Sauro weTarso izita rechiJudha reuyo uyo mushure mekutendeuka akava Mutsvene Pauro Muapostora. Akanga asiri mumwe wevadzidzi vepedyo vaJesu, asi akatambudza vaKristu kusvikira Jesu Kristu azviratidza pamberi pake, kuti aone kuti sei aitambudza vateveri vake, asi kana uchida kuziva upenyu hwake, ramba uchiverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Mutsvene Pauro muApostora
Zita rake rokutanga ainzi Sauro weTaso, murume wechiJudha, uyo anofungidzirwa kuti akaberekerwa muKirikia munenge mugore rechi 5 kana kuti 10 pashure paKristu, muguta reTaso, iro nhasi raizova Turkey. Pasinei nokuva nemviromviro yechiJudha, akakurira munyika yeRoma, uye sechinhu chiri chose munguva yake akashandisa rudzi rwakati rwepraenomen raiva Sauro, zita rake rechiJudha rinoreva kuti “kukumbirwa” uye cognomen, iro akashandisa mutsamba dzake, Pauro. , uyo aiva zita rake rechiRoma.
Akada kuzvidana nezita rake rechiRoma rokuti Pauro, rinoreva kuti “Muduku.” Kana shanduro yacho ikaitwa muchiGiriki, inonyorwa kuti Paulos, umo zita racho harina kumbochinjwa, asi zvakanga zvakajairika kushandisa mazita maviri, sezvazvakanga zvakaita kwaari. Zita rechiRoma rekuti Paulos, rinoenderana nerudzi rwechiRoma rwaEmilia, zvinofungidzirwa kuti aive mugari weRoma nekuti aigara muTaso kana kuti mumwe wemadzitateguru ake akatora zita iroro. MuMabasa eVaapostora anonzi "Sauro, anonziwo Pauro."
Chokwadi ndechekuti kana angosarudza kuva mudziyo kana muranda waMwari, akasvika pakuonekwa semudiki pamberi paMwari, asi ane basa guru rebasa raMwari. Paakanga ari mutorongo, akanyora tsamba kuna Firimoni makore akapoteredza 50 pashure paKristu apo akatozvizivisa kuti akanga akwegura, panguva iyoyo muRoma munhu ane makore 50 kana kuti 60 okukura akanga atonzi akwegura, naizvozvo anorarama panguva imwe cheteyo naJesu. weNazareta.
Mutsvene Ruka akatsinhira kuti aibva kuTaso, rurimi rwaamai rwaiva chiGiriki, sezvo akaberekerwa ikoko uye kuti ainyatsogona mutauro uyu. Pauro akashandisa Septuagint, shanduro yechiGiriki yemagwaro eBhaibheri, mashoko ainyanya kushandiswa munzanga dzevaJudha vekare. Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kuti ane chimiro chemuJudha anobva kuDiaspora akaberekerwa muguta reGreek.
Tarso panguva iyoyo raive guta rakapfuma kwazvo uye rakakosha, raive guta guru reKirikia kubva 64 BC. Yakanga iri mujinga memakomo eTaurus uye mumahombekombe erwizi rweCidno, rwaiyerera ruchipinda muGungwa reMediterranean uye kwawaigona kuva nechiteshi chengarava muTaso.
Seguta raive rakakosha kutengeserana sezvo raive rimwe remaguta ari munzira dzekutengeserana dzeSyria neAnatolian, uye nzvimbo kana chikoro cheStoic philosophy chaivepowo. Guta iri rakapa kodzero yokuva mugari weRoma pakuzvarwa, saka akanga ari mugari weRoma ane vabereki vechiJudha.
Muna Mabasa eVaapostora ndezvokuti ugari uhu hunoratidzwa, saka hazvigone kusimbiswa sezvaanovimbisa muna 2 VaKorinte kuti akauya kuzorohwa, chimwe chinhu chisina mugari weRoma akaiswa pasi. Kudai akanga asiri muRoma, vangadai vasina kumuendesa kuRoma paakanga akasungwa muJerusarema, kune vaya vanoti angadai akawana ugari ihwohwo nenhaka kubva kumuzukuru akanga asunungurwa somuranda.
Pamusoro pedzidzo yake, kunodavirwa kuti iye akatanga akadzidza mutaundi rokumusha kwake, asi kuti achiri muduku akatumirwa kuJerusarema uye kuti akagamuchira muraidzo kubva kuna Rabhi Gamarieri, uye nemhaka yemavambo ake kunodavirwawo kuti akagamuchira dzidzo yechiFarise. . Gamarieri, aizivikanwa somukweguru, chiremera chechiJudha chine ndangariro yakazaruka, naizvozvo anofanira kuva akarovedzwa kuva rabhi.
Zvinyorwa Zvinotaura Mutsvene Pauro
Manyuko maviri anozivikanwa ayo anotaura nezvaPauro weTaso, rimwe rawo rinowirirana nenhokwe apo Tsamba Yechipiri kuvaKorinte inotaurwa, iyi papyrus iri mukati meboka I uye inotangira pakati pemakore 175 kusvikira ku225 pashure paKristu. Tsamba dzake dzese ndedzechokwadi, uye dzinotendwa kuti dzakanyorwa mumakore makumi mashanu mushure maKristu.
Iwo anorangarirwa kuva manyuko anobetsera zvikurusa naanofadza sezvo akanyorwa iye amene, uye anoratidzira hunhu hwake hwose somunhu, somurume wamanyoro uye somufundisi. Kubva muChitsauko 13 cheMabasa eVaapostora, tinotaura nezvese zviito zvakaitwa naPauro, imhaka yavo kuti tine ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pake, kunyanya kubva mukutendeuka kwake pavakanga vari munzira kuenda kuDhamasiko kusvika iye. akasvika kunge munhuwi wemusungwa. Muzvinyorwa zvake zvizhinji chiKristu chinoratidzwa kuti aiparidza achisimbisa kururamiswa nenyasha kwete nemabasa omurairo, nemamwe manzwi kuparidza kwake kwaiva pamusoro peevhangeri yenyasha dzaMwari.
Echipiri masosi ndeaya anonzi pseudo-epigraphic epistles kana zvakare deutero-Pauline tsamba, dzakanyorwa nezita remuapostora uyu, asi dzinotendwa kuti dzinobva kune vakati wandei vevadzidzi vake uye dzaizonyorwa mushure mekufa kwake, dzinosanganisira. :
- Tsamba yechipiri kuvaTesaronika
- Tsamba kuvaKorose
- Tsamba kuvaEfeso
- 3 tsamba dzevafundisi
- Tsamba I na II kuna Timotio
- Tsamba kuna Tito.
Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, tsamba idzi dzakarambwa sedzakanyorwa naPauro uye dzakanzi dzakanyorwa kuvadzidzi vake vanoverengeka vapashure, uye kuti musiyano uri mumusoro namanyorero unokonzerwa nenguva yenhau yadzakanyorwa mairi.
Kana zviri zvekuroorwa kwake hapana chinotaridza kuti chaive chii, zvinonzi akange asina kuroora paakanyora tsamba dzake, saka angadai akagara asina kuroora kwehupenyu hwake hwose, kana kuti angave akaroora asi angave murume. murume akafirwa, sezvo panguva yake murume wose aifanira kuroorwa, kunyanya kana chinangwa chake chaiva chokuva rabhi.
Zvino mutsamba yake yokutanga kana kuti tsamba kuvaKorinte iye akanyora kuti varume vasina kuroora nechirikadzi, zvakanga zvakanaka kuti arambe akadaro, izvo zvinoreva kuti aigona kuva asina kuroora nemhaka yokuti akanga ari chirikadzi, uye kuti iye amene haana kuroorazve. Nenzira imwecheteyo kune vadzidzi vanodzivirira pazvose kuti Pauro akaramba asina kuroora hupenyu hwake hwose. Kune vamwe vanyori vanodzivirira iyo inonzi ropafadzo yaPauline yaakagadzira iye pachake, angadai akaparadzana nemudzimai wake, nokuti mumwe wemapato akanga asina kutendeka uye vaisagona kugara pamwe chete nenzira ine rugare.
Zvinyorwa zvose zvinokosha zvine chokuita nehupenyu hwaPauro Mutsvene zviri muTestamente Itsva, sezvatakambotaura ibhuku reMabasa eVaapostora uye Tsamba gumi nemana dzakanzi kwaari uye dzakanyorerwa kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana echiKristu. Mapato mazhinji anotsoropodza Bhaibheri anopokana kuti tsamba dzevafundisi dzinoenderana neI na II Tsamba kuna Timotio uye Tsamba kuna Tito, dzakanyorwa naPauro.
Mune izvo zvinoenderana neEpistle kuvaHebheru uye vanotenda zvakare kuti ine munyori akasiyana, kunyangwe aine ese aya masosi, iyo data iri padanho rekufamba kwenguva kazhinji haina kujeka uye kune misiyano yakawanda pakati peizvo Mabasa eVaapostora neEpistles. taurai, nokuda kwezvakatorwa sechokwadi zvinotaurwa nevekupedzisira.
Takanga tatotaura nezvemamiriro ake ezvinhu semuHebheru, muJudha, achibva kumhuri yemhizha dzakapfuma dzakarererwa mutsika dzechiGiriki, uye naizvozvo aiva nechinzvimbo chokuva mugari weRoma, zvidzidzo zvake muzvidzidzo zvoumwari, uzivi, zvemitemo, zvinhu zvokutengeserana. uye mumitauro yakanga yakakwana kwazvo uye yakasimba, vachirangarira kuti akanga ari murume aiziva kutaura, kurava nokunyora muchiLatin, chiGiriki, chiHebheru nechiAramaic.
Pauro muFarisi uye Mutambudzi
Mamiriro ezvinhu aPauro okuva muFarise anobva munhoroondo yeupenyu yakanyorwa muEpistle to the Philippians apo anoti akadzingiswa nezuva rorusere, kuti akabva kurudzi rwaIsraeri, werudzi rwaBenjamini, muHebheru, mwanakomana wavaHebheru, uye naizvozvo murayiro wavaFarisi, sezvo akanga ari mutambudzi wekereke nokururamisira kwomurayiro, uye naizvozvo akanga asina chaangapomerwa.
Zvisinei, aya mavhesi etsamba iyi anongova chikamu chetsamba inofungidzirwa kuti yakanyorwa mushure mekufa kwake, makore akapoteredza 70, asi kune nyanzvi dzaPauro dzinoti iye pachake haakwanisi kuva muFarisi sezvo pasina uchapupu hwevanarabhi. .mune imwe yetsamba dzake.
Sangano iri rinogona kunge rakanzi raari muhuduku hwake, mubhuku reMabasa avaApostora iye pachake anotaura nezvehupenyu hwake kuti vaJudha vose vaimuziva kubva paudiki hwake, kubva ari muJerusarema. Kuti vakanga vamuziva kwenguva refu uye kuti vakanga vari zvapupu zvake apo iye akanga achirarama somuFarise uye akatevera mutemo worudzidziso rwakaoma zvikuru, ndiko kuti, muJudha ane mipimo yakasimba uye aitevera Mutemo waMosesi zvakazara.
Manyuko anodavira kuti akanga asiri muNazareta panguva iyo Jesu akaparidzira ndokurovererwa, uye kuti zvirokwazvo angadai akasvika muguta reJerusarema mugore ra36, apo mufiri kutendeka wechiKristu Stefano akatakwa namabwe kusvikira afa. Ndicho chikonzero nei, ange aine dzidzo yakasimba uye ari mucherechedzi asingachinji wetsika dzechiJudha nedzevaFarisi, angadai akava mutambudzi wevaKristu, avo panguva iyoyo vakanga vatoonekwa sechitendero chenhema kubva kuchiJudha, panguva iyoyo akanga ari mufundisi. zvisingachinjiki uye murume wechokwadi.
Pauro akanga asingazivi Jesu
Iyi nzira ingave yakabvira sezvo kudai Pauro akanga ari muJerusarema achifunda naRabhi Gamarieri, aigona kuva aiziva Jesu, apo akanga ari muushumiri hwake uye kunyange kutozosvikira panguva yorufu rwake. Asi hapana neimwe yetsamba dzakanyorwa noruoko rwake amene inotaura chinhu pamusoro pakwo, uye kune mufungo kufunga kuti kudai ikoko kwakanga kwaitika, Pauro amene angadai akazvitaura pane imwe nguva muupenyu hwake, ndokusiya pakunyora.
Kana zviri izvo uye nekuziva kuti Pauro aive muFarisi kubva paudiki, zvingave kashoma kuti muFarisi ave kunze kwePalestine, kunze kwaPauro aiziva chiHebheru nechiAramaic chete, asiwo aitaura chiGiriki, saka zvingave zvaive mu makore 30 pashure paKristu kuti akaenda kuJerusarema kunoita chidzidzo chakadzama cheTorah.
Kutanga Kutambudzwa kwevaKristu
MuMabasa eVaapostora, zvinorondedzerwa kuti nguva yekutanga yaakaita kusvika kuvadzidzi vaJesu, maive muguta reJerusarema, apo boka rechiJudha nechiGiriki raStefano neshamwari dzake vaivapo, mune imwe mhirizhonga. Panguva iyo Pauro pachake akabvuma kuti Stefano atakwe nematombo, achimuita mumwe wevakatanga kufira kutenda kwechiKristu, kuurayiwa nematombo kungadai kwakaitika muhafu yekutanga yemakore gumi egore 30 mushure meKristu, ndiko kuti, makore mashoma mushure mekufa. rufu rwaJesu.
Nokuda kwedzimwe dzenyanzvi dzake, kutora rutivi kwaPauro muuku kufira kutenda kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa, sezvo kuvapo kwake kwakanga kusiri rutivi rwegamuchidzanwa rapakuvamba ramabhuku aMabasa, ivo havatombodaviri kuti Pauro akanga aripo pakutakwa namabwe ikoko. Vamwe vanofunga kuti hapana mubvunzo kuti iye pachake akatora rutivi mukuurairwa kutenda kwaStefano, muna Mabasa kunorondedzerwa kuti zvizhinji zvezvapupu zvakaisa nguo dzazvo patsoka dzaSauro muduku, sokuzivikanwa kwaaiita panguva iyoyo, uye kuti aizova. anenge ane makore 25 okuberekwa.
Muchitsauko 8 chebhuku reMabasa eVaapostora, muchitsauko XNUMX cheMabasa eVaapostora, mufananidzo unoratidza kuurayiwa kwokutanga kwomuKristu muguta reJerusarema kunokurukurwa mune dzimwe ndima, uye Sauro anonzi mweya wokutambudzwa uku, uko vakadzi vakanga vasingaremekedzwi, sezvo vaitambudzwa. vose vakaendeswa kujeri.
Sauro akabvuma kuurayiwa kwakadaro, mukutambudzwa kukuru kwekereke yeJerusarema, munhu wese aifanira kupararira kunze kwevaapostora, vakaenda kuJudhiya neSamaria. Vamwe varume vakazadzwa netsitsi ndivo vakaviga Esteban murombo uye vakamuchemawo. Sauro paakanga achiparadza kereke yake, akapinda mudzimba akatora varume navakadzi kuti aiswe mutorongo. Pachezvacho, kuurayiwa kwemaKristu haatauri nemazita, asi kusungwa uye kurohwa kwevanhu vakatenda muna Jesu weNazareta.
Naivo vaingotsvaka nzira yokutyisidzira nayo norufu avo vakanga vakatendeka kuna Jesu, kunyange muna Mabasa, ndima 22,4:XNUMX inoti Pauro akati kutambudzwa kwakanga kuri kusvikira kurufu, kusunga varume navakadzi vakanga vakasungwa nengetani . Kune vamwe, nzira yokuona nayo Pauro kupfuura mutambudzi yakanga iri yokutambudzwa mumunhu, nokuda kwokushingaira kwaaiva nako kuna Jesu uye kwete nokuti akanga ari muFarise, naizvozvo upenyu hwake asati ava muKristu hwakanga huzere nokudada kukuru. kushingairira Mutemo wechiJudha.
Kutendeuka kwaPauro
Mubhuku raMabasa avaApostora, makanyorwa kuti pashure pokunge Stefani atakwa nematombo kusvikira afa, Sauro akanga ari munzira kuenda kuDhamasiko, nokuti nyanzvi dzeBhaibheri rwendo urwu runofanira kunge rwakaitika gore pashure pokunge Stefani afa. Sauro aigara achityisidzira kunyange nerufu vateveri vose nevadzidzi vaJesu, akaenda kumuprista Mukuru kunomukumbira matsamba kuti aendeswe kumasinagogi eDhamasiko.
Iri rakanga riri basa rakapiwa nevaprista pachavo uye ivo pachavo vakamukumbira kuti asunge vateveri vaJesu. Saka kana vaizowanikwa vari munzira vaizoendeswa kuJerusarema vachisungwa.
Asi paakanga ari munzira, chiedza chinopofumadza chaibva kudenga chakamukomba, akawira pasi uye inzwi rikati kwaari: “Sauro, uri kunditambudzirei?” Akamubvunza kuti aiva ani, uye inzwi rakapindura kuti ndiJesu waaitambudza. Akamuudza kuti asimuke, aende kuguta uye ikoko aizoudzwa zvokuita.
Varume vaimuperekedza vakatya vakatadza kutaura, vakanzwawo inzwi asi hapana wavakakwanisa kuona. Sauro akasimuka kubva pasi uye kunyange maziso ake akanga akasvinura, akanga asingagoni kuona, akanga ari bofu. Akabatwa noruoko akapinda muDhamasiko, kwamazuva matatu akanga asingaoni chinhu, akanga asingadyi kana kunwa. Jesu akamukumbira kuti atendeuke uye kuti ave muapostora weVemamwe Marudzi kwete wevaJudha, chokwadi ichi chinofanira kunge chakaitika mugore ra36 pashure paKristu.
Pauro akataura nezvechiitiko ichi sechiratidzo kana kuti kuonekwa kwaJesu Kristu pachake akamutswa uye nevhangeri rake, asi haana kutaura nezvechiitiko ichi sokutendeuka, sezvo izwi iri kuvaJudha raiva nzira yokusiya zvidhori zvavo nokutenda muna Mwari wechokwadi. , asi Pauro akanga asati ambonamata zvidhori, sezvo akanga ari muJudha uye akanga asina kutongorarama upenyu hwoutere. Iri izwi rinoshandiswa kuna Pauro kuitira kuti awedzere kudzika mukutenda kwake kwechiJudha sezvo chiKristu sechitendero chakanga chisipo panguva iyoyo.
Paaiva muDhamasiko, akakwanisa kuonazve uye akawana boka duku revateveri vaKristu, akaenda kurenje kwemwedzi mishomanana, achifunga zvakadzama ari oga uye ari oga pane zvaaitenda muupenyu hwake hwose. Anodzokera kuDhamasiko zvakare uye akarwiswa nechisimba navaJudha vanonyanyisa, rakanga ratotova gore ra39 uye aitofanira kutiza guta pasina ani zvake aiziva, achidzika tswanda huru yakadzikiswa namasvingo.
Akaenda kuJerusarema akandotaura navakuru vekereke yaKristu, Petro navapostori, havana kumuvimba, nokuti akanga avatambudza zvinorwadza. San Bernabé anomugamuchira padivi pake, sezvo aimuziva zvakanaka uye aive hama yake. Achibva ikoko anoenda kuguta rokumusha kwake reTaso, kwaakatanga kugara nokuparidza kusvikira Bhanabhasi aenda kunomutsvaka munenge mugore ra43 pashure paKristu. Pauro naBhanabhasi vanotumirwa kuAntiokia, yava Siria, uko kwakanga kune vateveri vakawanda vaKristu, uye uko shoko rokuti vaKristu rakatanga kushandiswa, uye kuti vaunze betsero yeshamwari dzinobva munharaunda iyoyo kune uyo ari muJerusarema, uyo akanga achipfuura nomuzvokudya zvakakomba. kushomeka.
Nyaya iyi ine mativi akawanda uye misiyano asi pachinhu chimwe chete uye ndechekuti inzwi rinobva kudenga rinomubvunza kuti sei ari kumutambudza. Mutsamba dzake dzaPauline mashoko echikamu ichi haakurukurwi, kunyange zvazvo maitiro ake pamberi uye pashure pechiitiko achionekwa mazviri. Mune rimwe rawo akanyora kuti akanga asina kuridzidza kumunhu upi noupi, asi kuti Jesu Kristu amene akanga amuratidza. Anotizve munhu wese aiziva hunhu hwake semuJudha, uye mutambudzi wekereke yaMwari, zvinova zvakamurwadza.
Kupfuura zvese nekuti aive achipfuura chiJudha, ndiko saka shungu dzetsika dzaaive nadzo mudzidzo yake dzaive dzazvarwa. Asi zvakare zvinoratidza kuti uyo akamuparadzanisa naamai vake akamudana nenyasha akazivisa Mwanakomana wake maari, kuti ave muparidzi wevaHedheni, saka anoenda kuArabia odzokera kuDhamasiko. Muuyo weichi chiitiko chakasimba muDhamasiko ndicho chakachinja mafungiro ake uye maitiro ake.
Anotaura semuJudha panguva ino, ndicho chikonzero aifanira kuenderana netsika dzeMutemo wechiJudha nemasimba awo, zvichida haana kumbosiya midzi yake yechiJudha, uye akanga akatendeka kune ruzivo rwaakararama munzira iyoyo, inova. inorangarirwa sechimwe chezviitiko zvinokosha zvikurusa munhau yechechi yechiKristu. Upofu hwaakatambura mumugwagwa iwoyo uye hwakagara mazuva matatu hwakarapwa naAnaniasi, paakaisa maoko ake pamusoro wake, akabhabhatidzwawo akagara muguta kwamazuva mashoma.
Mugore ra1950 pfungwa dzakatanga kutumirwa kuti Pablo de Tarso airwara nepfari, uye kuti zviratidzo zvake nezviitiko zvinofadza zvaive kuratidzwa kwechirwere ichi, kuti upofu hwake hwaigona kukonzerwa nedumbu repakati raizokonzera solar retinitis paaiva paari. nzira yekuDhamasiko, kana kuti inogonawo kunge yakakonzerwa nekuvharwa kwe vertebrobasilar arteries, occipital contusion, vitreous hemorrhage inokonzerwa nemheni, digitalitis poisoning kana corneal ulcerations, asi zvose izvi zvinongofungidzira.
hushumiri hwepakutanga
Hushumiri hwake hwakatangira muguta reDhamasiko uye muArabia, uko kwaigara humambo hweNabataea, asi akatambudzwa kubva kuna Aretas IV, angangoita makore 38 ne39 mushure maKristu. Ndicho chikonzero nei aifanira kutizirazve kuJerusarema kwaakanga achishanyira ndokutaura zvakananga naPetro naJakobho, vaapostora vaJesu. Akanga ari Bharnabhasi amene akamuunza pamberi pavo, uko ivo vakamupa dzidziso dzakati dzakanga dzapiwa naJesu.
Nguva yaakapedza ari muJerusarema yaiva pfupi, sezvo aifanira kutiza kubva ikoko nokuda kwevaJudha vaitaura chiGiriki, akabva aenda kuKesariya yeMaritima akapotera muguta rokumusha kwake reTaso muKirikia, kwaaifanira kupedza makore akawanda. Bernabé akaenda kunomutsvaka kuti aende kuAndiyoki, kwaakapedza gore achidzidzisa evhangeri, guta iri rakava muzinda umo vahedheni vakatendeukira kuchiKristu. Pashure pokuita nzendo dzakati anodzokera makore gare gare kuJerusarema.
Kusungwa uye kufa kwaPablo
Muchikamu chekupedzisira chekuvapo kwaPauro, chinotanga kubva pakusungwa kwake muJerusarema kusvikira aendeswa kuRoma, chikamu ichi chose chinorondedzerwa muna Mabasa avaApostora kubva pachitsauko 21 kusvika ku31, kunyangwe asingatauri nezverufu rwake, vanyori nyaya iyi haina nhoroondo asi inopa dzimwe nhau dzehupenyu hwake dzinoonekwa sedzechokwadi.
Panguva ino Jakobho anopa Pauro zano rokuti kupfurikidza nemufambiro wake apo akanga ari muJerusarema anofanira kuzviratidza amene kuva munhu akarurama zvikuru uye anobatika, anobvuma kuita kudaro, apo tsika yamazuva makumi manomwe yave kuda kupera, kwakanga kune vaJudha vazhinji vaibva kumatunhu Ezhiya avo vakaona Pauro muTemberi uye vakamuudza kupomerwa kwokuputsa Mutemo uye kusvibisa temberi tsvene, zvichiita kuti vaGiriki vakanga vatendeuka vauye kwaari.
Pakati pavo vakaedza kumuuraya, asi akabviswa imomo kupfurikidza nokusungwa kwakaitwa neTribune yedare reRoma, iyo yakanga iri muAntonia Fortress, akaendeswa kuSanihedrini uko akakwanisa kuzvidzivirira amene asi. panguva imwe cheteyo akaparira gakava pakati pavaFarise navaSadhuse, pamusoro penhau yorumuko. Asi vaJudha vakanga vachitoronga nzira yokuuraya nayo Pauro, asi mukuru mukuru anomutumira kuMutongi weJudhea Marco Antonio Félix, muguta reKesaria Maritima, uko iye anozvidzivirira amene papomero dzacho.
Gweta rinomisa kutongwa uye Pablo anopedza makore maviri mujeri, nyaya yacho inozoongororwa kana gweta idzva Porcio Festo rasvika. Pauro akakwidza nyaya yake yokuti anofanira kuva pamberi paKesari, naizvozvo anotumirwa kuRoma, kunofanira kuyeukwa kuti akanga ane chizvarwa cheRoma.Ndimo muiyi nhambo yokupfigirwa mutorongo apo tsamba kuvaFiripi naFiremoni dzinoiswa.
Kubva parwendo urwu rwokuenda kuRoma somusungwa, manyuko anovimbika anowanwa pamusoro pokuti rwendo rwake rwakanga rwakaita sei, ndiani akamuperekedza uye kuti akapedza sei nguva ari paChitsuwa cheMarita kweinenge mwedzi mitatu. Mubhuku raMabasa avaApostora, kukosha kwekusvika kwaPauro muRoma kunorondedzerwa senzira yekuzadzisa mashoko aJesu ekuendesa vhangeri kumarudzi ose.
Anosvika muRoma kwete nokuda kwake, sezvaaida kuita makore 10 akanga apfuura, asi somusungwa akanga ari pasi pechimiro chaKesari, achiita kuti vaRoma vamene vave vamiriri vakananga venzira iyo chiKristu chaizobata nayo muumambo hweRoma. nguva yaizotora makore maviri kwaaive asina kusungwa asi akarindwa.
Kwakasimbiswa kuti kubvira 61 kusvika 63 Pauro akanga achigara muRoma, murudzi rwakati rwetorongo norusununguko nemigariro, kwete mutorongo asi muimba yapachivande, iye aigara achidzorwa uye achitariswa. Kwakaoneswa kuti akasunungurwa, sezvo kupfurikidza nokutonga kwakanga kusina kutsinhirana mukupikirwa kupi nokupi kwaaipomerwa, naizvozvo anovamba kuitazve basa rake rokuparidza evhangeri, asi hapana kururama pamusoro peiyi nhambo.
Mubhuku rimwe chetero raMabasa avaapostora hamuna kududzwa kwokusvika kwake muRoma, naizvozvo kunodavirwa kuti akanga ari muKrete, Iliria neAkaya uye zvimwewo muSpania, uye mune dzinoverengeka dzetsamba dzake kunocherekedzwa kuti ikoko. chaive chiitiko chikuru musangano rekereke yechiKristu. Pakasvika gore ra66 angave akanga ava muTréade, kwaanopomerwa zvenhema nomumwe wehama dzake.
Imomo anonyora tsamba ine mirangariro zvikurusa, Tsamba Yechipiri kuna Timotio, uko, atoneta, chinhu bedzi chaanoda kutambura nokuda kwaKristu ndokupa upenyu hwake kuva parutivi rwake nokuda kwechechi itsva yakanga ichiumbwa. Akaendeswa kune rimwe remajeri akaipisisa, kwaaingotarisira kuwana chiedza ichocho chokuva naKristu mumwedzi yokupedzisira youpenyu hwake, anofanira kunge akanzwa achisiiwa nevateveri vake vose nevamwe vaapostora.
Gamuchidzanwa rinotiudza, pamwe chete nefundo dzenhau nedzerondedzero, kuti Pauro akafira muRoma apo mambo akanga ari Nero uye kuti yakanga ine chisimba zvikuru. Ignatius weAntiokia akaratidzira mukunyora marwadzo ayo Pauro akasangana nawo paakanyora tsamba kuvaEfeso XII, muzana ramakore rechipiri. Pauro anofungidzirwa kuti akafa nguva imwechete yakafa Petro pakati pe64-67 AD. Nero akanga ari mambo kubva muna 54 kusvikira ku68, Eusebius weKesaria anonyora mugwaro kuti Pauro akagurwa musoro muguta reRoma uye kuti Petro akarovererwa, zvose nomurayiro waNero.
Mutsinhiri mumwecheteyo anonyorawo kuti Pauro akatambura rufu rwakafanana nerwaJohane mubhabhatidzi. Nero mukutonga kwake akava mumwe wevatambudzi vane utsinye zvikuru vevaKristu uye zvikurukuru vaapostora vake. Mamiriro erufu rwake akasviba zvakanyanya, anomutongera rufu, asi nekuda kwechimiro chake chekuve chizvarwa cheRoma, aifanira kugurwa musoro nebakatwa, pamwe ringave gore 67 mushure meKristu.
Guva raPauro
Pauro akavigwa paVia Ostia muRoma. KuRome, kwakavakwa Basilica yaSaint Paul Kunze kweMasvingo uko kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakavigwa mutumbi wake. Boka raPauro rakakurumidza kutanga muRoma yose, richipararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope neNorth Africa. Presbyter Caius pakupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri kana kutanga kwezana ramakore rechitatu rinobatanidza kuti Pauro paakafa akavigwa muVia Ostiensis uye ruzivo urwu runowanikwawo mukarenda yechitendero inotaura nezvekuvigwa kwevakafira kutenda kubva ku XNUMXth century.
Basilica yaSaint Paul Kunze Kwemadziro yaive maererano nezvinyorwa zvakawanda mumaira yechipiri yeVia Ostiensis, mune inonzi Hacienda de Lucina, muKristu matron. Nechekare muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX rugwaro rweapokirifa rwaPseudo Marcelo rwakawanwa, rune zita raMabasa aPetro naPauro, apo parinoti kuurawa kwaPauro nokugurwa musoro kwake kwakaitika muAcque Salvie paVia Laurentina uko kunowanikwa Iye zvino Delle Tre Fontane Abbey, anotsanangurawo musoro wake uchirovera katatu, zvichiita kuti mavuza matatu azarure panzvimbo iyi.
Basilica yeSaint Paul Kunze kweMasvingo yakatambura nekuchera matongo muna 2002 uye muna 2006 vakawana mamwe masara evanhu mukati memarble sarcophagus yaive pasi peatari huru, guva iri rakanyorwa gore 390, asi masara aive mukati. iyo sarcophagus yakaedzwa kabhoni-14 uye yakaverengerwa pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga nerechipiri. Muna Chikumi 2009, Pope Benedict XVI vakazivisa kuti maererano neongororo yakaitwa nekuda kwedati rayo, nzvimbo yairi uye zvese zvinozivikanwa zvakatangira, zvinogona kunge zvakasara zvaSaint Paul the Apostle.
Mission Trips
Mugore ra46 Kristu atanga kuita nzendo dzoumishinari dzakatevedzana, vamwe vanyori vanodavira kuti dzimwe nguva dzakatanga nzendo dzoufundisi dzakatevedzana mugore ra37 C.E. Imwe neimwe yenzendo idzi dzaiva nechinangwa chokudzidzisa. Vaiitwa netsoka, izvo zvaida nhamburiko huru, nokuda kwenhamba huru yemakiromita aifanira kufamba muAsia Minor.
- Wokutanga wavo aibva kuKupro kana kuti Atalia kuenda kuDhebhe, munzira yemakiromita 1000 XNUMX.
- Rwendo rwechipiri rwakanga rwuri kubva kuTaso kuenda kuTróades, rwendo rwemakiromita 1400, kubva ipapo kuenda kuAncyra rwendo rwemakiromita 526.
- Rwendo rwechitatu kubva kuTaso kuenda kuEfeso rwaiva makiromita 1150, uye rwendo rwomunzvimbo iyi rwaizova makiromita anenge 1700.
Akaitawo dzimwe nzendo nenyika muEurope uye nomugungwa nomunzira dzakaoma, uko kwakanga kune misiyano mikuru mukukwirira, iye amene akataura muzvinyorwa zvake kuti akanga achipfuura nomunguva dzorufu, vaJudha vakamurova netambo neshamhu; akatakwa namabwe, akatambura nokuputsikirwa nechikepe mugungwa, uye kunyange aifanira kupinda mugomba rakadzika-dzika, ngozi dzenzizi, vapambi, navaJudha, navaHedheni, mukati memaguta, ndakava nenzara nenyota, handina kurara nguva zhinji. nekuda kwekutonhora, basa, muchidimbu, zvese nekuda kwemutoro wavo nekuitira hanya makereke avo.
Panzendo dzake akanga asina vaperekedzi saka aigona kubatwa nyore nyore nemakororo, kunyanya kumaruwa uko kusina pokudzika musasa uye uko vanhu vaisawanzoenda. Asi kufamba nemugungwa hakuna kuchengeteka. Uye kana akaenda kumaguta eGirisi neRoma, haana kurega kuva muJudha, uyo akanga achipokana netsika yairangarira kuva tsotsi uye kuti akarovererwa. Munhu wose akamubvumira nokumutsiura, kunyange vaJudha pachavo, uye dzimwe nguva basa rake harina kumbopera mushure mokunge apedza kuparidza evhangeri yaJesu Kristu kuti vaumbe nzanga.
Rwendo rwekutanga
Rwendo rwake rwekutanga rwunobva naBernabé naJuan Marcos, muzukuru waBernabé, aive mubatsiri, vese vakatumwa neChechi yeAndiyoki. Bernabé ndiye akatungamirira mishoni pakuvamba, vakasiya chiteshi chezvikepe cheSeleucia neigwa, kuenda kuchitsuwa cheKupro, uko Bernabé aibva. Vakayambuka chitsuwa vachipfuura nomuSaramisi vachienda kuPafosi, ndiko kuti, kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumhenderekedzo yokumadokero.
Pavakanga vari muPafos, Pablo anokwanisa kutendeutsa mumwe gavhuna weRoma, Sergio Paulo. Pamwe chete navo paiva nen'anga Erimasi, yakanga isingadi kuti mutongi woruwa atevere kutenda kutsva uku. Pauro akati akanga ari munhu anonyengera azere nouipi, kuti akanga ari mwanakomana wadhiabhorosi nomuvengi wokururamisira, uye achitaura izvi, Erimasi akava bofu. Mubati paakaona izvi, akatenda mukutenda kwechiKristu. Kubva ipapo vakapfuurira kuPega, nharaunda yePamfiria, vakananga kumhenderekedzo yokumaodzanyemba kwepakati peAsia Minor. Kubva panguva iyoyo Sauro anorega kudanwa kuti Pablo, zita rake rechiRoma, uye kubvira ipapo ndiye mukuru wemishinari, Juan Marcos akavaperekedza anovasiya odzokera kuJerusarema, zvichiita kuti Pablo agumbuke.
Tevera rwendo rwake naBharnabhasi nomunyika achibva Anatoria, achipfuura nomuGaratia, Antiokia yePisidhia, Ikonio, Ristra neDhebhe, pfungwa yake yakanga iri yokuti atange kuparidza kuvaJudha, sezvo aifunga kuti vakanga vakagadzirira zviri nani kunzwisisa shoko, anoratidzawo kuti Ikoku kwakapesana nezviziviso zvake zveevhangeri yechiKristu, apo ivo vakaratidzira kusagamuchira ushumiri hwake, ipapo akapfuurira kuparidzira kuvaHedheni, vamwe vavo vakamugamuchira nomufaro. Ipapo vanokwira chikepe kubva Ataria kuenda kuAntiokia muSiria, uko anopedza nguva namaKristu. Rwendo urwu rwokutanga rwakanga rwuri pamberi peDare reJerusarema uye akatakwa nematombo kusvikira afa muguta reRistra.
kanzuru yeJerusarema
Pashure peurwu rwendo rwokutanga kana kuti basa uye vapedza nguva vari muAntiokia, vamwe vaJudha vakauya kwaari, vachiratidzira kudikanwa kwokudzingiswa kuti vawane ruponeso, uko kunoparira chinetso kuna Pauro naBharnabhasi. Vose vari vaviri vanotumwa pamwe chete navamwe vanhu kuenda kuJerusarema kundobvunza vakuru navamwe vaapostora. Iyi yaizova rwendo rwechipiri rwaPauro kuJerusarema, pashure pamakore gumi namana paakava muKristu, rakanga riri gore ra47 kana kuti 49, uye akaunza kutendeuka kwake amene kuti aite gakava senzira yokuita nayo mirairidzo pamusoro pengozi inobatanidzwa muchisarudzo chokubvuma. kudzingiswa.
Izvi zvakatungamirira kudare rainzi Dare reJerusarema uko nzvimbo yaPauro yakakunda, uye apo tsika yechiJudha yokudzingiswa yaisafanira kuiswa pavanhu Vemamwe Marudzi vaitendeukira kuchiKristu. Uku kugamuchirwa kwenzvimbo yake kwakanga kuri nhano mberi mukusunungurwa kwakaitwa chiKristu chapakuvamba pamidzi yechiJudha kuti ive muapostora mutsva.
Gare gare Pauro akashurikidza kuti miitiro yetsika yechiJudha yakanga isina maturo, uye ikoku kwakanga kusati kuri nokudzingiswa bedzi, asi nokuchengeta kwose kwaikoku, kuti agumise neidi rokuti munhu haazati ari uyo anowana kururamiswa kwake apo anochengeta Mutemo woumwari, asi kuti munhu haasati ari iye anowana kururamiswa kwake apo anochengeta Mutemo woumwari. kubudikidza nechibayiro chakaitwa naKristu chinomururamisa zvechokwadi uye nenzira yakasununguka, nemamwe mazwi ruponeso chipo chepachena chinobva kuna Mwari.
Kana dare reJerusarema rangopera, Pauro naBharnabhasi vanodzokera kuAndiyoki, uko kurukurirano itsva inotanga. Simoni Petro akanga adya nevaHedheni uye akanga asiya nzvimbo iyi pakasvika varume vokuSantiago vakatanga kuratidza misiyano yavo kune zvaaiita, Pauro akagamuchira nzvimbo yaPetro, waaitenda kuti aiva mbiru inokosha yeChechi yeJerusarema.
Asi aifanira kuratidza kupikisa kwake ndokumuudza kuti naikoku akanga achiputsa nheyo dzake uye kuti akanga asiri munzira yakarurama maererano nezvakanga zvasimbiswa neevhangeri yavaiparidza. Uku kwakanga kusiri kungopesana kwemaonero, asi kuti Pauro akaona kuti Petro akanga achiwira mumutemo, achipesana nevhangeri uye zvakanga zvatemerwa muJerusarema, ndiko kuti, kukosha kwokutenda muna Kristu kwakanga kuchisiiwa parutivi. mutemo.
Pasinei zvapo nomugumisiro weichi chiitiko, chokwadi ndechokuti chakacheka miuyo yakati, sezvo Bharnabhasi aigona kutsigira varume veSantiago uye icho chaizova chisakiso chokuparadzaniswa kwaPauro naBharnabhasi naPauro kubva muguta reAntiokia. naSirasi.
Rwendo rwechipiri
Rwendo rwechipiri rwaPauro ari muboka raSirasi, vakabva Antiokia ndokuyambuka nyika dzeSiria neKirikia, Dhebhe neRistra, kumaodzanyemba kweGaratia. Pavanosvika muRistra, Timotio anovakumbanira, kuti gare gare vapfuurire kuFrigia uko vakawana nzanga itsva dzechiKristu. Asi havana kupfuurira kuBhitinia, saka vakaenda kuMisia neTroasi, uko kwavakanga vakavamirira naRuka.
Vanosarudza kupfuurira kuEurope neMasedhonia, uko vakavamba kereke yokutanga yechiKristu yeEurope, nzanga yeFiripi. Asi vakarohwa neshamhu uye vakaiswa mutorongo nevatongi veRoma muguta iri, Pauro akaenda kuTesaronika, akapedza nguva pfupi ari ikoko uye achishandisa mukana wokuparidza evhangeri kune avo vaaigona, asi nguva dzose aine matambudziko mazhinji nevaJudha.
MuTesaronika maive neruvengo rukuru kwavari, saka pfungwa yavo yekutanga yekuti kwaive kusvika kuRoma inoshanduka. Anofamba achitevedza Via Egnatía uye anochinja nzira muThessaloniki kuti anange kuGreece. Pauro aifanira kutiza nomuBerea ndokuita rwendo rwokuenda kuAtene uko akatsvaka nzira yokuita nayo ngwariro kuvagari veAtene, avo vakanga vachigara vachitsvaka zvinhu zvitsva, vachiunza vhangeri rake raJesu akamutswa.
Anobva aenda kuKorinde kwaanonogara kwegore nehafu, anogamuchirwa naAkwira naPrisira, vaKristu vakaroorana vechiJudha vakadzingwa muRoma nomurayiro mutsva waMambo Kraudhiyo uye vanova shamwari dzakanaka naPauro. Achipfuura nomuEfeso, uko Pauro anoendeswa kudare raGario, mutongi woruwa rweAkaya, pasina chimwe chinhu chiri pasi paLucius Junius Anneus Gallio, mukoma womuzivi mukuru Seneca.
Mashoko aya anotsanangurwa zvakadzama mumurayiro wakanyorwa muDelphi uye wakawanikwa muna 1905, uye unoonekwa seumboo hwenhau hunechokwadi hwakatangira kumakore 50 ne51 ehupenyu hwaPauro uye kuvapo kwake muKorinde. Imomo mugore ra51 Pauro anonyora Tsamba yokutanga kuvaTesaronika, imwe yezvinyorwa zvekaresa muTestamente Itsva, uye pashure paizvozvo gore rinotevera anodzokera kuAndiyoki.
Rwendo rwechitatu
Urwu ndirwo rwaiva rwendo rwaPablo rwakanyanya kuoma uye rwakamuratidza zvakanyanya mubasa rake, iro rakamutambudza zvikuru, mairi aive nekupikisa kwakasimba uye nevadzivisi vakawanda, akapinda mumatambudziko akawanda, akaiswa mujeri, zvinhu zvakakonzera. anonzwa kuremerwa, uye akawedzera kuti matambudziko aivapo munharaunda dzeGaratiya neKorinde, izvo zvakamumanikidza iye neboka rake revateveri kunyora tsamba dzakawanda uye kuita shanyo dzomunhu oga, asi idzi nhambo dzose dzerwendo urwu dzakabereka zvibereko zvaaitarisira.
Rwendo urwu runoitika pakati pemakore 54 kusvika ku57 shure kwaKristu, uye ndiko kunobva tsamba dzake zhinji. Pashure pokunge ava muAntiokia, adzoka parwendo rwake rwechipiri, akapfuura nokuchamhembe kweGaratia neFrigia kuti asimbise vadzidzi vatsva uye ipapo kupfuurira kuEfeso kwaakazvisimbisa amene kuti aite basa rake idzva, achitarisira kuparidza evhangeri munzvimbo dzakawanda pamwe chete. boka raifamba pedyo naye. Akataura navaJudha vomusinagoge uye mushure memwedzi mitatu yavasina kutenda mashoko ake, akatanga kudzidzisa paChikoro choMutongi.
Hapana data iripo pachikoro ichocho, asi inofungidzirwa kuti ichokwadi, zvichida ingadai yakave chikoro chekutaura, chandakakwereta nzvimbo yacho kuPablo apo yakanga isiri kushandiswa. Sezviri pachena akapa dzidziso dzake ipapo kubvira na11 mangwanani kusvikira na4 masikati, ndiyo yaizorangarirwa sechimiro chokutanga chekatekisi, chaiitwa pahwaro hwenguva dzose, apo dzidziso dzorudzidziso dzaPauline dzakapiwa uyewo nzira yokuita nayo dudziro. yemagwaro.
Paanosvika muEfeso, anonyora tsamba yake kukereke dzeGaratia sezvo kwaiva nemamwe mamishinari echiJuda aiti vaHedheni vose vakatendeuka vanofanira kudzingiswa, vaipikisana nepfungwa yaPauro yokuti tsika iyi yakanga isingakodzeri kune vaya vavakatendeutsa. sezvo vakanga vasina kuzvarwa vaJudha, tsamba iyi inzira yokuratidza rusununguko rwechiKristu kuitira kuti igoiswa papfungwa dzechiJudha dzakanga dzichiri mumakereke aya, mutakuri wavo akanga ari Tito, uye vakabudirira kutarisira kuti yaizova. chengetedza uye chengetedza kuzivikanwa kwaPauline munharaunda dzevaGaratiya.
Akanzwawo nezvematambudziko akamuka mukereke yeKorinde, umo mapoka akaumbwa mukati menharaunda, vamwe vachipikisana naPauro, paive nekunyomba uye matambudziko mazhinji nekuda kwedzidziso, uye izvi zvese zvinozivikanwa kubva mutsamba dzakatumirwa naPauro. Akanyora tsamba ina kwavari, vamwe vanotenda nhanhatu, idzo mbiri dzinozivikanwa nhasi, dzinotendwa kuti dzakabva mukupera kwezana ramakore rekutanga.
Tsamba mbiri dzokutanga dzakabatanidzwa mune yatinoziva seTsamba Yokutanga kuvaKorinde, kwaakapa nyevero dzakakomba kunharaunda iyi yose nemhaka yokukamukana kwakamuka mairi, nyajambwa dzakamuka zvikurukuru dzokuvatana kwamakunakuna uye kushandiswa kwechipfambi. maitiro. Iyi nzanga yakanga ine zvinetso zvinopfuurira, izvo zvakarongwa namamishinari akanga asingawirirani naPauro.
Ndicho chikonzero nei akanyora tsamba yechitatu, iyo inomirirwa muBhaibheri sa2 VaKorinte. Yechitatu neyechina yaive yekushanya kwaPauro kuzere nemarwadzo sezvo kereke yaimupikisa uye ichimutadzira pachena. Paanodzokera kuEfeso, anonyora tsamba yechina kunzanga yeKorinde, iyo yave ichinzi Tsamba yeMisodzi, sezvo risiri shoko rerumbidzo chete rekuzvidzivirira pavavengi vake, asi rakanga rizerewo nezvakawanda zvemanzwiro ake. .
MuEfeso vanomuvimbisa kuti aizova akachengeteka kwemakore 2 kana 3, mubhuku raMabasa pane kutaura nezvekurwisana kwakasimba pakati paPauro nevanakomana vanomwe vevadzingi vemweya wemupristi wechiJudha, ainzi kumukira kwevapfuri vesirivheri . munguva yokumukira kworuvengo rukuru rwakaparirwa naDhemetrio uye rwakateverwa navapfuri vendarama vakanga vazvitsaurira vamene kuna Mwarikadzi Atemisi. Kuparidza kwaPauro uku kwakatsamwisa Dhemetrio uyo akanga akazvipira kuita nzvimbo tsvene dzesirivha uye akanga asingawani mhindu.
Dhemetrio akati nokuda kwaPauro vanhu vazhinji vakanga vachitsauka, sezvo akavakurudzira kuti vatendeuke nokutaura kuti vamwari vakanga vasina kugadzirwa nemaoko, uye naizvozvo basa rake rakanga riri mungozi nokuzvidzwa uye kuti tembere yamwarikadzi Atemisi uyo rainamatwa muEzhiya uye pasi rose raigona kuputsika muhukuru hwaro. Vanyori vazhinji vanofunga kuti Pauro akaiswa mutorongo muEfeso ndokusaka zvinetso zvake zvizhinji zvichitaurwa panzvimbo ino, vanodavirawo kuti angave akanyora tsamba kuvaFiripi neiyo yaFiremoni ikoko, sezvo iye amene achitaura kuti akanga ari musungwa. paakazvinyora..
Hakuzivikanwi kana pashure pokunge ava muEfeso Pauro aenda nokukurumidza kuKorinte, Makedhonia neIririko, kuti atange kuparidza kupfupi, zvokwadi ndeyokuti iyi yaizova shanyo yake yechitatu kuKorinte uye akagara mwedzi mitatu muAkaya. Ikoko aizonyora yokupedzisira yetsamba dzake dzakachengetedzwa nhasi, inova tsamba kuvaRoma inodavirwa kuva yakanyorwa mugore ra55 kana kuti 58 pashure paKristu. Uhwu ndihwo uchapupu hwekare hunotaura nezveungano yechiKristu muRoma uye hwakakosha zvokuti hunonzi testamende yaPablo, ndiko kwainoti achashanyira Roma uye kubva ikoko aizoenda kuHispania nekuMadokero.
Pauro akafungawo kudzokera kuJerusarema, achiedza kuti makereke ake echiHedheni atange kuunganidzira varombo veguta, paakaita sarudzo yekukwira kuKorinde kuti aende kuSiria, mamwe maJuda akatsvaga nzira yekumutora, saka. anofunga kuti achayambuka nokuMasedhonia. Akaenda navamwe vavadzidzi vake vaibva kuBheria, Tesaronika, Dhebhe neEfeso, saka akakwira chikepe kuna Firipi, neTroasi, uye akazopfuura nomuAsus neMitine.
Anopfuura nepazvitsuwa zveKio, Samosi neMireto, achipa hurukuro yakanaka kuvakuru vekereke yeEfeso vakanga vakaungana ipapo, akasimuka nechikepe akaenda kuKosi, neRodzi, nePatara yeRikia neTire yeFenikiya, neToremai, Mugungwa Kesariya, anoenda nepasi kuJerusarema kwaanokwanisa kuendesa mari yakanga yaunganidzwa.
Kubva mutsamba yaakatumira kuvaRoma, zvinoonekwa kuti Pauro ainetsekana zvikuru nezvokudzokera kwake kuJerusarema, kutanga nokuda kwokutambudzwa kwavaJudha uyewo nemhaka yezvaiitwa neungano yose kwaari uye nemari yaakanga ainayo. yakaunganidzwa mune dzimwe ungano dzechiKristu dzaakanga atanga. Chisingazivikanwe ndechekuti muunganidzwa wakaunzwa here, sezvo paine kutaurwa kwegakava riri pakati paPauro raasina kukwanisa kugadzirisa nekuda kwegodo rakanga richiripo munharaunda yeJerusarema pamusoro penzira yaaiparidza nayo vhangeri.
São Paulo inokosheswa sei?
Sezvo akararama nokupfuurira kwezvimwe zvizvarwa zvose, munhu nemashoko aPauro weTaso zvave zviri chisakiso chekurukurirano dzakaparira kutonga ukoshi uko kune misiyano mizhinji uye kwakaparira kuita kukuru. Pope Clement weRoma akauya kuzotaura munguva yake kuti kufa kwaPauro kwakakonzerwa negodo negodo zvaakakonzera mukati mevateveri vake.
Madzibaba matatu ekutanga echiapostora eChechi yezana remakore rekutanga nerechipiri, Clement wekuRoma, Ignatius weAntiokia naPolycarp wekuSmirna vakataura nezvaPauro uye vaimutya, kunyange Polycarp pachake akati haaizorarama maererano nehuchenjeri hwaPauro. murume akaropafadzwa uyu. Kuti iye kana mumwe munhu akafanana naye aisakwanisa kukwikwidzana nouchenjeri hwake, sezvo achiri mupenyu akakwanisa kudzidzisa vanhu nokuunza shoko rechokwadi, kana asipo ainyora tsamba dzake uye nokuverenga kwake munhu aigona kudzika nadzo. uye muvake muzita rokutenda.
Mamiriro echiKristu echiJudah ekereke yekutanga aive akapanduka nekuparidza kwaPauro, akazoonekwa semukwikwidzi waJakobho kunyangwe naPetro pachake, vaive vatungamiri vekereke yeJerusarema. Imwe tsamba inonzi yakanyorwa naPetro inonzi Tsamba Yechipiri yaPetro yomugore ra100 kusvika ku150 pashure paKristu, yakaratidza kuti munhu aifanira kungwarira pane zvakanyorwa naPauro.
Uye kunyange zvazvo achimududza sehama inodiwa, chinyorwa chacho chinoratidzira kusava nechokwadi kwake pamusoro pezvinetso zvingamuka maererano nenzira yokunzwisisa manyoro ake, zvikurukuru muna avo vairangarirwa kuva vasina simba kana kuti vasina kurovedzwa mudzidziso yeJudheo nechiKristu. izvo zvinogona kushandura kunzwisisa kwedzidziso uye kuvatungamirira mukuparara.
Madzibaba echechi akatevera akatsigira tsamba dzaPauro uye akadzishandisa nguva dzose. Irenaeus weLyons pakupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri, akasvika pakutaura pamusoro pokutsivana kwavaapostora mumachechi, kuti vose vari vaviri Petro naPauro vakanga vari hwaro hweChechi yeRoma. Akakurudzira kuti pfungwa nemashoko aPauro zviongororwe, achisimbisa kuti muMabasa eVaapostora, tsamba dzePauline nemagwaro echiHebheru, pakanga paine hukama.
Vanofanira kujekeswa maererano nekududzirwa nevaizviti vanyengeri, vasina kunzwisisa Pauro, uye vaive mapenzi uye vanopenga, nezvemashoko aPauro, kuti vazviratidze sevarevi venhema, nepo Pauro aigara achizviratidza muchokwadi uye aidzidzisa zvinhu zvese. maererano nokuparidzwa kwechokwadi choumwari. Yakanga iri kuburikidza naAugustine weHippo kuti simba raPauro rakaratidzwa mumadzibaba eChechi, kunyanya muPelagianism yake, asi basa uye chimiro chaPauro chakaramba chiripo nekufamba kwenguva.
Romano Penna akataura muzvinyorwa zvake kuti St. John Chrysostom akatungamirira Pauro kumunhu mukuru akafanana nengirozi nengirozi huru, Martin Luther akafunga kuti kuparidza kwaPauro kwakanga kwoushingi. Kuna Migetius, mupanduki womuzana ramakore rechisere muna Pauro akanga apfeka Mweya Mutsvene uye mudzidzi aizivikanwa zvikuru worudzidziso womuzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri akarangarira Pauro kuva muvambi wechiKristu chechokwadi.
Nzira iyo manyoro ake anogona kududzirwa nayo, sezvakaitwa naMartin Luther naJohn Calvin, ndiyo yakatungamirira kuChinjo yePurotesitendi yomuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Gare gare, muzana remakore rechigumi nemasere, tsamba yaPauline inotorwa senzira yekukurudzira sangano raizogadzwa muEngland naJohn Wesley uyezve muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe rinopandukira zvakare pfungwa dzaPauro kuburikidza nemufananidzo nemabasa aFriedrich. Nietzsche, paanozvitaura mubhuku rake rinonzi The Antichrist apo kupomerwa kwaari uye kune vekutanga vechiKristu nekuti vakanga vakanganisa shoko chairo raJesu.
Nietzsche akati mushure memashoko aJesu akauya mazwi akaipisisa kuburikidza naPauro, uye ndicho chikonzero hupenyu, muenzaniso, dzidziso, rufu uye zvose mupfungwa yevhangeri zvakaguma kuvapo apo kuburikidza naPauro, sezvo nekuda kweruvengo ainzwisisa kuti akanga kuzvishandisa, kuti chave chiri chikonzero chakaita kuti chiKristu chekare chadzimwa kuti pave nenhoroondo itsva yechiKristu chepakutanga, iyo chechi yakazonyepa senhoroondo yevanhu, ichiiita kuti ive nhoroondo yechiKristu.
Asi zvinotopfuura izvozvo, Paul de Lagarde akazivisa rudzidziso rweGermany nechechi yenyika achirangarira kuti chiKristu chakanga chava nemhindumupindu ine ngwavaira, nemhaka yokusagona kwaPauro uye kuti aigona sei kupesvedzera chechi. Chii chiri chokwadi muzvinzvimbo zvaPetro, Jakobho naPauro pachake ndechokuti vose vaiva nokutenda kwakafanana.
The Pauline Themes
Pauro aibata nemisoro yakasiyana-siyana mutsamba dzake netsamba dzake, dzidziso yebhaibheri yekuregererwa ndiyo yaiva musoro mukuru waitaurwa naPauro. Izvi zvakadzidzisa vaKristu kuti vakanga vadzikinurwa paMutemo uye pachivi norufu rwaJesu nokumutswa kwake kwakazotevera. Kupfurikidza norufu rwake kuyananisira kwakaitwa uye kupfurikidza neropa rake pakava norugare pakati paMwari navanhu uye kuri kupfurikidza norubhapatidzo kuti maKristu anova rutivi rworufu rwaJesu uye kuti akawana sei rufu, nokuti gare gare vanogamuchira zita roMwanakomana waMwari.
Hukama hwake nechiJudha
Pauro akanga ari wemavambo echiJudha, akadzidza naGamarieri, ainzi muFarisi, chimwe chinhu chaakanga asingadada nacho. Shoko rake guru raiva rokuti Vemamwe Marudzi vaisafanira kudzingiswa sevaJudha. Dzidziso dzake zhinji dzaifarira kuti Vemamwe Marudzi vanzwisise kuti ruponeso rwaisatsamira pakuita tsika dzechiJudha, asi kuti vaJudha nevaHedheni vaigona kuponeswa nenyasha dzaMwari, dzinowanikwa nokutenda uye nokutendeka.
Vanyori vakawanda nhasi vanopokana kana zvaifungwa naPauro pamusoro pokutenda, kutendeka muna Kristu kana kuti kwaKristu, akataura nezveavo vose vanotenda muna Kristu senzira inodiwa yokuwana nayo ruponeso, kwete bedzi rwaVamarudzi asiwo rwavaJudha, kana kuti kana kuti panzvimbo pezvo. zvaireva kutendeka kwaKristu kuvanhu kuti vave mudziyo weruponeso rwavo uye mune iyi nyaya yavo vari vaviri zvakaenzana.
Pauro akanga ari piyona mukunzwisisa shoko roruponeso rwaJesu, rwakatanga naIsraeri uye rwakatambanudzirwa kuchisikwa chipi nechipi chairarama pasi pano, pasinei zvapo nemavambo acho. Zvinoenderana nekunzwisisa kwavo, maHedeni aitevera Jesu havafanire kutevedzera mirairo yakadzikwa muTorah yechiJudha iyo yakasiyana uye yakasarudzika kuvanhu veIsirairi, kureva maJuda.
Imhaka yeKanzuru yeJerusarema iyo yaive, kwayakasimbiswa kuti Vemamwe Marudzi vaifanira kutevera mirairo yevaHedeni kana mirairo yeNoah. Mudzidziso dzake, pavakaendeswa kuvaHedheni dzimwe nguva vaisanzwisiswa uye vaiwanzoita kuti vasanzwisiswe. VaJudha vazhinji vepanguva yake vaifunga kuti aida kudzidzisa vaJudha kuti vasiye Torah yaMosesi, iyo yakanga isiri yechokwadi, uye Pauro pachake akazviramba mune imwe neimwe yezvaaipomerwa. Kwaivewo nevaHedeni vazhinji vaiturikira kuti ruponeso rwenyasha rwakavapa kodzero yekutadza uye izvi zvakarambawo.
Kuvazhinji vavanzveri vake, Pauro haana kumbotsvaka nzira yokuva mukuru, zvikuru sei yokuita vandudziko kuchiJudha, asi panzvimbo pezvo kuti vaHedheni vakapinzwa murudzi rwaIsraeri kupfurikidza naKristu pasina kufanira kuramba chimiro chavo saVaHedheni.
Basa revakadzi
Mutsamba yekutanga yakatumirwa kuna Timotio, iyo yave ichinzi ndeyechokwadi kuti yakanyorwa naPauro, yakatorwa senzvimbo yekutanga yesimba reBhaibheri pacharo, iro vakadzi vairambidzwa kubva pasakaramende yehurongwa, hutungamiriri uye chinzvimbo mukati Kubva kuhushumiri hwechiKristu, tsamba iyi inoshandiswa kunyima vakadzi kuvhota kwavo munyaya dzechechi uyewo kuvanyima chinzvimbo chekudzidzisa chevakuru pamwe nemvumo yekuita basa roumishinari.
Mariri makanyorwa kuti mukadzi anofanira kudzidza kubva mukunyarara uye kuzviisa pasi, sezvo pasina nomumwe wavo anogona kudzidzisa kana kuva nesimba kana simba pamurume, sezvo Adhama akanga asikwa Evha asati avapo, uye iye akanyengerwa kuti adye chiito chake chokupandukira ndokutora. Adhamu naye.
Imhaka yendima iyi kuti zvinonzi vakadzi havangave nekereke, ndoda basa rinotungamira pamberi pevarume, vakadzi vaisagona kudzidzisa vamwe vakadzi kana vana, sezvo vaive vasina chokwadi, ndokusaka makereke eCatholic akarambidza hupirisita hwekereke. vakadzi, vakabvumirwa abbesses kudzidzisa uye kubata chinzvimbo chesimba pamusoro pevamwe vakadzi. Saka chero dudziro yegwaro iri yaifanira kubata kwete nezvikonzero zvezvidzidzo zvouMwari chete, asiwo nechirevo chechinyorwa, syntax, uye duramazwi remazwi aro.
Basa revakadzi mukereke yekutanga yechiKristu rinozivikanwa chete muvanhu veFebhi naJunia avo Pauro pachake anorumbidza, wechipiri wavo ndiye ega mukadzi anotaurwa muTestamente Itsva ari mukati mevapostora. Kune vamwe vaongorori, nzira iyo mukadzi anomanikidzwa kuramba akanyarara mukereke yaive nekuda kwekuwedzerwa kwakazoitwa nemumwe munyori izvo zvisiri chikamu chetsamba yekutanga yaPauro kukereke yevaKorinde.
Sezvinongoitawo vamwe vanodavira kuti chirambidzo ichi ndechechokwadi kubva kuna Pauro, asi kuti kubvunza mibvunzo chete uye kuita kurukurirano kwairambidzwa uye kwete kungotaurawo zvako uko vakadzi vaisagona kutaura, sezvo mutsamba yokutanga yakatumirwa kuvaKorinde naPauro akataura kuti vakadzi. aiva nekodzero yokuprofita. Pamusoro pazvo, muTestamente Itsva vakadzi vanotaurwa nezvavo vaidzidzisa uye vaiva nesimba mukereke yekare uye kuti vakabvumirwa naPauro, sezvo vakadzi vachifanira kurarama vachizviisa pasi penyaya yezvidzidzo zvouMwari.
Nhaka yaPauro
Nhaka uye hunhu hwaSaint Pauro muApostora zvinogona kusimbiswa nenzira dzakasiyana, yekutanga iri kuburikidza nenharaunda dzechiKristu dzaakavamba uye nerubatsiro rwaaive narwo kubva kune vakasiyana-siyana vaaishanda navo, chechipiri nekuti tsamba dzake ndedzechokwadi, kureva kuti dzakanyorwa mubhuku rake. chibhakera nemavara. Uye chechitatu, nekuti tsamba dzake dzeDeutero-Pauline dzakabva kuchikoro chakaberekwa uye chakakurira muapostora uyu, uye kubva munhaka iyi ndipo pakabuda pesvedzero yake yese.
Muapostora wavaHedheni
Akapiwa zita iri nekuti ndivo vaakanyanya kutaura muvhangeri rake kuti vatendeukire kuchiKristu. Achiperekedzwa naBernabé, akatanga basa rake rokuparidza evhangeri kubva kuAntiokia kwaakatanga rwendo rwake rwokutanga rwoufundisi, mugore ra46, achienda kuKupro nedzimwe nzvimbo muAsia Minor. Zvibereko zvenzendo dzake nebasa rake somuevhangeri zvakava pachena.
Anosarudza kusiya zita rake rechiHebheru raSauro, kuti anzi Pauro, ari mugari weRoma aigona kuva nomukana uri nani mukukudziridza basa rake somuapostora ndokukwanisa kusvika kuvaHedheni, kubva panguva iyoyo aizotora shoko. kunyika yevahedheni, saka shoko raJesu raigona kubva munzvimbo yevaJudha neParesitina kuti risvike pasi rose nenzira yakazaruka.
Mukufamba kwake kwose nokuparidza, akaoneka mumasinagoge ose enzanga dzechiJudha, asi imomo haana kumbowana rukundo, vaJudha vechiHebheru vashomanene vakatevera kutenda kwechiKristu pashoko rake. Shoko rake rakagamuchirwa zviri nani pakati paVamarudzi naavo vakanga vasina zivo yemitemo yechiJudha yaMosesi norudzidziso rwavo rwokudavira Mwari mumwe.
Ndokusaka akakwanisa kugadzira nharaunda itsva kana nzvimbo dzechiKristu mumaguta aakashanyira, ayo anonzi akaitwa sebudiriro huru, asi yaimiririrawo matambudziko mazhinji, muguta reRistra akatemwa nematombo kusvikira afa uye vanhu vakamusiya. akarara mumugwagwa achifunga kuti akanga afa, zvichimupa mukana wokupukunyuka.
Paakaenda kuDare reVaapostora, rakanga riri rokubata nenhau dzakakomba chaizvoizvo dzaizova dzisina kuenzanisa nhasi, vakanga vachizokurukura kana vahedheni vaifanira kubhabhatidzwa uye, chinokosha zvikuru, kana zvaifanira kusimbiswa kana kuti kurambwa kuti zvinosungirwa kutevera zvirevo zvemitemo yemaJuda kune avo vanhu vakatendeuka kubva muchipegani. Akakwanisa kumanikidzira pfungwa yake yokuti Vemamwe Marudzi vakatendeutsirwa kuva vaKristu vanofanira kuva nerangariro dzakafanana nedzevaJudha ndokuchengeta murangariro wake wokuti rudzikinuro urwo Kristu akapa akanga ari mavambo kuti uyu mutemo waMosesi ugumise ndokuramba miitiro yakati nemiitiro izvo ivo bedzi. zvaiva zvevaya vakaberekwa vari vaJudha.
Ari muAtene, akapa hurukuro paAreyopago uko akaitisana nharo nemisoro mizhinji youzivi hwechiStoiko. Ndinotaurawo nezvekuuya kwechipiri kwaKristu uye kuti kumuka kwenyama kuchange kwakaita sei. Kunyange zvazvo akapedza makore matatu ari muEfeso, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndihwo hwaiva hupostora hwaibatsira zvikuru nokuda kweevhangeri yake asiwo hwakamuparira kuneta zvikuru, zvikurukuru apo Dhemetrio akaparira kumumukira kwavapfuri vendarama. Ikoko ndiko kwaanonyora tsamba yokutanga kuvaKorinte uye uko kunoratidzwa kuti akanga achipfuura nomuzvinetso zvakakomba muchiKristu sezvo mhoteredzo younzenza noupenzi ndiyo yaichengetwa muguta.
Nharaunda neVashandi
Mutauro waakashandisa kunharaunda dzaaigara uye vaaishanda navo waiva neshungu, akanyorera vaTesaronika kuti vakanga vari tariro yake, mufaro wake, korona yake nokubwinya kwake, akaudza vaFiripi kuti Mwari akavada norudo rwaJesu Kristu uye kuti vaizova netariro. kupenya semarambi makuru pasi pose. Kuungano yeKorinde akasiya kuti asava nehanya navo, uye kuti akanga ambonyora nemisodzi kuti vanzwisise rudo rukuru rwaaiva narwo kwavari.
Kubva mukunyora kwaakaita kunonzwisiswa kuti Pauro akanga ane simba rokunyandura mirangariro huru youshamwari, mavari unogona kuona kuvimbika uko boka guru revanhu rakanga rakava naye kwaari, pakati pavo pana Timotio, Sirasi naTito, avo vakanga vari rutivi rwedu. yeboka rake raaishanda, achitakura tsamba dzake nemashoko mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipa zvikuru.
Kwakanga kunewo murume nomudzimai Prisira naAkwira, varoorani vechiKristu avo vakachengeta ushamwari hurefu naPauro, vakanga vane mano okutora matende avo ndokupfuurira naye kubva kuKorinte kuenda kuEfeso uye ipapo kuenda kuRoma vachibva kwavakanga vatotapwa. makore apfuura, kungogadzirira kusvika kwako.
Zvinotendwawo kuti kwaiva kuburikidza navo kuti Pauro akasunungurwa muEfeso. Pauro pachake akanyora kuti vaifanira kukwazisa Prisia naAkwira vaiva vashandi pamwe naye muna Kristu Jesu uye vakanga vaisa upenyu hwavo mungozi kuti vamuponese uye kuti haana kungotenda ivo chete asiwo nekereke dzose dzeVaHedheni. Lucas aivewo chikamu cheboka rake revashandi, uye zvinotendwa kuti akanyora Evhangeri ine zita rake uye bhuku reMabasa eVaapostora, mutsamba yechipiri kuna Timotio inotaurwa kuti Lucas angadai akaperekedza Pauro kusvika kuguma kwamazuva ake.
Tsamba dzechokwadi dzaPauline
Mavara echokwadi kana tsamba dzaPauro, dzakanyorwa iye pachake kune seti yezvinyorwa zveTestamente Itsva dzinosanganisira mabasa anotevera anotariswa:
- Ini Tsamba kuvaTesaronika
- Ini Tsamba kuvaKorinte
- Tsamba kuvaGaratia
- Tsamba kuna Firimoni
- Tsamba kuvaFiripi
- Tsamba yechipiri kuvaKorinde uye
- Tsamba kuvaRoma.
Ivo vanoonekwa sevechokwadi hukuru munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kutanga nekuti ndivo chete vane munyori anozivikanwa ane chokwadi, chokwadi chavo chakasimbiswa uye ivo vakave mubatsiri mukuru wekuongorora kwesainzi uye zvinyorwa nhasi. Mukuwedzera, zuva rayo rakanyorwa ndiro rekaresa pazvinyorwa zvose zveTestamende Itsva, anenge makore 20 kusvika ku25 pashure porufu rwaJesu weNazareta uye kare zvikuru kupfuura manyoro eevhangeri dzinozivikanwa nhasi, izvo zvinotiudza kuti ikoku kunopfuurira. Iwo manyoro ekutanga kweChikristu.
Hakuna mumwe munhu muTestamente Itsva anozivikanwa pamwero mukuru sezvinyorwa zvake. Pauro aive neruzivo rwetsika dzechiGiriki, aiziva chiGiriki nechiAramaic zvakanaka, izvo zvaigona kumubatsira kutakura vhangeri kuburikidza nemienzaniso nekuenzanisa zvaive zvakajairika kutsika idzi, uye ndicho chikonzero shoko rake raigona kusvika Girisi. Asi mukana uyu wakaitawo kuti shoko rake risanzwisiswe dzimwe nguva uye aiva nematambudziko akawanda.
Akakwanisa kutendeukira kupfungwa dzechiGiriki dzakanga dziri kure zvikuru neizvo chiJudha chaitaurwa uye aigonawo kutaura muJudha akasimba uye anongwarira kudaro wemitemo. Ndicho chikonzero nei munyika yekare mamwe emashoko ake aionekwa seakaturikirwa, ndiko kuti, akaoma kunzwisisa uye kuti nanhasi achiri kuramba achikonzera kukakavara kwakawanda sepanguva yaakanyorwa, kunyanya mukududzirwa kwezvimwe zvikamu nemadingindira. sehukama hwevaHedeni nemaJuda, dzaive nyasha, Mutemo, nezvimwe.
Zviri pachena kuti tsamba yake imwe neimwe ine chiitiko uye nguva chaiyo, yekuve mhinduro, mune imwe neimwe yadzo zvinokwanisika kuongorora kuti ndezvipi zvakanga zvakaoma uye zvinhu zvakaratidzwa nemunyori uye kubva ipapo zvinoongororwa. , vakaongororwa uye vanoitisana nharo nezvekuvimbika kwebasa rake.
Kunyange zvazvo tsamba idzi dzakaedza panguva iyoyo kugadzirisa mamwe matambudziko emamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, zvinogoneka kuti nharaunda idzi dzakadzichengeta sepfuma uye dzakazodzigovera kune dzimwe nharaunda dzePauline, ndokusaka paine mukana mukuru wekuti pakupedzisira By. zana remakore rokutanga zvinyorwa izvi zvanga zvatova nemutumbi, mugumisiro webasa rechikoro chePauline chakaunganidza tsamba dzake dzose kuti agadzire nhaka yakakwana yemashoko ake uye mazano.
Pseudo-epigraphic Epistles
Kune zvakare boka rezvinyorwa zveepistolary zvakaratidzwa semunyori waPauro, asi vatsoropodzi vazhinji vemazuva ano vanoti ndezvevanyori vaibatana naPauro asi vasina kunyora. Pakati pavo pane:
- Tsamba yechipiri kuvaTesaronika
- Tsamba kuvaKorose
- Tsamba kuvaEfeso
- Tsamba yokutanga neyechipiri kuna Timotio
- Uye tsamba kuna Tito.
Ivo vanonzi pseudo-epigraphic kana deutero-Pauline, sezvo vasina kubvisa mukurumbira wake asi vakawedzera, sezvo panofanira kunge paine chikoro, chakagadzirwa naPauro pachake uye umo nhaka yake yese yaizonyudzwa, uye kuti pa panguva imwe chete angadai akashandisa simba remuapostora uyu kuti aite kuti zvishande.
Kubva pakuongorora kweaya mabhuku aPauline anonzi ndeechokwadi, zvinogona kupfupikiswa kuti Pauro weTarso akaunganidza kwete chete midzi yake yechiJudha asiwo pesvedzero yechiGiriki nekudyidzana kwaaiva nako munyika yeRoma, uye kuti kuburikidza nekuva mugari wenyika yake aiziva nzira yokuita nayo. kurovedza muviri. Aiziva mashandisiro ezvinhu zvese izvi kugadzira mamiriro akakodzera uye kugadzira hwaro hwenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzechiKristu uye kuzivisa chimiro chaJesu Kristu kwete kumaJuda chete asiwo kune Vemamwe Marudzi.
Chokwadi chekusave weboka revadzidzi gumi nevaviri vaJesu uye kuti iye ega akafamba nzira dzakawanda dzaive dzizere nenhamo nekusanzwisisa kwakawanda kweshoko rake, kunoita kuti Pauro ave mudziyo wekuvaka uye kuwedzera kukuru kwechiKristu mune imwe nyika. hushe hweRoma hwakasimba, izvo zvinomuita murume ane tarenda kwazvo ane rutendo rwakasimba uye hunhu hukuru hweumishinari.
Mufungo wake ndiwo wakaumba chiKristu chaPauline, chimwe chetsika ina dzinova nheyo dzechiKristu chekare uye dziri chikamu chendima dzebhaibheri dzatinoziva nhasi. Kuburikidza netsamba dzake netsamba pamwe chete neBhuku reMabasa eVaapostora kuti vanoita manyuko anokosha ekusimbisa kuverengwa kwenguva kwehupenyu hwake nemabasa ake ose, mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvake zvakagamuchirwa nechechi semunyori wake pachake, akanyorwa. iye pachake, kwete sezvinoitika muevhangeri dzechokwadi dzakanyorwa nevateveri vevaapostora, uye idzo dzakanyorwa makore akawanda pashure porufu rwavo.
Pauline Theology
Pauline dzidziso yebhaibheri inoreva zvidzidzo kuburikidza nekufunga, nenzira yehurongwa uye yakakosha yepfungwa yese yaPauro weTarso, ndima kuburikidza nekukura kukuru uye shanduko sekududzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvake kwakaitwa. Mharidzo yake mupfupiso yakaoma zvikuru sezvo akava nezvinetso zvakawanda mukuedza rudzi rwupi norwupi rwechimiro chendangariro chomuapostora uyu, sezvo Pauro weTaso akanga asiri mufundisi ane nhevedzano, naizvozvo boka ripi neripi kana kuti kurongeka kunoshandiswa kunopindura zvikuru kumibvunzo iyo. muturikiri anoitwa pane kuronga kwakashandiswa nomunyori.
Kwenguva refu pakava nekukakavadzana kwakasimba, kumaLutheran echinyakare, dingindira guru redzidziso yebhaibheri yaPauline rakanga riri rokuti kutenda kururamiswe pasina kushandisa mabasa akaiswa muMutemo.Kubva mukufunga uku ndiko kwakaita kuti dzidziso iyi yebhaibheri itange kuva inonzwisiswa pakati pekereke yechiKristu. Nechekare muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX musimboti wechitendero chimwe ndiwo wakashandiswa kuchengetedza mabviro netsika yedzidziso yake youmwari.
KuchiCatholic kururamiswa kuri chikamu chepfungwa yaPauro asi haisiriyo tsime rayo guru, mugamuchidzanwa zvaifungwa kuti Mwari, kupfuura kutaura kuti munhu akarurama, anomuita kuti ave akarurama. Ichi chimiro chekare cheLutheran chakatanga kutsoropodzwa nenyanzvi dzechiPurotesitendi, kunyanya pachinzvimbo chayo chinopikisa kutenda kwechiKristu kuzere nenyasha uye rusununguko pamusoro pechinofungidzirwa chechiJudha chechinyakare, maererano nemutemo uye kusimudzirwa kwekuti mitemo yaMosesi yaifanira kucherechedzwa zvakatendeka. .
James Dunn akauya kuzotaura kuti Mwari nevanhu, kana vari pasi pekurambidzwa, vhangeri raJesu Kristu rinova kutanga kweruponeso, nzira yeruponeso inoenderana nechechi uye tsika. Zvino vanyori veKaturike vakanangidzira dzidziso youmwari yaPauline pakufunga kwake pamusoro paKristu, rufu rwake, uye rumuko rwake. Iyi yainzi Christocentric theology, ndiko kuti, Kristu ndiye musimboti wayo mukuru paanenge afa uye amutswa, asi kune vamwe vanyori vanofunga kuti dzidziso yake youmwari yakavakirwa pana Mwari uye kuti zvinhu zvose zvinodzokera kwaari.
Kana kucherechedzwa kuchiitwa kune ese matsamba aPauline ari echokwadi, pfungwa yeApostora inogona kuonekwa uye kuti yakashanduka sei, saka munhu haagone kutaura nezvenzvimbo imwechete yekutarisisa mukuparidza kwake. Kumudzidzi waPablo Barbaglio, Muapostora uyu akanyora dzidziso youmwari muchimiro chetsamba, naizvozvo akapa dzidziso youmwari yeimwe neimwe yetsamba dzake achiita nhevedzano yenguva yeimwe neimwe yadzo ndokuguma nokuita kutsinhirana kwedzidziso yake youmwari yose, iyo yakanga inonzi hermeneutics yevhangeri.
Zvave zvichigamuchirwa kuti pfungwa yaPauline yakanangana nezviitiko zvaKristu, inova mhedziso mudzidziso yake yebhaibheri, nekuti idzi nhaurirano dzakanangana nemhedzisiro yese yetsamba dzake dzakaonekwa kubva papfungwa dzeanthropology, eschatology uye ecclesiology, kune vese. nezvawo zvinogona kuwedzerwa kuti ose ane chokwadi chikuru, chakabva murutongeso rwekuongorora rwakazotevera kuna Pauro.
Pfungwa yaPauline
Basa raSaint Pauro rakatorwa nevakawanda sebasa remuvambi wechokwadi wechiKristu uye kune vamwe ndiye akakanganisa dzidziso dzaJesu Kristu. Pavaapositori vose vakatevera Jesu muupenyu, ndiPauro asina kumbomuziva akashanda zvakanyanya uye uyo netsamba dzake akakwanisa kuisa nheyo dzedzidziso nedzidziso dzechiKristu, asi basa raakaita rine zvakawanda zvakakosha. ndechokuti akanga ari muparidzi akanakisisa weshoko raJesu.
Yakanga iri nekuda kwake uye kwete nekuda kwevamwe vaapositori, kuti kupatsanurwa kwechiKristu nechiJudha kwakawanikwa, kupatsanurwa kwakauya panguva yakakodzera uye yakakodzera, hazvisi zvechokwadi kuti kuparadzana uku kwakawanikwa kuburikidza nehurongwa hutsva hwechitendero hwakanga huri. rinotsanangura uzivi hwaro hwechiGiriki kana kuti kubatanidza tsika dzakasiyana. Mukufamba kwake kwose akakwanisa kuparadzira pfungwa yake yechitendero chechiKristu, iyo yakanga yakavakirwa parudzikinuro nesungano itsva yakagadzwa naKristu iyo yakanga iri pamusoro pemitemo yekare yechiJudha kana kuti mutemo waMosesi.
Kereke yakaumbwa kutenda maKristu ese aiumba mufananidzo wezviri muviri waKristu uye yaifanira kuramba yakabatana kuitira kuti shoko raMwari ripararire pasi rose. Shoko rake rizere nesimba uye upfumi uye izvi zvinoratidzwa mutsamba dzake dzakachengetwa nanhasi, idzi hadzina chinangwa chekugadzira chinyorwa chakazara, asi iwo musanganiswa wedzidziso dzese dzeevhangeri dzinoratidza chokwadi che. nzira yakajeka uye inosvika pamhedzisiro yekupedzisira.
Sebasa rekunyora, kukosha kwemutauro wechiGiriki uri kuendeswa kekutanga mumazana emakore kune pfungwa itsva kunoonekwa, izvi zvinowanikwa nekuda kweruzivo rwake rwemitauro yakawanda, iyo yaakakwanisa kupikisa madingindira ake, kunze kwekuve neruzivo rwemitauro yakawanda. hunhu husinganzwisisike hwandinomutora kuti afungisise uye agokwanisa kusvika pamusoro paanonyora rwiyo rwekurudo mutsamba yekutanga kana tsamba kuvaKorinde.
Manyoro ake ndiwo akanyatsochinja mashoko aJesu kuti aenderane netsika dzechiGiriki dzomunguva yeMediterranean, izvo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti apararire kupfuura nyika yechiHebheru kwaakaberekerwa. Aya ndiwo aivewo manyoro ekutanga pakaitwa dudziro yeshoko rechokwadi raJesu, zvichibatsira kuti chiKristu chive nebudiriro iri nani sedzidziso yebhaibheri.
Kubva kwaari kunobva pfungwa dzakanakisa uye dzakajeka pamusoro pechivi chekutanga, nei Kristu akafira pamuchinjikwa nekuda kwezvivi zvevanhu uye kuti sei kutambura kwake kwaive kudzikinurwa kwevanhu uyezve nei Jesu Kristu aive Mwari pachake uye kwete kungova muporofita.
Mutsvene Pauro akasimbisa kuti Mwari agara achichengeta pasi pemazano ake ruponeso rwevanhu vose pasina kusarura rudzi. Vanhu vose vakagara nhaka kubva kuna Adhama muviri unoora, chivi norufu, vaigona, kupfurikidza naKristu, uyo ari Adhama mutsva, kuberekwa patsva uye vanogona kugamuchira rumuko, muviri usingaori uye unobwinya, kusunungurwa kwezvivi zvavo uye kukunda mukuoma kwakaoma. rufu nechokwadi chekuva nehupenyu hunofadza uye husingaperi.
Mudzidziso yake yechiKristu ndiye akatanga kuramba kurara nevakadzi uye kuzviisa pasi pevakadzi, pfungwa dzakanga dzisiri mudzidziso dzaJesu weNazareta. Ndihwo ukama uhwu hunosiyanisa pwere yaPauro somuFarise asingachinji, akanga akapofumadzwa chose chose mukuona kwake kworudzidziso uye akapfigirwa kuzvinodikanwa zvomudzimu zvavanhu, zvokuti gare gare akazvitsaurira amene kuputsa madziro ose iwayo aingoparadzanisa vanhu kubva kuungano. vaHedheni.nevanhu vechiJudha. Ndicho chikonzero nei akazvitsaurira amene kutakura shoko raJesu munzira yapose pose.
Kubuda mutsika dzakasimba dzechiJudha dzaisimbirira kuti Mutemo waMosesi nemirairo yawo yose yomubhaibheri zvinofanira kuzadzikiswa, sezvo zvisiri izvo zvaizoponesa munhu pazvivi zvake, asi panzvimbo pezvo kwaiva kutenda muna Kristu, ndicho chikonzero nei kukakavara kwakasikwa pamwe chete nevamwe vaapositori, kuitira kuti vahedheni vasunungurwe kubva pamisungo yemitambo iyi, kwete chete yenyama asiwo yezvokudya, yakatangwa nechiJudha, iyo kudzingiswa kwakawanikwawo.
Artistic Represents
Pauro weTaso, pamwe chete navaapostora vazhinji, vakapiwa utanhamari hwakati mumabasa ounyanzvi, zvikurukuru pamusoro pokutendeuka kwake panzira yokuDhamasiko. Kubva kuna Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Raphael naParmigianino, vakaita mabasa makuru eunyanzvi kubva panguva dzakasiyana dzehupenyu hwake.
Haaoneki ari muboka revadzidzi vaJesu gumi nevaviri asi akamiririrwa pedyo naSimoni Petro, Petro paakamiririrwa pamwe chete vakamukwevera nemakiyi ehunhu, inova chiratidzo chekuti akasarudzwa naJesu kuti ave musoro. wechechi, uye Pauro nebakatwa riri chiratidzo chokuponderwa kwake uye achinongedzera kumunondo womudzimu waanotaura muTsamba yake kuvaEfeso, ichi chinomirira shoko raMwari.
Mune mamwe mabhuku anomiririrwa nebhuku kuratidza kuti ndiye munyori wezvinyorwa zvinoverengeka zveTestamende Itsva, mazhinji emifananidzo yake inomiririra ine mavambo ayo mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakadzokororwa kwemazana emakore, kubva mumifananidzo yePaleo-Christian. Chiri chokwadi ndechekuti nekuda kwekuedza kwavo kuve nechechi yenyika, ndivo vakanyatsoparadzira chiKristu uye vakachibatanidza sechitendero, hapana muteveri wakananga waJesu Kristu akanzi akaitwa saPablo, kubvira paakaitwa. uyo akavamba hwaro hunokosha hwedzidziso yake nemiitiro yake yechiKristu.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=641KO9xWGwM
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