Shiri Dzemhuka dzine nhevedzano yehunhu hunodziita zvikara zvemumhepo, izvo zvinodziisa pamusoro pecheni yechikafu. Nekuda kwekunzwa kwavo kuona, muromo, nzwara uye humwe hunhu hunoshamisa, ivo vavhimi vasinganeti kana zvasvika pakubata mhuka. Kuti udzidze nezvehunhu uye mienzaniso yeshiri idzi dzine simba, tinokukumbira kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Shiri Dzemhuka kana kuti Raptors
Kune zviuru zvemarudzi eshiri, asi rimwe remapoka anonyanya kushamisa eshiri anozivikanwa ishiri dzinodya. Iri boka, iro rinozivikanwawo seshiri dzinodya kana shiri dzinodya, rinosanganisira nhamba huru yemarudzi ane unhu hunoshamisa uye runako runoshamisa. Shiri yemhuka kana raptor ndiyo inobata mhuka sechikafu, ichishandisa muromo wayo uye nzwara dzakapinza. Dzose dziri mbiri dzekupedzisira nemuromo wadzo kazhinji dzakakura kana kushoma, dzine simba uye dzakagadziridzwa kubvarura uye/kana kubaya nyama.
Izwi rekuti "raptor" rinobva pashoko rechiLatini rekuti "rapere", iro rinoreva, "kubata" kana "kutora nechisimba". Mhando dzakawanda dzeshiri dzinogona kutorwa sezvikara kana kuti zvikara zvachose, zvisinei, mune ornithology izwi rekuti "shiri yemhuka" haringoshandiswi kune shiri dzinovhima nekudya mhuka, asiwo dzinosanganisira izvo zvavanodya zvipembenene zvidiki.
Zvinyorwa Zvikuru
Shiri dzemhuka, raptors kana mhuka dzine zvinhu zvakajairika, senge pfungwa inoshamisa yekuona iyo yadzinoisa nayo mhuka yadzinenge yabata pamwe chete nenzara dzine simba dzine mbambo dzakareba uye mhasuru dzakasimba. Muromo wayo unowanzo kukombama, wakaoma uye une simba. Vanowanzo ratidza ruvara rwakakura, kunyange zvazvo misoro yavo iri midiki nemaziso makuru. Kutenda kune ese aya maitiro ivo vanopihwa runako rwepamusoro uye rwunoyemurika runako.
Kazhinji, kudya kwavo kunosanganisira mhuka mhenyu, iyo inosiyana zvichienderana nehukuru hweshiri inodzibata. Semuenzaniso, shiri diki inodya senge kestrel inogona kubata mhuka dzine mwero, shiri diki uye tumbuyu, nepo gondo regoridhe rinogona kubata micromammals, diki uye hombe zvinoyamwisa, izvo zvarinoparadza nemaoko aro ane simba nemuromo, kucheka nekubvarura nyama yavo. nekureruka kukuru.
Mhando DzeShiri Dzemhuka
Zvinoenderana nezvakanaka zvemakwikwi zvinopihwa nemaitiro avo emuviri uye kuchinjika uye kuwanikwa kwechikafu munzvimbo yadzinogara, shiri dzinodya dzinowanzo ratidza tsika dzemasikati kana dzehusiku:
shiri dzemazuva ose
Iyi seti yeshiri ine musiyano wakafara pane dzehusiku. Sechikamu chazvo, anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiwo makondo, anoonekwa seshiri huru dzekuvhima uye dzinogona kuwanikwa mune zvese zvipenyu. Kwairi kunowedzerwa fakoni nemakestre, seshiri dzinomhanya zvikurusa munyika. Boka rakakosha reshiri dzinodya shiri ishiri dzinodya nyama, dzine kudya kunosanganisira zvakaora sezvo muenzaniso uyu usingauraye mhuka dzayo. Ishiri dzine uremu hukuru nehukuru, semagora nemakondori.
shiri dzeusiku
Sechikamu cheboka iri ma strigids (zizi) uye titonids (zizi). Dzinozivikanwa nekuve nemagadzirirwo anovandudza kunzwa kwadzo uye kuderedza ruzha rwemapapiro adzo kana dzichibhururuka. Shiri idzi dzinovhima usiku, apo pfungwa yokunzwa inokosha zvikuru kupfuura yekuona. Chiso chadzo chakaurungana uye muromo wadzo mupfupi, izvo zvinobatsira pakunzwa kuri nyore kweruzha rwunoburitswa nemhuka dzadzo, saka dzinogona kunzwa chero kufamba kudiki.
Mienzaniso YeShiri Dzemhuka
Heano wongororo yedzimwe shiri dzinonyanyo zivikanwa dzinodya dzine hunhu hwakasiyana:
Gondo regoridhe (Aquila chrysaetos)
Inozivikanwa seimwe yeshiri dzine mukurumbira uye dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya pasi rose. Inogona kuwanikwa kuNorth uye Central America, Eurasia, uye North Africa. Humwe huwandu hwakakosha hunogona kuwanikwa muGreat Britain, Japan, Vancouver uye Mediterranean. Kuvapo kwegondo regoridhe muCentral Europe kwadzikira nekuda kwekuita kwevanhu.
Zizi reGondo (Bubo bubo)
Shiri huru yemhuka inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeAsia, Africa neEurope. Inowanzo kuwanikwa kuNorthwest Europe uye munzvimbo dzeGungwa reMedithera dzakadai seIberian Peninsula. Inogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, ichiwanzogara munzvimbo dzine matanda, semi-renje uye tundra nzvimbo. Iyo yakareba 80 centimita kureba uye mapapiro ayo anosvika 2 metres. A cryptic, marbled design inovhara muviri wayo neminhenga se "nzeve". Sezvo kubereka kweEurasian eagle owl kunenge kuri nyore, inowanzoshandiswa mufalconry.
Gora reEurasian (Torgos tracheliotus)
Ishiri inodya nyama yakakura zvikuru inowanikwa muAfrica uye inongo zivikanwa nemutsipa wayo usina minhenga uye ruvara rupingi, rwakada kufanana neTurkey. Iine muromo une simba, wakakura uye wakasimba kudarika wemamwe marudzi emagora, izvo zvinoita kuti mhuka iyi ibvise uye iboora ganda nemamhasuru emhuka dzakatofa.
Common Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
Eurasian Sparrowhawk ishiri inodya nyama inogona kuwanikwa kakawanda muEurasia yose, kubva kuSpain kusvika kuJapan, uye inosiyaniswa neruvara rwayo rwebhuruu-grey ine mabhande eorenji kumusana kwayo. Kunyangwe iri diki muhukuru, ine hunhu hwakanakisa hwekuvhima.
Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
Pasina mubvunzo, ndeimwe yeshiri dzinonyanya kufarirwa, sezvo inogona kuwanikwa pasi rose uye mienzaniso yayo yevanhu vakuru inoratidza grey-blue musana nemusoro mutema. Ishiri ine sipidhi yepamusoro inozivikanwa, ichikwanisa kudarika makiromita 300 paawa. Madzimai emhando iyi yakakura kudarika varume uye kudya kwavo kunosanganisira zvinokambaira, zvipuka zviduku uye zvipembenene.
European Owl (Athene noctua)
Ishiri ine kureba kwemasendimita makumi maviri nemashanu uye inogona kuwanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica neEurope. Zizi duku rinozivikanwa nemaziso aro eyero, mapapiro aro akaurungana, kufanana nemuviri waro wose une minhenga yebrown nemakwapa machena.
Zizi reBarn (Tyto alba)
Shiri iyi inodya nyama inogara mumakondinendi mashanu, kunyanya mumaruwa, mapani ane miti yepakati uye minda yekurima. Ishiri iri pakati nepakati ine tsika dzehusiku. Magadzirirwo echiso chezizi rinobatsira zvikuru pakunzwa kwaro kunoshamisa. Imhando ye cosmopolitan inogona kusvika masendimita makumi mana pakureba. Chinhu chayo chinonyanya kucherechedzwa ndeye ruchena ruchena rune mavara anopenya chikamu chedumbu.
Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)
Iyi ishiri iri pakati nepakati inodya nyama ine grey-brown musoro uye mapapiro erusset ane mavara matema. Iyo kestrel yakajairika inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo zhinji dzeEurope, Asia neAfrica, uko inowanzogara munzvimbo dzakadzika dzakadzika uye ivhu rakacheneruka.
Common Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
Ishiri ine muto mukuru werukodzi kana kuti shiri, asi inowirirana zvikuru nemakondo. Iyo goshawk yakajairika inogona kusvika pahukuru hwe 100 kusvika 150 centimita pakureba uye inoratidza minhenga yemavara matema kana mashava uye dumbu chena rine mitsetse yakasviba. Mapapiro ayo mapfupi anobatsira pakufamba nemumatunhu ane makomo uye masango akasvibira eEurasia neAmerica.
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)
Ishiri yakakura zvikuru uye ine ruvara rutema, ine minhenga michena pamutsipa nepamapapiro. Haina minhenga mumusoro, iyo inowanzova mutsvuku, kunyange zvazvo inogona kuchinja ruvara rwayo maererano nemanzwiro ayo. Inogara muSouth America, kunyanya mumakomo eAndes.
Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
Buzzard ishiri iri pakati nepakati inodya nyama inobva kuCentral Europe. Iine compact physique uye minhenga ine mavara kubva kune yakasviba kusvika kune machena toni. Vanogara vachiwanikwa munzvimbo dzine uswa, heatths uye minda pakati peEurope.
gora rendebvu (Gypaetus barbatus)
Igora rinosiyaniswa nedzimwe shiri dzinodya. Zita rayo rinobva patsika yaro yekusimudza mapfupa nemateko nekukandira pamatombo kuti zvipwanye nekuzvidya. Iri panjodzi yekunyangarika muEurope, uko ichiri kuonekwa muCantabrian Mountains, Pyrenees neAlps. Iwe unogona zvakare kuiwana kuNorth Africa, South Africa neGreece.
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
Iyi ishiri iri pakati nepakati inodya nyama inogara kumakondinendi ese kunze kweAntarctica, kunyangwe muSouth America iri shiri inotama-tama isingavaki matendere.
Zizi rine nzeve pfupi (Asio flammeus)
Iyi ndeimwe yemazizi akaparadzirwa zvakanyanya pasirese, ane huvepo hwakakodzera muAntarctic Circle neSouth America, kana muArctic Circle uye North Temperate Region. Iine minhenga yebrown pachikamu chayo chepamusoro chinoshanduka kucheneruka nechepasi pemhuka uye nzeve mbiri pfupi pfupi pachiso chayo chakati sandara nemaziso mahombe.
Gondo remhanza (Haliaeetus leucephalus)
Native kuNorth America uye inoumba chikamu cheiyo accipitiformes. Iyo ine yakakura kana kushoma saizi yakakura, ichikwanisa kusvika 2 metres yemapapiro. Chikara chepamusoro mumatunhu ainogara, chinogona kubva kumachakwi nemasango kuenda kunzvimbo dzerenje. Inowanzoba mhuka kubva kune osprey (Pandion haliaetus), iyo inogumbura uye inoshungurudza. Iyi ishiri inoshamisira nekuda kwekukura kwayo uye mumusoro mayo muchena unoiratidza.
Harpy Gondo (Harpia harpyja)
Ndiyo imwe yemhando huru dzemakondo aripo, anosvika kumita pakureba, ane mapapiro anodarika mamita maviri uye ane nzara dzinogona kureba kudarika 15 centimeters. Icho chikamu chehurongwa hweaccipitiformes uye inogara mumasango anonaya mvura eNeotropics, kubva kumaodzanyemba kweMexico kusvika kuchamhembe kweArgentina. Yakanyanya kushamisira kwete chete nekuda kwehukuru hwayo, asiwo nekuda kweiyo minhenga, iyo bristles munzvimbo yemusoro kana inonzwa pasi pekutyisidzirwa, kutevedzera rudzi rwekorona.
Giant Picargo (Haliaeetus pelagicus)
Ishiri inodya inogara munzvimbo dzegungwa, madziva kana nzizi muJapan, Korea, China nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeRussia. Ndiyo raptor inorema zvikuru sezvo ichigona kurema kupfuura makirogiramu mapfumbamwe. Bapiro rayo rinopfuura mamita maviri kureba uye kureba kwayo kunodarika mita imwe chete, izvo zvinoita kuti, pamwe chete negondo, imwe yeshiri huru munyika yose. Sezvo iri shiri yemugungwa, inodya salmon, iyo ine muromo muhombe unokodzera kucheka ganda rakasimba rehove idzi.
Zizi reBarn (Strix hylophila)
Mhando iyi yeshiri yemhuka inogara mumasango nemasango eBrazil, Paraguay neArgentina. Ishiri isinganzwisisike zvokuti, kakawanda, iri nyore kuiteerera pane kuiona. Yakakura-pakati, inosvika masendimita makumi mana kureba, inoratidza dhizaini inoshamisira ine mitsetse yakajeka uye yakasviba inovhara muviri wayo uye dhisiki dema kumeso.
European Scops Owl (Otus scops)
Shiri iyi inowanikwa yakaparadzirwa muEurope, Asia neAfrica. Iyo Eurasian Scops Owl inogara mumasango nenzvimbo dziri pedyo nenzizi, kunyangwe ichigonawo kucherechedzwa munzvimbo dzemumadhorobha nepedyo nemaguta. Iine minhenga yakavanzika, sezvakangoita mamwe ese estrigiformes, uye ndiro diki diki rezizi muIberian Peninsula, risingaite masendimita makumi maviri kureba. Nokudaro, inonzi imwe yeshiri duku kudarika inozivikanwa.
Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus)
Aya ndiwo akasiyana-siyana anogara kuchamhembe kweEurope, achikwanisa kuiona munzvimbo dzeBalkan, Pyrenees neAlps, achiumba mhando dzezizi remakomo uye coniferous masango par kunaka. Hukuru hwayo hunosvika masendimita makumi maviri neshanu kureba, saka inoonekwa seimwe yeshiri diki dzinodya nyama. Inozivikanwa nekuve nemusoro wakakurisa zvakanyanya uye une mitsetse mitema se "tsiye" dzakakomberedza chiso chayo.
Dzimwe Shiri Dzemhuka
Muchinyorwa chinotevera tichataura mamwe marudzi eshiri dzemhuka dzinogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi:
Águilas
- African Goshawk Gondo (Aquila spilogaster)
- Bonelli's Gondo (Aquila fasciata)
- Bold Eagle (Aquila audax)
- Gondo reCape (Aquila verreauxii)
- Moluccan Gondo (Aquila gurneyi)
- Steppe Gondo (Aquila nipalensis)
- Eastern Imperial Gondo (Aquila heliaca)
- Iberian Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)
- Gondo rine mavara (Clanga clanga)
- Indian Spotted Eagle (Clanga hastata)
- Gondo rine mavara (Clanga pomarina)
- Raptor Gondo (Aquila rapax)
Mazizi
- Zizi kana Brown Tawny Owl (Strix virgata / Ciccaba virgata)
- Zizi rine nzeve refu (Asio otus)
- White Horned Owl (Lophostrix cristata)
- Zizi Horned Owl kana American Eagle Owl (Bubo virginianus)
- Cape Owl (Bubo capensis)
- Zizi reBarred (Bubo shelleyi)
- Zizi remugwenga (Bubo ascalaphus)
- Philippine Owl (Bubo philippensis)
- Zizi reMvura kana Zizi reVerreaux (Bubo lacteus)
- Magellanic Owl kana Great Horned Owl (Bubo magellanicus)
- Zizi rine Spotted (Strix occidentalis)
- Zizi Guru (Asio capensis)
- Nduk Owl, Zizi reGuinea kana Fraser's Owl (Bubo poensis)
- Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)
- Bengal Gondo Owl (Bubo bengalensis)
- Malayan Eagle Owl (Bubo sumatranus)
- Zizi rine Vermiculated or Ashy Owl (Bubo cinerascens)
kestrels
- Kestrel yeAustralia (Falco cenchroides)
- Madagascar Kestrel (Falco newtoni)
- Mauritius Kestrel (Falco punctatus)
- Seychelles Kestrel (Falco araeus)
- Black-backed Kestrel kana Dickinson's Kestrel (Falco dickinsoni)
- Slaty kana Grey Kestrel (Falco ardosiaceus)
- Malagasy Kestrel (Falco zoniventris)
- Kestrel ane maziso machena (Falco rupicoloides)
- Netsoka dzvuku Kestrel (Falco vespertinus)
- Mudiki Kestrel (Falco naumanni)
- Fox Kestrel (Falco alopex)
Hawks
- Berigora falcon (Falco berigora)
- Borni Falcon (Falco biarmicus)
- Eleanor's falcon (Falco eleonorae)
- Taita Falcon (Falco fasciinucha)
- Maori Falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae)
- Mexican Falcon kana Pale Falcon (Falco mexicanus)
- Bat Falcon (Falco rufigularis)
- Falcon yezamu dzvuku kana Large Black Falcon (Falco deiroleucus)
- Plumed Falcon (Falco femoralis)
- Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)
- Tagarote Falcon (Falco pelegrinoides)
- Yaggar falcon (Falco jugger)
mazizi
- Zizi rine Collared (Glaucidium brodiei)
- Amazonian Owl (Glaucidium hardyi)
- Zizi reAndean (Glaucidium jardinii)
- Cinnamon Owlet (Aegolius harrisii)
- Central American Owl (Glaucidium griseiceps)
- Little or Alpine Owl (Glaucidium passerinum)
- Costa Rican Owl (Glaucidium costaricanum)
- Blewitt's Owlet (Athene blewitti / Heteroglaux blewitti)
- Guatemalan Owl (Glaucidium cobanense)
- Gnome Owl (Glaucidium gnoma)
- Zizi reJungle (Glaucidium radiatum)
- Zizi reSaguaro kana Zizi rePygmy (Micrathene whitneyi)
- Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)
- Cape Owl (Glaucidium capense)
- Zizi duku (Glaucidium minutissimum)
- Pearly Owl (Glaucidium perlatum)
- Zizi dzvuku (Glaucidium tephronotum)
Dzimwe Shiri Dzemhuka
- African Falcon (Falco cuvierii)
- Australian Hawk (Falco longipennis)
- Eurasian Falcon (Falco subbuteo)
- Eastern Falcon (Falco severus)
- Turumti Falcon (Falco chicquera)
- Alcotán Unicolor kana Opaque kana Slate Falcon (Falco concolor)
- Savannah Aura (Cathartes burrovianus)
- Jungle Aura (Cathartes melambrotus)
- Choliba Scops Owl (Megascops choliba)
- Guatemalan Scops Owl (Megascops guatemalae)
- Pacific Scops Owl (Megascops cooperi)
- Gora reAmerican Red-headed (Cathartes aura)
- Rusty Buzzard kana Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis)
- Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)
- American Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus)
- Little Caburé kana Caburé Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum)
- Tawny Owl Sparrowhawk (Surnia ulula)
- Chuncho (Glaucidium nana)
- California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)
- Royal Condor (Sarcoramphus papa)
- Merlin (Falco columbarius)
- Gyrfalcon kana Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)
- Zizi Horned or Nacurutu (Bubo virginianus nacurutu)
- Zizi rine Spectacled (Pulsatrix perspicillata)
- Zizi rine nzeve refu (Asio kana Pseudoscops clamator)
- Kupopota Picargo (Haliaeetus vocifer)
- Munyori (Sagittarius serpentarius)
- Siguapa, Ciguapa kana Blackish Owl (Asio stygius)
State of kuchengetedza
Pasinei nokuti shiri dzinodya nyama panguva ino dzine dziviriro yepamutemo, zvakanga zvisina kudaro nguva dzose, sezvo makore akapfuura dzainzi imhuka dzinokuvadza, zvichida nemhaka yetapuro yadzo pamarudzi akaberekwa nomunhu kana kuti pane ayo aidya. ndosaka vainzi zvipembenene.
MuEurope, nguva yehondo mbiri dzenyika, yaireva runyararo mukuvhima ma raptors uye, gare gare, kubva kuma1950 nema1960, kuchengetedzwa kweboka iri reshiri kwakatanga, uko kwaigona kusimbiswa mukuwedzera kudiki kwehuwandu hwevanhu. muma 1970. MuSpain, shiri dzinodya nyama dzakadzivirirwa zviri pamutemo kubvira muna 1966.
Nekuda kwemararamiro adzo ehudzvinyiriri, kazhinji ari pamusoro pechikafu, shiri dzinodya dzinosangana nemamiriro akasiyana ekuchengetedza. Kusvibiswa kwakakonzera kuderera kwakanyanya mune mamwe marudzi. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yakadai seDDT pamatanho ese, uye kutorwa kwaakaitwa netwuzvipenyu twunogona kudyiwa, kwakonzera kuti mateko emazai eshiri idzi aite kutetepa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Saizvozvowo, kudzikira kwenzvimbo yairi kugara nekuda kwekukanganisa kwevanhu kwezvakatipoteredza pamwe nekutsakatika kwakawanda kwemhuka dzakaita setsuro, zvichikonzerwa nedenda senge viral hemorrhagic pneumonia uye myxomatosis, zvakakonzera kudonha kwakanyanya mune dzimwe shiri dzinodya. , inosvika munenge 80% yenzvimbo dzisina kugarwa neIberia ishe yegondo.
Falconry
Basa rekuvhima nekushandiswa kweshiri dzinodya zvinonzi falconry, iyo yakatanga makore anopfuura zviuru zvina apfuura. Kunyange zvazvo yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru muMiddle Ages, yakanyangarika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Parizvino, mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha vanosimudzira uye uyo akaomerera pakununurwa kwayo aive Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente, mumwe wevakanyanya raptor nyanzvi munyika.
Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvingangokufarirawo ndezvi: