Impela uzwile nge-ecosystem nokubaluleka ezinakho ngeplanethi. Kodwa bewazi yini ukuthi kunamaqembu ahlukene awo? Yebo kunjalo. Ukuze uphume ekungabazeni sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ecosystems ezikhona, enikeza esinye isibonelo.
Uma unesithakazelo esihlokweni, ngincoma ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda. Sizofunda ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ecosystem ngokwendawo yayo ebonakalayo nangokwemvelaphi yayo, izigaba ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ezahlukene.
Mangaki ama-ecosystems?
Uma sikhuluma nge-ecosystem, sibhekisela kusethi yezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene kanye nendawo ezitholakala kuyo. Ngokuyisisekelo kuwuhlelo oluvulekile noluguquguqukayo lapho izinto eziphilayo ezihlukene zihlanganyela endaweni ethile ebonakalayo. Lokhu kunezici ezithile zesimo sezulu kanye nezindawo ezifanayo nezinye izimiso zemvelo zohlobo olufanayo.
Kukhona ama-ecosystem amaningi njengezindawo kule planethi. Kodwa-ke, singazihlukanisa zibe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu, lapho kukhona ama-subgroups amaningana abalulekile:
- Ama-ecosystem ngokuya ngendawo yawo ebonakalayo: Esemhlabeni, emanzini, olwandle futhi axubile.
- I-ecosystem ngokwemvelaphi yayo: Okwenziwayo kanye nemvelo.
I-ecosystems: Izinhlobo ngokuya ngendawo yazo ebonakalayo
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-ecosystem ikhula ohlotsheni lwe-substrate noma indawo ebonakalayo. Ngakho-ke, lesi yisona sici sezitshalo nezilwane ezingahlala kuleso simiso. Ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi indawo ebonakalayo inesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngezimo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, uhlobo lwezidalwa eziphilayo ezingaphila kuleyo nqubo yemvelo.
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, enye yezigaba ezinkulu ezingenziwa kulawa masethi ngokuya ngendawo yazo ebonakalayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umhlaba, emanzini, olwandle kanye nemvelo exubile. Okulandelayo sizophawula ngokuthi zinjani lezi zinhlobo ze-ecosystem.
Izimiso zemvelo zomhlaba
Ake siqale ngokuhlolisiswa kakhulu futhi kwaziwa kakhulu kukho konke: I-terrestrial. Njengoba igama layo likhomba, Kwenzeka phezu komhlaba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indawo ikuphi (idwala, isihlabathi, iqhwa noma inhlabathi evamile). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlaza esingaluthola kulawa maqembu luningi kakhulu futhi lubanzi. Ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem yasemhlabeni singakwazi futhi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene:
- I-Alpine noma i-ecosystem yezintaba: Yilezo ezingenhla komugqa wezintaba lapho izihlahla zingasakhuli khona. Izibonelo ezimbalwa zale sethi kungaba ukhahlamba lwezintaba ze-Andes, eziphakeme ngamamitha angu-3500, kanye nezintaba ze-Himalaya, ezingaphezu kwamamitha angu-6000.
- I-Xerophytic scrub: Kulezi zinhlelo ikakhulukazi ama-succulents, izihlahlana nama-magueyes ezindaweni ezomile. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba isifunda saseCataviña, esiyingxenye ye-Baja California.
- Amahlathi noma amahlathi ashisayo: Atholakala lapho kunemvula eningi khona namazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-24 degrees phakathi nesikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Phakathi kwazo kukhona iLos Tuxtlas eseVeracruz kanye nehlathi laseLacandona eChiapas.
- Imvelo yasogwadule: Kulezi zigqame ngaphezu kwazo zonke izimila zayo ezincane kanye nogwadule. Ezinye izibonelo kungaba izingwadule zaseSonoran naseChihuahuan zaseMexico.
Izimiso zemvelo zasemanzini
Ngaphandle kwemvelo yasemhlabeni, siphinde sibe nezasemanzini (nezasolwandle, okungafanele kudidaniswe). Lezi zikhula emachibini, emifuleni nasemifuleni enamanzi ahlanzekile. Zethula ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezitshalo nezilwane, okuhlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lwendawo:
- I-Lagos: Iwuhlobo lwamachibi amanzi ahlanzekile atholakala phezu koMhlaba.
- Imifula: Ngokuyisisekelo ziyizifundo zamanzi ahlanzekile. Lezi zigeleza zisuka ezindaweni eziphakeme ziye ezindaweni eziphansi.
Imvelo yasolwandle
Ngakolunye uhlangothi sinezinhlelo zasolwandle ukuthi Zikhula emanzini anosawoti, okungukuthi, olwandle nolwandle. Kuzo singathola izitshalo nezilwane ezivumelaniswe kakhulu nezimo ezinikezwa yilolu hlobo lwendawo. Ezisolwandle ziyizinto eziphilayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wethu futhi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningana:
- Izixhobo zamakhorali: Ziwuhlobo lwesakhiwo esenziwe izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezibizwa ngokuthi amakhorali. Ukusebenzelana okuhlukahlukene phakathi kwamakhorali, ama-algae, ama-crustaceans, izinhlanzi ngisho namahlengethwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziphilayo eziningi, kwenzeka kuzo.
- Amahlathi e-Macroalgae: Ekujuleni kolwandle ungathola amahlathi ahlukahlukene akhiwe ulwelwe. Lezi ziyisiphephelo sezilwane eziningi zasolwandle futhi ziwukudla.
- ulwandle oluvulekile: Njengoba ulwandle lumboza ingxenye enkulu yoMhlaba, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi "iplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", akumangazi ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kokubili kwezingxenye ze-abiotic kanye ne-biotic. Lokhu kuncike kakhulu ekujuleni kwamanzi kanye ne-latitude.
Imvelo exubile
Njengoba igama labo liphakamisa, i-ecosystem exubile ayingxube yezindlela ezimbili noma ezintathu ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa okulandelayo:
- I-Terestrial-aquatic ecosystems: Akhiqizwa kulezo zindawo lapho imifula igcwala khona umhlaba. Angaba, isibonelo, amaxhaphozi namaxhaphozi.
- I-Marine-terrestrial ecosystems: Zitholakala endaweni enamatshe lapho amagagasi egeleza futhi egeleza.
- I-Marine-aquatic-terrestrial ecosystems: Zakha emilonyeni yemifula, lapho kuhlangana khona amanzi olwandle nomfula.
I-ecosystems: Izinhlobo ngokuya ngemvelaphi yazo
Lapho sihlukanisa izimiso zemvelo ngokwemvelaphi yazo, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa zemvelo kanye nalezo zokwenziwa. Eyokuqala yilezo esezivele zikhona ngokwazo, kodwa ukungenelela komuntu kungaziguqula. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, izingwadule, ama-xerophytic shrublands, izixhobo zamakhorali, amaxhaphozi, izizalo zemifula nezindawo ezishisayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinezinhlelo zemvelo zokwenziwa. Lezi zakhiwe abantu futhi, ngokuvamile, ziye zashintsha imvelo ekhona kakade. Njengoba amasethi adalwe yithi, angatholakala emhlabeni wonke futhi ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ezinye zalezi zinhlelo zemvelo zokwenziwa zingaba, isibonelo, izingadi zezitshalo, izinhlelo zezolimo, amapaki ezokungcebeleka, izindawo zokugcina izithombo kanye namasimu amahlathi, phakathi kokunye. Ngisho nezingadi ezizimele, amasimu ezithelo nezindawo zasemadolobheni zingathathwa njengengxenye yaleli qembu.
Uma sikhuluma ngobubanzi, sesivele sazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-ecosystem ezikhona nokuthi singazihlukanisa kanjani. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzilondoloza, njengoba kudingekile ukugcina ibhalansi eMhlabeni nokugcina imvelo.