Isazi sezinkanyezi esivelele somsuka wase-Egypt esibonwa ngenxa yeminikelo eyenziwe emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi nezinye izici zesayensi. Igama lakho UClaudius Ptolemy. Funda kulokhu okuthunyelwe konke okuhlobene nalo sosayensi odumile novelele, umlando wakhe, iminikelo nokunye.
i-biographical synthesis
Aziziningi izici ezaziwayo mayelana nendlela kanye nempilo kasosayensi waseGibhithe UClaudius Ptolemy. Nokho, imininingwane egqama kakhulu nesingayigqamisa ngempilo nomsebenzi wakhe yilena elandelayo: wazalelwa ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi e-Egypt, ukuzalwa kwakhe kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwenzeka ngekhulu lokuqala.
Phakathi nenkathi yokuphila kwakhe kwesikhashana, waba nesithakazelo ekusebenziseni izifundo ezaziphumelela ngaleso sikhathi, ezihlanganisa isayensi yezinkanyezi, izibalo, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kanye ne-geology. Lapho ezongena kulezi zindawo, uPtolemy uthatha le misebenzi futhi ngayinye yazo uthuthukisa amakhono akhe ngendlela efanele.
Iminikelo kaPtolemy ku-physics
Usosayensi wemvelaphi yaseGibhithe ugxila ezifundweni zakhe olwazini lomcabango wezinkanyezi, eze ukuze asebenzise imibono ehlukahlukene eyamkhulisa ekubalulekeni nasekuqashelweni kwezifundo zakhe.
Usosayensi odumile nodumile waba nesithakazelo ekuhloleni izindikimba zasemkhathini. Usekela isifundo sakhe ikakhulukazi ophenyweni olufakazelwa emibhalweni enesihloko esithi almagesto, incwadi eyathola ukuvelela okukhulu nokubusa kwesayensi ngesikhathi eyasungulwa ngaso.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi zamaGreki yayiwumkhakha wocwaningo usosayensi ayesondela kuwo ngokuzimisela okukhulu. Lolu cwaningo lwalubekwe phezu kokubusa kwemibono yesayensi yezinkanyezi endaweni esentshonalanga, umcabango owathatha okungenani phakathi nokwandiswa kweminyaka engaba ngu-1400. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngokweminikelo kaPtolemy, kuyaqashelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wahunyushelwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu, ukuze kamuva udluliselwe eYurophu.
Phakathi kwe Iminikelo kaPtolemy ku-physics sithola ukutholakala kwesakhiwo umlobi asibiza ngokuthi uhlelo lwePtolemaic, lokhu kuhlobene nokuqaphela ososayensi akwenza, nokuthi ngalo kusebenzisa inkolelo-mbono esekelwe encazelweni yesayensi yezinkanyezi ekhomba indawo yomhlaba, endaweni yonke. , kanye nokugxila kokuma nendawo lapho inyanga, amaplanethi kanye neLanga okukhona.
Ngaleso sikhathi, isazi sezinkanyezi esisekelwe ocwaningweni olwenziwe, sinquma ukuthi umhlaba umi enkabeni yendawo yonke, ngaleyo ndlela siphikisane nokuthi iLanga kanye namaplanethi abelokhu ezungeza iplanethi engumhlaba. Ucwaningo lwakhe lwafinyelela ekuchazeni ukuthi ukumelelwa komhlaba kusesimweni sembulunga, engenakho umnyakazo wokuzungezisa noma ukuhumusha, okungukuthi, imile.
Ngokusekelwe kule ndlela yesayensi, inkolelo-mbono kaPtolemy ithi amaplanethi, kanye neNyanga neLanga, anikezwa ukunyakaza okunamathiselwe futhi kwenezelwa kulokho akubiza ngokuthi futhi afakwe ohlwini njenge-primum movile, iqiniso usosayensi alibhala njengembulunga. amaplanethi ukuze azungeze umhlaba.
Indlela esetshenziswa ngu UClaudius Ptolemy Yayisekelwe ezindleleni ezisetshenziswayo. I iminikelo kaPtolemy Ngokuhlanganyela nocwaningo lwabo, bazinza ocwaningweni lwezinye izinto eziyisisekelo ezikhona manje ezisho ukuhamba kwamaplanethi, lokhu ngenjongo yokusungula isakhiwo sejometri esiveza izindlela nezikhundla zezinkanyezi, futhi ngokulandelayo babe nekhono. ukukhiqiza ulwazi mayelana nemibono kanye nezikhundla abazozithatha kamuva.
Ngaphezu kocwaningo olushiwo, uClaudio unikeza ubukhulu beLanga kanye nesathelayithi yemvelo ebizwa ngokuthi iNyanga. Kulo mbiko wezinkanyezi, uphinde wathatha umsebenzi wokumela uhlu lwezinkanyezi ezilinganiselwa ku-1.025 akwazile ukuzibona nokufunda, wabe eseziveza emphakathini.
Wathi umbono kaPtolemaic ngandlela-thile wawungamukeleki, ngoba wawusekelwe emibonweni engamanga yezinkanyezi. Nokho, kwakuyinkolelo-mbono yokuthi ngezikhathi zeNkathi Ephakathi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsiza, amazinga ophenyo ayengekho, futhi imizamo yokwengeza noma yokuphikisa le nkolelo-mbono yaba yindlala ngokuphelele.
Kodwa-ke, le thiyori yamukelwa isikhathi eside, iqiniso elavumela ngethonya layo, ukuthunyelwa kwayo, ikakhulukazi Izwekazi lase-Afrika kanye naseYurophu. Isikhathi lapho, isazi sefilosofi esivelele u-Aristotle sasiphinde sibe semandleni okunikeza izifundo zefilosofi nemibono mayelana nokuqonda kwakhe umhlaba, indawo yonke kanye nomphakathi uwonke.
Usosayensi wathatha ulwazi lwakhe lwezinkanyezi waya emkhakheni wokufunda izinkanyezi. Ngalokhu, usebenzisa ithuba lokufeza ukusungulwa kwe-horoscope nakho konke okuhlobene nezinkanyezi ezimelelwa amaplanethi esimiso sonozungezilanga. I-Optics yayingomunye umkhakha wocwaningo lapho uClaudio asebenza khona ngempumelelo, ngalokhu wafika ukuze ahlole izimfanelo eziqukethwe ukukhanya futhi eziqukethwe, egxile ocwaningweni lwakhe ekuzibonakaliseni nasekukhanyeni.
Akuzona zonke izifundo ezenziwa isazi sezinkanyezi ezazingalungile emiphumeleni etholiwe. Isibonelo salokhu kwakuwucwaningo alwenza ngokusebenzisa igeography. Iminikelo eyenziwa usosayensi kulo mkhakha oshiwo ngenhla yaba yimpumelelo enkulu ngokwezindawo, kanye nemiphumela eyakhiqizwa.
Ukwakhiwa kwamabalazwe e-cartographic namuhla asekwaziwa ngokuthi amabalazwe omhlaba kuwenza afinyelele ezingeni elisha elinikeza ukuqashelwa. Iqiniso lokuthi uyibiza ngokuthi iGeographia kaPtolemy, futhi lokho kukodwa kubonisa ukubaluleka komsebenzi wakhe. Kamuva, uPtolemy usungula futhi asebenzise into esunguliwe egcina ibhalwe njengesimiso se-latitude nelongitude.
Imiqondo emibili kanye nokusetshenziswa okunezinjongo ezibalulekile, okwabuye kwathuthukiswa njengethuluzi elisetshenziswa kakhulu abadwebi bamabalazwe bangaleso sikhathi, elasetshenziswa phakathi nenani elithathwa njengeliqhubekayo.
Komunye wemibhalo yaso ehlanganiswe nomsebenzi we-Geographia, isazi sezinkanyezi sinesithakazelo ekuchazeni nasekumeleleni izwe langaleso sikhathi. Ukuthola ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe idolobha laseMecca. Umsebenzi okhombisa inqwaba yamaphutha abonakala ebangeni elichazwa ngumbhali emibhalweni.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuthiwa uChristopher Columbus ugcina ethole izwekazi laseMelika ngenxa yebalazwe elenziwe uClaudius Ptolemy ngokuzulazula kwezinye izinhlangothi nezindawo ezamholela ekunyatheleni ngephutha emhlabathini waseMelika.
Naphezu kwemibono eyiphutha ayidalula UClaudius Ptolemy Ngesikhathi usosayensi ayehlala kuso, imizamo yakhe yokwakha nokuphakamisa izifundo zakhe ziye olwazini olujwayelekile lwesayensi yezinkanyezi, nakho konke okuhlobene nakho, wazama ukungena kulo mhlaba wemilingo wolwazi lwesayensi, obekucatshangwa ukuthi ekufinyeleleni uthole impumelelo enkulu ezoholela amathiyori okufanele aqashelwe ngokweqiniso ngezinga lawo lokuba yiqiniso.
Nokho, iminikelo kaPtolemy kamuva basebenza ukuphikisa nokwenza kabusha ithiyori entsha eyayikwazi ukuveza nokuchaza yonke into ethinta indawo yonke, indawo, Izinkanyezi, amaplanethi neNyanga. Ucwaningo ekugcineni alusoze lwaba yize, ngoba noma ngabe umuntu uyavumelana nethiyori eshiwo noma cha, intuthuko entsha yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ivumela imibono eyiphutha ukuthi yiphikiswe.