Squirrel Tsoko imhuka diki yemhuri yeCebidae inowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa dzemuAmerica. Pasinei nezita ravo ivo havana hukama hwemagetsi kune squirrels, asi vane mazita akanaka nokuti maduku, agile uye anofarira kusvetuka kubva pamuti kuenda kune muti. Iwe uchakwanisa kudzidza zvakawanda nezve squirrel monkey nekuenderera mberi nekuverenga ichi chinonakidza chinyorwa.
Tsoko yeSquirrel
Tsoko yakajairika itsoko inogara munzvimbo dzinopisa dzekondinendi uye chikamu chemhuri yeCebidae. Zita rayo resainzi ndiSaimiri sciureus uye, setsoko dzese dzetsindi, ine muswe wakakura, kwete prehensile, ine muromo mutema. Mukukura kwayo, muviri wayo unosvika 62 kusvika 82 masendimita kubva kumusoro kusvika kumuswe, uye uremu hwayo hunobva pa 0,55 kusvika 1,25 makirogiramu.
Ihwo hunhu kune chena kumeso mask pachiso, umo mhuno yayo yakasviba (kana yakasviba) inobuda. Kufanana nemhando yeSaimiri oerstedii uye Saimiri ustus (uye mukusiyana nemamwe marudzi eiyo genus), mask yechiso chayo inoumba "gothic" arch pamusoro pemaziso muchimiro cheV chena.
Mazita Anowanikwa uye Etymology
Saimiri inobva mumutauro weTupi, mutauro umo "sai" inoratidza marudzi akasiyana-siyana etsoko uye "mirim" zvinoreva diki. Sciureus zvinoreva "squirrel" muchiLatin. Mukutaura kwakajairika inozivikanwa semarmoset, squirrel monkey kana friar monkey. Inonzi zvakare "Vizcaino", "mico musoja", "marmoset friar", "isina simba", "diki friar", "macaco de cheiro", "saimiri", "sai mirím" kana "chichico", kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti masangano aya Anonyanya kushandiswa pavhu reColombia.
Taxonomy uye Phylogeny
Tsoko yetsindi ndeimwe yemhando 5 dzinozivikanwa kusvika 2014 sechikamu chegenus Saimirí. Yakatanga kuongororwa naCarlos Linnaeus muna 1758. Parizvino 4 subspecies inozivikanwa:
- Saimiri sciureus albigena
- Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis
- Saimiri sciureus macrodon
- Saimiri sciureus sciureus
Nekuda kwekufanana pakati pemhuka dzese dzerudzi rweSaimiri, zvakabvumwa kuti paingova nemarudzi maviri (S. oerstedii uye S. sciureus), kusvikira kuongororwa kwemitochondrial uye nuclear yenyu DNA yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva 5 marudzi, zvisinei. sangano rakadaro richiri pasi pekukakavadzana. Imwezve rondedzero yemitero yakataurwa naThorington Mwana (1985) ingabatanidza twunhu twudiki albigena, macrodon, uye ustus sechikamu cheSaimiri sciureus, nemamwe madiki S. sciureus boliviensis, S. sciureus cassiquiarensis, uye S. sciureusers.
Pamusoro pezviri pamusoro apa, maviri phylogenetic analysis akaitwa muna 2009 anovimbisa kuti S. s. sciureus yaizonyanya kuenderana neS. oerstedti pane kuS. s. albigena uye nezvose uye imwe neimwe yevamwe, kusvika zvino yave inoonekwa sediki, reS. sciureus, kusanganisira S. collinsi kubva kuMarajó Island uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAmazonia. Vanokurudzirawo kuparadzaniswa kweS. sciureus uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvaizova Saimiri cassiquiarensis ne subspecies S. cassiquiarensis albigena.
Imwe nzira inotsanangurwa ndiyo kupatsanurwa kwese Colombian subspecies ye S. sciureus, ichivashandura kuva mhuka ( S. albigena, S. cassiquiarensis uye S. macrodon) Kubva pane phylogeographic maonero, vatsvakurudzi vanoona kuti genus Saimiri haina kupararira kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwekondinendi, asi kubva kumadokero, kuitira kuti S. sciureus naS. oerstedii vakasiyana semugumisiro wekutamira kuchamhembe (kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero, zvichiteerana).
Imwe phylogenetic study yakabudiswa muna 2011 yakasimbisa kuti S. s. sciureus yakapatsanurwa nguva pfupi yadarika kubva kuS. oerstedti pane kubva kune mamwe masubspecies eS. sciureus akatariswa. Kune rumwe rutivi, 2014 morphological uye phylogenetic tsvakurudzo yakagadzirisa kuti Saimiri collinsi (Osgood 1916), yakambobatwa se subspecies S. sciureus collinsi, inofanira kugoverwa semhando yakasiyana. Iyo S. collinsi yakasiyana-siyana inogona kusiyaniswa neziso rakashama nekorona yayo yero, nepo iyo yeS. sciureus ine grey.
Uyezve, kuongorora kwe2014 biogeographic uye phylogenetic kwakasimbisa fungidziro dzekuongorora kweDNA kwekare, maererano neiyo S. boliviensis ndiyo mhuka yakatanga kupatsanurwa kubva kune mamwe marudzi uye S. sciureus sciureus inoumba monophyletic clade, hanzvadzi yakasiyana-siyana yeS. oerstedii . Ukuwo S. s. macrodon inoumbwa neatatu paraphyletic clades, wekutanga ari sisi kuna S. s. cassiquiarensis; yechipiri yakatsauka kubva pakutanga kubva kune iyo seti uye kubva kuS. albigenic; wekupedzisira ihanzvadzi yaS.c. albigenous
Anatomy uye Physiology
Tsoko inonzi squirrel yakafanana nedzimwe mhando dzerudzi. Iwo ese ari arboreal apes, madiki uye akareruka, ane vhudzi rakaderera uye akatetepa pakuonekwa. Iine mask chena kumeso, mhuno nhema, grey korona uye nzeve nehuro zvakare chena. Huremu hwemuviri wayo (musoro, musana, mativi, mitezo yekunze, uye muswe muzhinji) iolive-grey ine ratidziro yeyero. Kumashure kunowanzoita sinamoni-yellowish, uye dumbu rakachena kana yero-chena, nepo chikamu chekupedzisira chemuswe waro chitema.
Inogona kusiyaniswa kubva kune mamwe marudzi ejenasi (kunyangwe isiri kubva kune ese) nekuvapo kwe "gothic" arch (senge S. oersdesti uye S. ustus) inoumbwa mumasiki, iyo inowana kukwirira kukuru. pamusoro pemaziso, kuumba V yakasviba pahuma (kana maviri machena Λs pamusoro peziso rimwe nerimwe), uye iyo inosiyaniswa kubva kune "Romanesque" arch yemamwe marudzi, S. boliviensis uye S. vanzolinii, inokonzerwa nekunyanya kuoma Mask, blunt pamusoro pemaziso, izvo zvinoumba masemicircles maviri pamusoro peimwe neimwe yadzo.
Pavanozvarwa, uremu hwavo hunosvika 80 kusvika ku140 magiramu, uye vanogona kurema kubva pa0,554 kusvika ku1,250 0,649 makirogiramu mukukura. Mamwe manyuko, asinganyanyi kujeka maererano nemhando dzemarudzi, anoreva makirogiramu 1,25 kusvika 700 uye kubva 1.100 kusvika 0,649 0,898 magiramu kuvarume uye 500 kusvika 750 makirogiramu uye XNUMX kusvika XNUMX magiramu evakadzi.
Saizvozvowo pakuzvarwa, kureba kwemuviri nemusoro kunosvika 13 kusvika 16 centimita, zvichisvika 26,5 uye 37 centimita mukukura. Muswe unosvika 36 kusvika 45,2 centimita pakureba, uchireba kupfuura muviri, zvisinei nekuti hauna prehensile.Kufamba kwayo kunonyanya kuita quadrupedal, yakazendamira pamapazi centimita imwe kana maviri mudhayamita.
Kugovera uye pekugara
Tsoko yetsindi inogara munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakasiyana. Inowanikwa, pakati pezvimwe, mumasango emasango, pasi-padenga sclerophyllous masango, masango emakomo, palm groves (kunyanya Mautitia flexuosa nharaunda), masango anonaya mvura, ane mwaka ane mafashamo uye masango ekumusoro, uye mangrove. mamwe marudzi mazhinji emaape munzvimbo dzakashata.
Inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, sezvo ichikwanisa kurarama mumasango akasara munzvimbo idzo basa revanhu rakachinja nzvimbo yaro yekugara, chero paine kuwanikwa kuri nyore kwezvibereko uye zvipembenene. Nekuda kwekusimba kwayo munzvimbo dzakachinjwa nevanhu, hairangarirwe semhuka iri kutyisidzirwa. Inovhimwa zvakanyanya kumusika wezvipfuyo, chinhu chakakosha chekutyisidzira mhuka. A subspecies kubva kuColombia, Ss albigena, iri kutyisidzirwa nemazinga akakwirira ekuparadzwa kwemasango.
Saimiri sciureus sciureus, ingangove twunhu tudiki tune huwandu hukuru hwekuparadzira, hunowanikwa muGuyana, Suriname, French Guiana neBrazilian Amazon, kumabvazuva kwenzizi dzeBranco neNegro kuchamhembe kwerwizi rweAmazon, kusvika kuAmapá. . . kugara kwayo pamusoro pe100 metres pamusoro pegungwa.
Saimiri sciureus albígena, subspecies yakaberekerwa kuColombia, inowanikwa mumasango emasango eColombian Eastern Plains uye mujinga memakomo ekumabvazuva eAndean, mumadhipatimendi eCasanare, Arauca, Meta neHuila. Kugovaniswa kwayo kunosvika kumiganhu isina kuverengerwa kuchamhembe pamwe neRwizi rweMagdalena uye kumabvazuva mumadhipatimendi eArauca neCasanare. Iwo akanyorwa kubva pamamita zana nemakumi mashanu pamusoro pegungwa, ari muHuila kusvika kumamita 150 pamusoro pegungwa.
Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis inowanikwa kumusoro kweAmazon uye munzvimbo dzeOrinoquia, kuBrazil, mudunhu reAmazonas, kuchamhembe kwerwizi rweSolimões uye kumadokero kwenzizi dzeDemini neNegro, kubva kwainopararira ichienda kubheseni. Casikiare, muVenezuela. Kumadokero, inosvika kumabvazuva kweColombia, pakati peApaporis neInírida nzizi, mumadhipatimendi eVaupés, Guaviare neGuainía.
Saimiri sciureus macrodon inowanikwa kumusoro kweAmazon, kumadokero kweSscassiquiarensis. MuBrazil, mudunhu reAmazonas pakati peJuruá neJapurá nzizi, muColombia, kumaodzanyemba kwerwizi rweApaporis runopararira kumabvazuva kweEcuador, muEcuadorian yose yeAmazon uye mujinga memakomo eAndean, uye ichisvika kumadhipatimendi kubva kuSan Martín. uye Loreto, muPeru, kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kwenzizi dzeMarañón-Amazonas. MuEcuador dzakarekodhwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinosvika 1.200 metres pamusoro pegungwa.
Saimiri collinsi inogona kuwanikwa mugomba rekumaodzanyemba kweRwizi rweAmazon, kubva kuRwizi rweTapajós kuMaranhão neMarajó.Tichifunga izvi semhuka, zvinoonekwa kuti S. sciureus haisi kumaodzanyemba kweRwizi rweAmazon. Pamusoro pezvo, kutaurwa nezvekuvapo kweS. sciureus munzvimbo dzekumabvazuva kweBolivia kunofanirwa kupihwa, sezvo kuongororwa kwemajini kwakaratidza kuti Saimiri boliviensis chete inowanikwa muBolivia. Saimiri ustus inogona kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeBrazil yeBolivian-Brazilian border nzizi, iyo isingakundiki kune mhuka.
Squirrel Monkey Behaviour
Idzo itsika dzemazuva ese (pamwe chete nenhengo dzese dzemhuri yeCebidae kunze kweAotus), uye kunyanya arboreal, zvisinei, zvinowanzoitika kuvaona vachidzika pasi uye vachifamba nzendo refu kana shoma. nharaunda yavanowanikwa, vanogona kuva ne10 kana kusvika ku500 mienzaniso, yose inoumbwa nevarume vakati wandei uye vakadzi vakati wandei, uko vadiki nevacheche vanowedzerwa.
Hairatidzi maitiro enzvimbo, uye kazhinji inodzivirira kukakavara nekusangana nemamwe mapoka. Inowanzoshandisa micheto yemasango uye inogona kugara nyore nyore muzvimedu zvakaparadzana, mugumisiro wokuparadzwa kwemasango. Kufanana netsoko dzakawanda, inoratidza basa guru munzvimbo dzepasi nepakati dzesango.
Kudya
Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa paSaimiri sciureus inoratidza kuti imhando inodya zvipembenene. Vanodya michero, mabheri, nzungu, maruva, buds, mhodzi, mashizha, chingamu, tupukanana, arachnids uye ane mwero vertebrates, zvisinei, yavo pfupi digestive turakiti zvinoreva kuti ivo vakajaira kushandisa zvipembenene kupfuura zvirimwa. Kazhinji, Saimiri anowanzo tsvaga uye kudya michero mumangwanani-ngwanani, achideredza kudya kwayo uye kusarudza tumbuyu kana zuva richifamba.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chikafu cheSaimiri sciureus chakafanana nechaSaimiri boliviensis, icho chinozivikanwa zviri nani. Muchidzidzo kuchamhembe kwePeru, S. boliviensis yakapedza 78% yenguva yekudyisa ichidya michero inosvika 1 centimita muhupamhi. Kureba kwayakakwira pakudya kwakasiyana kubva pamamita 18 kusvika ku32, avhareji yemamita 27. S. boliviensis, maererano neongororo iyi, yakadyiswa pamhando 92 dzemichero, idzo dziri chikamu chemhuri makumi matatu nematanhatu. Akanyanya kukosha aive:
- Moraceae (22 marudzi)
- Annonaceae (8 marudzi)
- Leguminosae (7 marudzi)
- Sapindaceae (5 marudzi)
- Flacourtiaceae uye Myrtaceae (4 marudzi)
- Ebenaceae uye Menispermaceae (3 marudzi).
Mhuka chikamu chekudya kwavo chainyanya kuumbwa neinvertebrates (nguva dzakawanda mhute nemapupa), kunyangwe yaisanganisirawo shiri, madzvinyu nematatya, uye mhuka iyi inofungidzirwa kuti imhuka inoshamisa yeinvertebrates.
Social structure
Tsoko dzetsindi dzinoumba miunganidzwa yakakura kudarika mamwe marudzi etsoko munzvimbo dzinopisa dzekondinendi. Mapoka e25 kusvika ku45 akarekodhwa nekusiyana kukuru zvichienderana nenharaunda yaanogara.Mapoka aya anoumbwa nevarume vakati wandei nevakadzi vakati wandei, uye 65% yevacheche kana vadiki, 29% yevakadzi vakuru vakashumwa. uye 6% yevarume vakuru.
Mukuferefeta kwakaitwa pasi pemamiriro ehusungwa muFlorida, zvaigoneka kuona kupatsanurwa kwemapoka mumapoka madiki evarume nevakadzi, nekubatana kukuru mukati memapoka evakadzi (zvinooneka nekuswederana kwakanyanya kwemuviri). Saizvozvowo, kuvepo kweakaomesesa mutsara hierarchies kunotaurwa, mukati meboka revarume nerevakadzi, zvisinei nekuti chinzvimbo chakadaro chainyanya kuoneka pakati pevarume.
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti, musango, vakadzi ndivo varume vanowanzogara munzvimbo yavo yekuzvarwa, nepo varume ndivo vanopararira kutsvaga mapoka matsva. Sezvingabvira, Saimiri anozivikanwa nenzvimbo yakaderera. Mhosva dzinoverengeka dzakarekodhwa; muMonte Seco (mumapani eColombia), muBarquetá (Panama) uye pachitsuwa cheSanta Sofía (pedyo neLeticia, Colombia); kupindirana kwenzvimbo dzemapoka maviri pasina kuve nekukakavadzana, zviri nyore, mapoka aidzivirira kusangana.
Kuberekerwa
Tsoko dzese dzeSaimiri dzinoratidza barika rekubatana, zvisinei, murume mumwe kana vaviri vanokopana kakawanda kupfuura dzimwe nhengo dzeboka. Musango uye mune mamwe marabhoritari, Saimiri anoratidza mwaka unooneka wekubereka, unoratidzika kunge wakabatana zvakanyanya nekuwedzera nekuderera kwekunaya kwemvura pane tembiricha. Mwaka uyu waizoitika kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu kusvika kutanga kwaGumiguru, uye kuzvarwa kwacho kwaizoenderana kuitira kuderedza mikana yekufa nekudzvinyirirwa.
Varume vanosvika pakukura pabonde pamakore 2,5 kusvika 4 uye vakadzi pamakore mana. Kubereka kwevarume kwaizokurudzirwa, kusvika pamwero wakati, nekunhuwa uye mamwe marudzi ezvironda padivi rehadzi. Idzi, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinoda kuve nekamwe fungidziro kune varume vanowana huremu hwakawanda mumwedzi miviri isati yasvika mwaka wekusangana. Mumwaka wese wekusvirana, kuunganidzwa kwemafuta muvarume kunowanzoitika, kunyanya pamapfudzi.
Kubata pamuviri kunotora mwedzi mishanu nehafu, mushure mezvo mhuru imwe chete inoberekwa. Kuberekwa kunoitika kunyanya pakati paFebruary naApril, mwaka wekuwanda kwearthropods. Mukuzvarwa kwakanyoreswa kuJapan Monkey Center, kurwadziwa kwakatora nguva ingangoita 1 awa 29 maminetsi, zvisinei nekuti maminitsi gumi nerimwe ekupedzisira mwana akange atokwira kumusana waamai uye aingomirira kuti placenta ibude, yaaishandisa se. chikafu.
Vhiki mbiri dzokutanga pwere dzinorara nokudyisa zvikurukuru uye dzichisangana nguva dzose zvikurukuru naamai vavo. Mushure memavhiki maviri kusvika mashanu ekutanga vanotanga kuzvibvisa kubva kuna amai uye kutakurwa nedzimwe nhengo dzeboka. Vana vanorumurwa pavanemwedzi mitanhatu.
Hukama Nezvimwe Zvisikwa
Tsoko inonzi tsindi imhuka shoma ine zvikara zvakawanda. Vanobudisa manzwi akasvinura pamukana wese wavanoona, pakati pezvimwe, shiri huru, nyoka, tayras kana ulamas (Eira barbara), felids kana canids. Falcon Harpagus bidentatus kazhinji inofamba pedyo nemapoka emhuka iyi, ichidya zvipembenene zvinotyiswa nemabasa ekutsvaga kudya kwemaape. Hukama pakati peSaimiri sciureus neCebus apella hunowanzoitika, zvakatoonekwa kuti munhu ari ega pamhando mbiri idzi achatsvaga uye kugara nemapoka eimwe.
Mhuka mbiri idzi dzinowanzo enderera pamwe chete mushure mekusangana pamuti wemuchero, uye vakadzi vane pamuviri vanononoka kufamba veSaimiri sciureus vanowanzosarira kumashure kweCebus inononoka. Zvinongedzo zvakataurwa zvakare pakati peSaimiri neAlouatta, uye pakati peSaimiri neCacajao calvus rubicundus. Muchiitiko ichi chekupedzisira, mitambo yekudzorera uye kushambidzika yakashumwa, kunyangwe ichirwawo.
Squirrel Tsoko Kuchengetedza
Chinonyanya kutyisa kune zvipenyu ndiko kuparara kwekugara kwaro, nekuda kwekuda kwayo nzvimbo. Havawanzovhimwa, zvisinei nekuti (kunyanya muColombia neEcuador) vanoshandiswa kuvateya kuti vatengese mumusika wemhuka.
H.H. albigena, pamusoro pezvose, inotyisidzirwa zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwekukura kwemasango muColombia Llanos, iyo inotungamirira kukupatsanurwa, kuparara uye kurasikirwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Chinyorwa kubva muna 2009 chakakurudzira kuti, kubva ipapo, runyoro rutsvuku rweInternational Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) rwakaiisa se "kutyisidzirwa".
Tsoko yeSquirrel, Mubatwa Wekusurukirwa
Hapana chirango chikuru kune tsindi tsoko Saimiri sciureus pane kuimanikidza kuti irarame hupenyu kunze kwevezera vayo. Yakajaira kupedza nguva mumapoka makuru emhando makumi mana kusvika makumi mashanu, rudzi urwu rwetsoko harubvumiri kusurukirwa. Tsoko dzine mwero, dzine simba uye dzinotamba, dzinonzi marmosets pasinei nokuti hadzina kudaro, dzinotorwa muAmazon kana kuti mujinga memapani uye dzinotengeswa semhuka dzinovaraidza mumisika nemumigwagwa yemuguta.
Mushure mekukunda nzira dzinoverengeka, tsoko makumi matatu nepfumbamwe idzo dzakaparadzaniswa nekwadzinogara, dzakakwanisa kuumba mhuri dziri kure uko kubatana kunooneka. Mumwe nemumwe wavo akasvika panzvimbo yeWorld Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) vachibva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye vakasangana nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekutapwa. Vamwe vakanunurwa pavatengesi vemhuka uye vamwe vakapiwa nevaridzi vadzo, avo vakatenga nemari inosvika 39 30 pesos.
Kubva muna October 1992, dzimwe tsoko 39, sokuzivikanwa kwadzinoita, dzakasvika paWPSA muBogotá. Vanomwe vakaparara uye 19 vakasunungurwa vari mapoka mujinga mezvikomo zveLlanos uye muVillavicencio. Vamwe 13 vanoumba mhuri huru uye vakamirira kusunungurwa kwavo mumazuva mashomanana, apo vanonakidzwa nemamiriro ari nani emuviri, mupfungwa uye mupfungwa; iyo yekupedzisira sechigadzirwa chekuzviparadzanisa kwavakaitwa.
Vane Mutungamiriri
Tsoko yakura ine basa rekuongorora, kufemba, uye kubvumidza vaenzi vatsva. Munharaunda yetsoko iyi ine simba dzimwe dzinoungana. Muchiitiko chakadaro, chinongoonekwa chete kuvhiringika kwemaoko, misoro, uye miswe zvakambundirana. Vese vakajaira mhuri yavo itsva, mukadzi mumwe chete uyo kubva achiri mudiki aingove akapoteredzwa nevanhu aitya sezvo aisaziva rudzi rwake. Vane simba zvikuru sezvavanosvetuka uye vachimhanya nguva dzose mumakore ose 15 kana 20 avanorarama.
Chirongwa cheWSPA ndechekuvanunura nekuvadzoreredza kuvagari vesango, izvo zvavanotarisira kuumba mapoka akasimba mumagariro sechikamu chechirongwa chekuvandudzwa kwavo semhuka. Maitiro anozowedzera mikana yekurarama nekuti iyo yuniti yetsoko yakakosha pamabasa ekushamwaridzana, kudzidza nekutsvaga chikafu. MuSouth America, tsoko iyi ine bvudzi pfupi, gobvu uye yakatsetseka inogoverwa kubva kuColombia kuenda kuParaguay.
Tsoko, semarudzi ese emusango, inobatwa nekutengesa mhuka. Iri panjodzi zvakare yekutsakatika nekuda kwekutemwa kwemasango epuraimari nesekondari kwarinogara. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kuCentral America, nharaunda umo mhando yetsoko iyi iri panjodzi huru yekutsakatika nekuda kwekuparara kwenzvimbo yayo.
South American Primates
Cebids uye marmosets anoonekwa setsoko dzeAmerica. Kuti vasiyanise neavo veNyika Yekare, zvakakwana kuona mhino dzavo, sezvo vaAmerica vane mhino dzakatenderedzwa uye dzakaparadzana zvikuru, nepo dzeAfrica neAsia dzichiita kuti dziparadzaniswe uye dzakanongedzera pasi. MuColombia mune marudzi makumi maviri nemaviri emhashu akagoverwa mumhuri mbiri huru: marmosets uye cebids. Squirrel tsoko chikamu checebids.
Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi emhuri yavo, squirrel tsoko hadzina muswe weprehensile, kureva kuti, hadzina kugadzirisa kuzvitsigira nayo. Zvisikwa zvose izvi zvakabatwa nevatsvakurudzi, vanozvishandisa mukuedza kwerabhoritari, kana kuti vatengesi, vanozvitengesa semhuka dzinovaraidza. Tsoko yetsindi ndiyo imwe yemhando dzaitengeswa zvakanyanya, sezvo mumakore mana tsoko 173 XNUMX dzakatumirwa kuUnited States. Parizvino, kutengwa kunze kwenyika kwemarudzi kunorambidzwa.
Mhuka dzemusango hadzifanirwe kuva dzinovaraidza
Pane zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana nei zvichirayirwa kuti squirrel tsoko, uye kazhinji, mhuka dzesango, dzisashandiswa semhuka dzinovaraidza, nekuda kwehupenyu hwavo uye hwevaridzi vadzo. Varidzi kazhinji havazivi kuti ndechipi chikafu chakakodzera mhuka dzavo diki. Nguva zhinji vanovapa chingwa nemukaka, uye kana vachiziva chikafu chinokurudzirwa, icho mune dzimwe nguva chakasarudzika, hachiwanikwe mumaguta, sembeu, mashizha, michero, madzinde, nezvimwe.
Chimwe chikonzero ndechokuti munhu anozviisa amene mungozi yokuwana zvidakadaka. Mhuka dzakawanda dzinoparadzira zvirwere zvine ngozi. Ukuwo, kukanganisa kusingagadzirisiki kwezvakatipoteredza, sezvo mhuka dzesango kazhinji dzisingaberekeri dzakatapwa. Pamusoro peizvi, avo vanotenga mhuka dzesango vanokuvadza vanhu vavo, zvichiwedzera mikana yekuti ivo vachatsakatika. Uye, pakupedzisira, mhuka hadzifare sezvo dzichishandurwa zvese mupfungwa uye mupfungwa.
The Scandalous Kuedza neSquirrel Tsoko
Negore rimwe chete rekurarama, tsoko dzetsindi dzakanga dzatotanga kupindwa muropa nechikakananda. Dzakavharirwa mumidziyo yaiita kuti dzirege kufamba, mhuka dzacho dzaidzidziswa kufambisa chiropa chaiendesa chikakananda muropa. Nokudaro vakasvika pakurarama kwemakore matatu: vari voga, vachitambura nokurutsa, manyoka uye kudedera nokupindwa muropa, apo vasina kuparara zvakananga mumuitiro wacho.
Mwedzi mina mushure mekushushwa sekushungurudzwa nenyanzvi yezvetsika uye ane mukurumbira anochengetedza tsoko, Jane Goodall, hurumende yeUnited States yakaraira kupera kweyedzo iyo United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yanga ichiita kubvira 2014. Chinangwa chepurojekiti yehurumende chaive chekutsvaga mhedzisiro yekupindwa muropa nefodya muvachiri kuyaruka vachishandisa vanhu vanobva kuSaimiri sciurea semuenzaniso.
"Ndine chokwadi chokuti vazhinji veAmerica vangashamiswa kuziva kuti vanobhadhara kushungurudzwa kwakadaro nemitero yavo," Goodall akadaro mutsamba yaSeptember kuna FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb. Zvichitevera kuferefetwa kwehutano hwemhuka, FDA yakatonga kuvhara chidzidzo ndokutanga kuita shanduko kumitemo yekuedza mhuka muUnited States.
Kubva pakupindwa muropa nerufu kuenda kuNzvimbo Tsvene
Kutanga muna 2014, tsvakiridzo yakaitwa neNational Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) yakaverenga dhigirii rekupindwa muropa nechikakananda zvichienderana nedosi yakapihwa. Sekureva kwaGoodall, ongororo dzakaitwa patsoko dzesquirrel dzaive "dzinotyisa" kwete nekuda kwekupindwa muropa kwakakurudzirwa, asiwo nekuda kwemamiriro ekuvharirwa uko mhuka idzi "dzemagariro uye dzine tarenda" dzakaiswa, akadaro.
Nekudaro, chakazomutsa hasha dzemapoka ekudzivirira mhuka kufa kwetsoko ina mumwedzi ichangopfuura. Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta kweFDA, matatu emaprimates akaparara mushure mekunge anesthesia yapihwa kuisa catheter. Wechina akafa nekuzvimba mudumbu "nekuda kwezvikonzero zvisiri pachena," vakazivisa kudaro. Tsoko yechishanu, yakatumidzwa zita raPatsie, yakapotsa yafa musi wa20 Chikunguru, 2017, zvakare mushure mekupihwa anesthesia.
Mune meseji yakaburitswa neChishanu, Chikunguru 21, Gottlieb akataura kuti vakaziva "matambudziko akasiyana" muchirongwa ichi, kusanganisira "kudzokororwa kusakwana" zvine chekuita nekugara zvakanaka kwemhuka uye "kushaikwa kwekutarisa kwakakwana kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akafanana. uye maitiro. Mushure mekuvharwa kwekuferefeta, FDA yakagadzirisa kuti tsoko makumi maviri nenhanhatu dziendeswe kunzvimbo tsvene. Asi kunyomba kwacho hakuna kuperera ipapo.
Kuchinja Kweramangwana
Muchirevo chambotaurwa, Gottlieb akafunga kuti tsvakurudzo yemhuka inofanira "kusimbiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinokosha." Kuti izvi zviitike, yakazivisa "zvimwe zviito zvekuona kuti chero nyaya dzine chekuita nemaitiro uye nzira dzazvino dzinosangana uye kuona mamwe mabasa anofanirwa kuitwa nesangano kuchengetedza hutano hwemhuka dziri muhusungwa hwedu."
Pamusoro pekuwedzera kwekuferefeta kwakaitwa muNCTR kune dzimwe nhume dzeFDA dzinodzidza mhuka, Kanzuru yeWelfare yeMhuka yakaumbwa kuti itarise zviitiko zvakadaro nezvivakwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinopihwa. Zvidzidzo nemhuka uye kunyanya nemaprimate inyaya ine nharo muUS uye pasi rese. Kubva pamaonero esainzi, zvinotorwa sezvineiwo kuti kunyangwe mhuka hadzigone kutsiviwa nemakomputa kana in vitro modhi kana zvasvika pakuferefeta nyaya dzakadai sekuwana mishonga uye marapirwo ezvirwere.
Varatidziri, zvakasiyana, vanorwira indasitiri kuti iwane kutsiva kana kuderedza kushandiswa uye kutambura kwemhuka. Kubva muna 2011, National Institutes of Health (NIH) yekuUnited States, semuenzaniso, yakasiya mari yekutsvagisa biomedical tsvakiridzo nemaprimates uye muna 2015 vakatanga kutumira kunzvimbo tsvene zviyero izvo zvichiri mumarabhoritari avo. Mukuru weNIH, Francis Collins akatsigira danho iri, achiti maape "hama dzedu dzepedyo mumhuka" uye anokodzera "nzvimbo yakakosha nekuremekedzwa."
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