche, lapho ekhuluma ngakho encwadini yakhe ethi Umphikukristu lapho ukumangalelwa kwakhe kanye nemiphakathi yokuqala yamaKristu ngoba base behlanekezele isigijimi sangempela sikaJesu.
U-Nietzsche wathi ngemva kwamazwi kaJesu kwavela amazwi amabi kakhulu ngoPawulu, futhi yingakho ukuphila, isibonelo, imfundiso, ukufa nakho konke ngomqondo wevangeli kwanqamuka lapho ngoPawulu, njengoba ngenxa yenzondo waqonda ukuthi wayenaye. ukulisebenzisa, ukuthi bekuyisizathu esenza ukuthi okwedlule kobuKristu kusulwe ukuze kusungulwe umlando omusha wobuKristu bakudala, leli bandla kamuva elaqamba amanga njengomlando wesintu, lenza umlando wokuqala wobuKristu.
Kodwa ngisho nangaphezulu, uPaul de Lagarde wamemezela inkolo yaseJalimane nesonto lesizwe ecabangela ukuthi ubuKristu buye baba nenguquko eyinhlekelele, ngenxa yokuntula ikhono kukaPawulu nendlela ayengalithonya ngayo ibandla. Okuyiqiniso ngempela ezikhundleni zikaPetru, uJakobe kanye noPawulu uqobo ukuthi bonke babenokholo olufanayo.
Izindikimba zikaPauline
UPawule wabhekana nezihloko ezehlukene ezincwadini nasezincwadini zakhe, imfundiso yenkolo yokuhlengwa kwakuyisihloko esikhulu uPawulu ayekhuluma ngaso. Lokhu kwafundisa amaKristu ukuthi ayekhululwe eMthethweni nasesonweni ngokufa kukaJesu nokuvuswa kwakhe okwalandela. Ngokufa kwakhe ukubuyisana kwenziwa futhi ngegazi lakhe kwaba nokuthula phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nabantu futhi kungobhapathizo lapho amaKristu aba ingxenye yokufa kukaJesu nendlela azuza ngayo ukufa, ngoba kamuva athola igama leNdodana kaNkulunkulu.
Ubudlelwano bakhe nobuJuda
UPawulu wayengumJuda, wafunda noGamaliyeli, ebizwa ngokuthi umFarisi, into yena ngokwakhe ayengaziqhenyi ngayo. Isigijimi sakhe esiyinhloko sasiwukuthi abeZizwe kwakungadingeki ukuba basokwe njengamaJuda. Eziningi zezimfundiso zakhe zazinesithakazelo ekubeni abeZizwe baqonde ukuthi insindiso ayizange incike ekwenzeni amasiko amaJuda, kodwa ukuthi amaJuda nabeZizwe babengasindiswa ngomusa waphezulu, otholakala ngokukholwa.
Ababhali abaningi namuhla bayaphikisana ngokuthi lokho uPawulu ayekucabanga ngokholo, ukwethembeka kuKristu noma kuKristu, wabhekisela kubo bonke abanokholo kuKristu njengendlela edingekayo yokuzuza insindiso, hhayi nje kwabeZizwe kuphela kodwa nakumaJuda, noma uma kunalokho. lalibhekisela ekuthembekeni kukaKristu emadodeni ukuba abe yithuluzi lensindiso yabo futhi kulokhu kokubili ngokulinganayo.
UPawulu wayeyingqalabutho ekuqondeni isigijimi sensindiso kaJesu, waqala kwa-Israyeli futhi welulelwa kunoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphila emhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi savelaphi. Ngokuqonda kwabo, abeZizwe abalandela uJesu akufanele balandele imiyalelo emiswe kuyiTorah yamaJuda eyingqayizivele nelungiselelwe abantu bakwa-Israyeli kuphela, okungukuthi, amaJuda.
Kungenxa yoMkhandlu waseJerusalema owaba khona, lapho kwasungulwa khona ukuthi abeZizwe kufanele balandele kuphela izimiso zabeZizwe noma iziyalezo zeNoah. Ezimfundisweni zakhe, lapho ziyiswa kwabeZizwe ngezinye izikhathi zazingaqondakali futhi zivame ukuqondwa kabi. AmaJuda amaningi esikhathi sakhe ayecabanga ukuthi wayefuna ukufundisa amaJuda ukuba alahle iTorah kaMose, okwakungelona iqiniso, futhi uPawulu ngokwakhe wakuphika kuzo zonke izinsolo abhekana nazo. Kwakukhona nabezizwe abaningi ababehumusha ukuthi ukusindiswa ngomusa kwabanika ilungelo lokona futhi lokhu kwakukuchitha.
Kwabaningi babaphenyi bakhe, uPawulu akazange abheke indlela yokuba ngcono, ingasaphathwa eyokushintsha ubuJuda, kodwa kunalokho abeZizwe bahlanganiswa nabantu bakwaIsrayeli ngoKristu ngaphandle kokulahla isikhundla sabo njengabeZizwe.
Iqhaza labesifazane
Encwadini yokuqala eyathunyelwa kuThimothewu, okuye kuthiwe yabhalwa uPawulu, ithathwe njengomthombo wokuqala wegunya leBhayibheli ngokwalo, lapho abesifazane babenqatshelwe ukungena esakramenteni lokuhleleka, ubuholi kanye isikhundla ngaphakathi Kusuka enkonzweni yobuKristu, le ncwadi isetshenziselwa ukunqabela abesifazane ivoti labo ezindabeni zesonto futhi nokubanqabela isikhundla sokufundisa abantu abadala kanye nemvume yokwenza umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli.
Kuyo kulotshiwe ukuthi owesifazane kufanele afunde ekuthuleni futhi azithobe, ngoba akekho kubo ongafundisa noma abe nokubusa noma amandla phezu kwendoda, njengoba u-Adamu wadalwa ngaphambi kuka-Eva, futhi wakhohliswa ukuba adle isenzo sakhe sokuhlubuka futhi athathe. U-Adamu naye.
Kungenxa yalesi siqephu lapho kuthiwa abesifazane abanakuba nebandla, ingasaphathwa eyokuhola phambi kwabesilisa, abesifazane babengakwazi ngisho ukufundisa abanye besifazane noma izingane, ngoba babenokungabaza, yingakho amasonto amaKhatholika enqabela ubupristi. abesifazane, ama-abbes avunyelwe ukufundisa nokubamba isikhundla samandla phezu kwabanye besifazane. Ngakho noma yikuphi ukuhunyushwa kwalombhalo kwakungafanele kubhekane nezizathu zemfundiso yenkolo kuphela, kodwa futhi nomongo, i-syntax, nesichazamazwi samagama awo.
Indima yabesifazane ebandleni lamaKristu okuqala ibonakala kuphela kubantu baseFebe noJuniya uPawulu ngokwakhe abancomayo, owesibili kubo nguye kuphela owesifazane okukhulunywa ngaye eTestamenteni Elisha ongaphakathi kwabaphostoli. Kwabanye abacwaningi, indlela owesifazane aphoqeleka ngayo ukuthi athule ebandleni yayingenxa yokwengezwa kamuva ngomunye umbhali okwakungeyona ingxenye yencwadi yokuqala kaPawulu eya ebandleni laseKorinte.
Njengoba nje kukhona abanye abakholelwa ukuthi lo mthetho ovimbelayo ungowoqobo ovela kuPawulu, kodwa ukuthi ukubuza imibuzo nokuba nezingxoxo kuphela kwakwenqatshelwe futhi kwakungeyona into evamile abesifazane ababengakwazi ukuyikhuluma, njengoba encwadini yokuqala uPawulu ayithumela kwabaseKorinte wathi abesifazane wayenelungelo lokuprofetha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eTestamenteni Elisha abesifazane ababefundisa futhi benegunya ebandleni lasendulo kukhulunywa ngabo nokuthi babegunyazwe nguPawulu, njengoba abesifazane kufanele baphile ngaphansi kodaba lwezenkolo.
Ifa LikaPawulu
Ifa kanye nesimilo sikaSaint uPawuli umPhostoli singaqinisekiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, eyokuqala ngemiphakathi yamaKrestu ayisungula nosizo ayeluthola kubahlanganyeli abahlukahlukene, okwesibili ngoba izincwadi zakhe ziyiqiniso, okungukuthi, zibhalwe encwadini yakhe. isibhakela nezinhlamvu. Okwesithathu, ngoba izincwadi zakhe zikaDeutero-Pauline zazivela esikoleni owazalwa futhi sakhulela kulo mphostoli, futhi kungenxa yaleli fa lapho kwavela khona wonke amathonya akhe kamuva.
UMphostoli Wabezizwe
Waqanjwa leli gama ngoba yibona abaqondise kakhulu ekushumayeleni kwakhe ivangeli ukuze baguqukele ebuKristwini. Ephelezelwa uBernabé, waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuvangeli e-Antiyokiya lapho aqala khona uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lobuthunywa bevangeli, ngonyaka ka-46, eya eKhupro nakwezinye izindawo e-Asia Minor. Izithelo zohambo lwakhe nomsebenzi wakhe njengomvangeli kwabonakala kucace.
Unquma ukushiya igama lakhe lesiHeberu likaSawulu, ozobizwa ngokuthi uPawulu, njengoba eyisakhamuzi saseRoma angaba nenzuzo engcono ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi wakhe njengomphostoli futhi akwazi ukufinyelela kwabeZizwe, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wayezothatha izwi. emhlabeni wabahedeni, ngaleyo ndlela umlayezo kaJesu wawungasuka endaweni yamaJuda namaPalestine ukuze ufinyelele emhlabeni ngendlela evuleleke kakhudlwana.
Kukho konke ukuhamba kwakhe nokushumayela, wabonakala kuwo wonke amasinagoge emiphakathi yamaJuda, kodwa lapho akazange azuze ukunqoba, ambalwa amaJuda angamaHeberu ayelandela ukholo lobuKristu ngezwi lakhe. Izwi lakhe lamukelwa kangcono kwabeZizwe nalabo ababengenalo ulwazi ngemithetho kaMose yamaJuda nenkolo yabo yokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa.
Kungakho wakwazi ukwakha imiphakathi emisha noma izikhungo zobuKristu emadolobheni awahambelayo, okubhekwa kuye njengempumelelo enkulu, kodwa futhi emele ubunzima obuningi, edolobheni laseListra wakhandwa ngamatshe waze wafa abantu bamshiya. elele emgwaqeni ecabanga ukuthi ushonile, kumnike ithuba lokubaleka.
Lapho eya eMkhandlwini wabaPhostoli, kwakuwukubhekana nezindaba ezibucayi ngempela ezingeke ziqhathaniswe namuhla, babezoxoxa ngokuthi amaqaba kufanele abhapathizwe futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi kufanele kusungulwe noma kwenqatshwe yini. okuphoqelekile ukulandela iziqondiso zemithetho yamaJuda kulabo bantu abaguquka ebuhedeni. Wakwazi ukuphoqelela umbono wakhe wokuthi abeZizwe abaguqukele ekubeni amaKristu kufanele babe nokucabangela okufanayo nokwamaJuda futhi walondoloza umbono wakhe wokuthi ukuhlengwa okwanikezwa uKristu kwakuyisiqalo sokuba lo mthetho kaMose uphele futhi wenqabe imikhuba namasiko athile okwakuyiwo kuphela. zazingezalabo abazalwa bengamaJuda.
Lapho ese-Athene, wanikeza inkulumo e-Areyophagu lapho aphikisana khona ngezihloko eziningi zefilosofi yamaStoyiku. Ngiphinde ngikhulume ngokubuya kwesibili kukaKristu nokuthi ukuvuka kwenyama kuzoba njani. Nakuba achitha iminyaka emithathu e-Efesu, kungashiwo ukuthi kwakuyisipostoli esinenzuzo kakhulu ngevangeli lakhe kodwa futhi yisona esamkhathaza kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho uDemetriyu ebangela ukuhlubuka kwabakhandi begolide kuye. Kulapho ebhala khona incwadi yokuqala eya kwabaseKorinte nalapho kuboniswa khona ukuthi wayebhekene nobunzima obukhulu ebuKristwini kwazise indawo yokuziphatha okuxekethile nokubheda kwakuyikhona okwakugcinwe edolobheni.
Imiphakathi nabahlanganyeli
Ulimi ayelusebenzisa emiphakathini yakhe nabahlanganyeli bakhe lwalunogqozi, wabhalela abaseThesalonika ukuthi babeyithemba lakhe, injabulo yakhe, umqhele wakhe kanye nenkazimulo yakhe, watshela abaseFilipi ukuthi uNkulunkulu wabathanda ngothando lukaJesu Kristu nokuthi babeyokwenza lokho. akhanye njengamathoshi amakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Emphakathini waseKhorinte washiya ukuthi angabe esaba nawo, futhi wabhala ngaphambili ngezinyembezi ukuze baqonde uthando olukhulu ayenalo ngabo.
Ngendlela abhala ngayo kuyaqondakala ukuthi uPawulu wayenamandla okuvuselela imizwa emikhulu yobungane, kubo ungabona ukwethembeka inani elikhulu labantu ababenalo kuye, okukhona phakathi kwabo uThimothewu, noSila noThithu, ababeyingxenye. weqembu lakhe elisebenzayo, ephethe izincwadi nemiyalezo yakhe ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Kwakukhona futhi indoda nomkayo uPrisila no-Akwila, umbhangqwana ongamaKristu owalondoloza ubungane obude noPawulu, babenamandla okuthatha amatende abo baqhubeke naye besuka eKorinte baye e-Efesu bese beya eRoma lapho base bedingiselwe khona kakade. eminyakeni edlule, ukuze nje ulungiselele ukufika kwakho.
Kukholakala futhi ukuthi uPawulu wakhululwa ngabo e-Efesu. UPawulu ngokwakhe wabhala ukuthi kufanele bakhonze uPrisiya no-Akwila ababeyizisebenzi ezikanye naye kuKristu Jesu futhi ababeke ukuphila kwabo engozini ukuze bamsindise futhi akagcinanga ngokubonga kubo kodwa nawo wonke amabandla abeZizwe nawo. ULucas naye wayeyingxenye yeqembu labahlanganyeli bakhe, futhi kukholakala ukuthi wabhala iVangeli elibizwa ngegama lakhe kanye nencwadi yeZenzo zabaPhostoli, encwadini yesibili eya kuThimothewu kukhulunywa ukuthi uLucas wayezohamba noPawulu kuze kube yilapho ukuphela kwezinsuku zakhe.
Izincwadi Eziyiqiniso zikaPauline
Kubhekwa izincwadi eziyiqiniso noma izincwadi zikaPawulu, ezibhalwe nguye ngokwakhe eqoqweni lemibhalo yeTestamente Elisha ehlanganisa le misebenzi elandelayo:
- Ngibhalela abaseThesalonika
- Ngibhalela abaseKorinte
- Incwadi eya kwabaseGalathiya
- Incwadi eya kuFilemoni
- Incwadi eya kwabaseFilipi
- Incwadi Yesibili KwabaseKorinte kanye
- Incwadi eya kwabaseRoma.
Zithathwa njengezinobuqiniso obukhulu ngezindlela ezehlukene, okokuqala nje ngoba yizo kuphela umbhali wazo owaziwa ngokuqiniseka, ubuqiniso bazo buqinisekisiwe futhi ziye zaba umsizi omkhulu ekuhlaziyeni kwesayensi nemibhalo namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usuku lwalo lokuloba ngelakudala kunayo yonke imibhalo yeTestamente Elisha, eminyakeni engaba ngu-20 kuya kwengama-25 ngemva kokufa kukaJesu waseNazaretha futhi ngaphambili kakhulu kunemibhalo yamavangeli aziwa namuhla, esitshela ukuthi lokhu Ziyimibhalo yokuqala kobuKristu.
Akekho omunye umuntu eTestamenteni Elisha owaziwa ngezinga elikhulu njengemibhalo yakhe. UPawulu wayenolwazi lwesiko lamaGreki, esazi kahle isiGreki nesi-Aramu, okwakungamsiza ukuba athwale ivangeli ngezibonelo neziqhathaniso ezazivamile kulamasiko, yingakho umlayezo wakhe wawufinyelela eGrisi. Kodwa le nzuzo yamenza nokuthi umlayezo wakhe wawungaqondwa ngezinye izikhathi futhi waba nobunzima obuningi.
Wakwazi ukuphendukela emibonweni yamaGreki eyayikude kakhulu nalokho okwakushiwo ubuJuda futhi wayekwazi nokukhuluma ngomJuda oqinile futhi obambelele ngokuqinile emthethweni. Kungakho ezikhathini zasendulo amanye amazwi akhe ayebhekwa njengahunyushwe ngokwezwi nezwi, okungukuthi, anzima ukuwaqonda futhi kuze kube namuhla asaqhubeka edala impikiswano enkulu njengangesikhathi alotshwa ngaso, ikakhulukazi ekuchazeni izindima nezindikimba ezithile. njengobudlelwane bezizwe namaJuda, okwakungumusa, uMthetho, njll.
Kuyacaca ukuthi incwadi yakhe ngayinye inesikhathi kanye nomzuzu othize, wokuba yimpendulo, kuleyo naleyo kuyenzeka kubhekwe ukuthi ibuphi ubunzima kanye nezici ezethulwe umbhali futhi kusukela lapho kuyahlolwa. , ihlaziywe futhi iphikisana ngobuqotho bomsebenzi wakhe.
Nakuba lezi zincwadi zazama ngaleso sikhathi ukubhekana nezinkinga ezithile zezimo ezithile kakhulu, kungenzeka ukuthi le miphakathi yayizigcina njengengcebo futhi kamuva yabelana ngazo neminye imiphakathi yasePauline, yingakho kunamathuba amaningi okuthi ekugcineni By the Ikhulu lokuqala le mibhalo yayivele inomzimba, umphumela womsebenzi wesikole sikaPauline esaqoqa zonke izincwadi zakhe ukuze kutholakale ifa eliphelele lamagama nemibono yakhe.
Izincwadi ze-Pseudo-epigraphic
Kukhona futhi iqoqo lemibhalo yezincwadi eyethulwa njengencwadi kaPawulu, kodwa abagxeki abaningi besimanje bathi ibhalwa ngababhali ababehambisana noPawulu kodwa abangabhalanga. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- Incwadi Yesibili KwabaseThesalonika
- Incwadi eya kwabaseKolose
- Incwadi kwabase-Efesu
- Incwadi yokuqala neyesibili kuThimothewu
- Nencwadi eya kuThithu.
Babizwa ngokuthi i-pseudo-epigraphic noma i-deutero-Pauline, njengoba abazange basuse ukudumala kwakhe kodwa kunalokho bakwandisa, njengoba kufanele kube nesikole, esakhiwe nguPawulu ngokwakhe futhi lapho ifa lakhe lonke lalizocwiliswa khona, nokuthi same time ngabe usephendukele egunyeni lalomphostoli ukuwenza asebenze.
Ekuhlaziyweni kwalezi zincwadi zikaPauline ezithathwa njengeziyiqiniso, kungafingqwa ukuthi uPawulu waseTarsu akabuthanga nje izimpande zakhe zobuJuda kuphela kodwa nethonya lamaGreki kanye nokusebenzelana ayenakho ezweni lamaRoma, nokuthi ngokuba yisakhamuzi sakhe wayazi ukuthi ukuzivocavoca. Wayazi indlela yokusebenzisa zonke lezi zakhi ukuze enze izimo ezidingekayo futhi enze izisekelo zezikhungo ezihlukahlukene zobuKristu futhi amemezele isibalo sikaJesu Kristu hhayi kumaJuda kuphela kodwa nakwabeZizwe.
Iqiniso lokuthi wayengeyena oweqembu labafundi bakaJesu abayishumi nambili nokuthi uyena yedwa osehambe izindlela eziningi ezigcwele ubunzima nokungaqondi okuningi kwezwi lakhe, lenza uPawulu abe ithuluzi lokwakha nokwanda okukhulu kobuKristu ezweni. uMbuso WamaRoma oqinile, okumenza abe yindoda enekhono kakhulu enokukholelwa okuqinile kanye nomlingiswa omkhulu wezithunywa zevangeli.
Umcabango wakhe yiwo owalolonga uPauline Christianity, omunye wemisinga emine eyizisekelo zobuKristu bakudala futhi eyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli esilwaziyo namuhla. Kungezincwadi nezincwadi zakhe kanye neNcwadi yeZenzo zabaPhostoli lapho benza khona umthombo obalulekile wokusungula ukulandelana kwezikhathi zokuphila kwakhe kanye nayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, imibhalo yakhe eminingi yamukelwa yibandla njengomlobi wakhe siqu, ebhaliwe. ngokwakhe, hhayi njengoba kwenzeka ngamavangeli asohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli abhalwa abalandeli babaphostoli, futhi abhalwa iminyaka eminingi ngemva kokufa kwabo.
Pauline Theology
Imfundiso yenkolo kaPauline ibhekisela ezifundweni ngokubonisana, ngendlela ehlelekile nebalulekile yawo wonke umcabango kaPawulu waseTarsu, ingxenye yokuthuthukiswa okubanzi nezinguquko njengoba kwenziwa izincazelo zemibhalo yakhe. Isethulo sakhe ngokufingqa sinzima kakhulu njengoba wayenobunzima obuningi ezama noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesimiso somcabango walomphostoli, njengoba uPawulu waseTarsu wayengesona isazi semfundiso yenkolo esihlelekile, ngakho noma isiphi isigaba noma ukuhleleka okusetshenziswayo kuphendula imibuzo kakhulu kunomhumushi. kwenziwe kunohlelo umbhali alusebenzisile.
Kwase kunenkulumompikiswano eqinile, kumaLuthela asendulo, indikimba yemfundiso yenkolo kaPauline yayiwukuthi ukukholwa kufanele kuthethelelwe ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imisebenzi emisiwe eMthethweni.Kungalesi sizathu lapho le mfundiso yenkolo yaqala khona ukuvela kuqondwe phakathi kwebandla lobuKristu. Kakade ekhulwini lama-XNUMX isimiso se-fide sasisetshenziswa ukuze kugcinwe isizinda kanye nokuma kwemfundiso yakhe yenkolo.
KubuKatolika kuwukulungisiswa okuyingxenye yomcabango kaPawulu kodwa akuwona umthombo wawo ophakathi, ngokwesiko kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu, ngaphezu kokwenza isimemezelo somuntu olungileyo, umenza abe ngolungileyo. Lesi simo samaLuthela sakudala sisanda kugxekwa yizazi zamaProthestani, ikakhulukazi esimweni saso esiphikisa inkolo yobuKristu egcwele umusa nenkululeko ngokumelene nenkolo yobuJuda eyayicatshangwa ukuthi yendabuko, mayelana nemithetho kanye nokuphakanyiswa ukuthi imithetho kaMose kwakufanele igcinwe ngokwethembeka. .
UJames Dunn weza ukuzophakamisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu nabantu, lapho bevinjelwe, ivangeli likaJesu Kristu eliyisiqalo sensindiso, inqubo yensindiso ehambisana nesonto kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha. Manje ababhali bamaKatolika baye bagxilisa imfundiso yenkolo kaPauline ekucabangeni kwakhe ngoKristu, ukufa kwakhe, nokuvuka kwakhe. Lokhu kwakubizwa ngokuthi imfundiso yenkolo kaChristocentric, okungukuthi, uKristu uyisizinda sawo esiyinhloko lapho efile futhi evuswa, kodwa kukhona abanye ababhali abacabanga ukuthi imfundiso yakhe yenkolo yayisekelwe kuNkulunkulu nokuthi konke kubuyela kuye.
Uma kubhekwa zonke izincwadi zikaPauline eziyiqiniso, umcabango womPhostoli ungabonakala nokuthi wavela kanjani, ngakho-ke umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngesikhungo esisodwa sokunaka ekushumayeleni kwakhe. Kumfundi kaPablo Barbaglio, loMphostoli wabhala imfundiso yenkolo ngendlela yezincwadi, ngakho wethula imfundiso yenkolo ngayinye yezincwadi zakhe enza ukulandelana kwezikhathi ngayinye yazo futhi wagcina enze ukuhambisana kwayo yonke imfundiso yakhe yenkolo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-hermeneutics yevangeli.
Sekwamukelwe ukuthi umcabango kaPauline ugxile ezenzakalweni zikaKristu, okuyisiphetho semfundiso yenkolo yakhe, ngoba lezi zingxoxo zigxile kuyo yonke imiphumela yezincwadi zakhe ezibonwa kumaphuzu e-anthropology, eschatology kanye ne-ecclesiology, kubo bonke. kuzo kungenezelwa ukuthi zonke ziqukethe iqiniso elikhulu, elatholwa ezahlulelweni ezihlaziyayo ezalandela uPawulu.
Umcabango kaPauline
Umsebenzi kaPawuli oNgcwele uthathwe ngabaningi njengomsebenzi womsunguli weqiniso wobuKristu futhi kwabanye nguye owakhohlisa izimfundiso zikaJesu Kristu. Kubo bonke abaphostoli abalandela uJesu empilweni, nguPawulu owayengakaze amazi owayesebenza kakhulu futhi okwathi ngezincwadi zakhe wakwazi ukubeka izisekelo zalokho okwakuyoba yimfundiso nemfundiso yenkolo yobuKristu, kodwa umsebenzi awenza unokufaneleka okwengeziwe. ukuthi wayengumsakazi ongcono kakhulu wesigijimi sikaJesu.
Kwakungenxa yakhe hhayi ngenxa yabanye abaphostoli, ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kobuKristu nobuJuda kwafinyelelwa, ukuhlukaniswa okwafika ngesikhathi esifanele nesidingekayo, akulona iqiniso ukuthi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwafinyelelwa ngohlelo olusha lwenkolo olwalukhona. ichaza kabanzi ngefilosofi yayo yamaGreki noma ngokuhlanganisa amasiko ahlukahlukene. Kukho konke ukuhamba kwakhe wakwazi ukusakaza umqondo wakhe wemfundiso yenkolo yobuKristu, owawusekelwe ekuhlengweni nasesivumelwaneni esisha esamiswa uKristu esasingaphezu kwemithetho yamaJuda emidala noma umthetho kaMose.
Ibandla lasungulwa ngenxa yawo wonke amaKristu abumba umfanekiso walokho umzimba kaKristu oyikho futhi kwadingeka lihlale libumbene ukuze izwi likaNkulunkulu lisakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Izwi lakhe ligcwele ubungqabavu nokunotha futhi lokhu kubonakala ezincwadini zakhe ezilondolozwe kuze kube namuhla, lezi azihlosile ukwakha umbhalo ophelele, kodwa ziyinhlanganisela yazo zonke izimfundiso zamavangeli eziveza iqiniso leBhayibheli. indlela ecacile futhi efinyelela umphumela wokugcina.
Njengomsebenzi wokubhala, ukufaneleka kolimi lwesiGreki oluthunyelwa okokuqala emakhulwini eminyaka emibonweni emisha kuyaqashelwa, lokhu kufinyelelwa ngenxa yolwazi lwakhe lwezilimi eziningana, akwazi ukuphikisana nezindikimba zakhe, ngaphezu kokuba umoya ongaqondakali engimthatha ukuba awucabange futhi akwazi ukufinyelela phezulu lapho ebhala ihubo lebandla encwadini yokuqala noma incwadi eya kwabaseKorinte.
Yimibhalo yakhe eyavumelanisa kangcono isigijimi sikaJesu nesiko lamaGreki enkathi yaseMedithera, okwenza kwaba lula ukuba sisakazekele ngaphesheya kwezwe lamaHeberu lapho azalelwa khona. Lokhu futhi kwakuyimibhalo yokuqala lapho kwahunyushwa khona umlayezo weqiniso kaJesu, okwaba nesandla ebuKristwini ukuthi bube nentuthuko engcono njengemfundiso yenkolo.
Kuye kuvela imibono engcono kakhulu necacile mayelana nesono sokuqala, ukuthi kungani uKristu afela izono zabantu esiphambanweni nokuthi kungani ukuhlupheka kwakhe kwakuwukuhlengwa kwesintu nokuthi kungani uJesu Kristu enguNkulunkulu ngokwakhe hhayi nje umprofethi owengeziwe.
UPawule oNgcwele wasungula ukuthi uNkulunkulu ubelokhu egcina ngaphansi kwemiklamo yakhe insindiso yaso sonke isintu ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa izinhlanga. Bonke abantu abazuza njengefa ku-Adamu umzimba owonakalayo, isono nokufa, babekwazi, ngoKristu, ongu-Adamu omusha, ukuzalwa kabusha futhi bangathola uvuko, umzimba ongenakonakala nokhazimulayo, ukukhululwa kwezono zabo kanye nokunqoba okunzima. ukufa nesiqiniseko sokuba nokuphila okujabulisayo nokuphakade.
Emfundisweni yakhe yobuKristu waba ngowokuqala ukwenqaba ubulili nokuzithoba kwabesifazane, imibono eyayingekho ezimfundisweni zikaJesu waseNazaretha. Yilobu buhlobo obuqhathanisa ubusha bukaPawulu njengomFarisi ongaguquki, owayephuphuthekiswe ngokuphelele embonweni wakhe ongokwenkolo futhi evaleleke ezidingweni ezingokomoya zabantu, kangangokuthi kamuva wazinikela ekubhidlizeni zonke lezozindonga ezazihlukanisa kuphela abantu nebandla. Abezizwe.kanye nabantu abangamaJuda. Yingakho azinikezela ekuphatheni isigijimi sikaJesu emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuphuma emasikweni aqinile amaJuda ayegcizelela ukuthi uMthetho kaMose nayo yonke imiyalo yawo yeBhayibheli kufanele ugcwaliseke, ngoba lokho kwakungekona okwakuzosindisa umuntu ezonweni zakhe, kodwa kunalokho kwakuwukukholwa kuKristu, yingakho ukuphikisana kwadalwa nabanye abaphostoli, ukuze abezizwe bakhululwe ezibophweni zala masiko, hhayi nje ngokomzimba kodwa nokudla okunomsoco, okwasungulwa yinkolo yobuJuda, okutholakala phakathi kwayo nokusoka.
Izethulo Zobuciko
UPawulu waseTarsu, kanye nabaphostoli abaningi, banikezwa ukuvelela kancane emisebenzini yobuciko, ikakhulukazi ngokuqondene nokuguquka kwakhe endleleni eya eDamaseku. Kusuka kuMichelangelo, Caravaggio, Raphael kanye noParmigianino, benza imisebenzi emihle yobuciko kusukela ezikhathini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwakhe.
Akaveli ekanye nabafundi bakaJesu abayishumi nambili kodwa umelwe eduze kukaSimoni Petru, lapho uPetru emelwe ndawonye bamdonsa ngezihluthulelo zesimilo, okuwuphawu lokuthi wakhethwa nguJesu ukuba abe inhloko. webandla, noPawulu ephethe inkemba ewuphawu lokufelwa kwakhe ukholo futhi ebhekisela enkembeni yomoya ayisho eNcwadini yakhe eya kwabase-Efesu, lokhu kumelela izwi likaNkulunkulu.
Kwezinye izincwadi umelelwa ngencwadi ukuze kutholakale ukuthi wayengumlobi wemibhalo eminingana yeTestamente Elisha, okuningi kokumelela kwakhe imifanekiso yezithombe kunomsuka wawo ezicini ezithile ezaphindwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, kusukela ebucikweni bePaleo-Christian. Okuyiqiniso ngempela ukuthi ngenxa yemizamo yabo yokuba nebandla lomhlaba wonke, yibona abasabalalisa ubuKristu ngokungaguquki futhi babuhlanganisa njengenkolo, akekho noyedwa kubalandeli bakaJesu Kristu abaqondile oseye wabhekwa njengoPablo, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. lowo owasungula izisekelo eziyisisekelo zemfundiso yakhe nemikhuba yakhe yobuKristu.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=641KO9xWGwM
Uma lesi sihloko sibonakala sithakazelisa kakhulu kuwe, sincoma ukuthi ufunde lezi ezinye ngokulandela lezi zixhumanisi: