Nhasi kune marudzi akawanda emitambo yemimhanzi uye mitambo. Nehurombo, mamwe marudzi ari kurasikirwa nevateereri sezvo manzwi emazuva ano achiwedzera kukosha. Saka hazvishamisi kuti kune vanhu, kunyanya vechidiki, vasingazivi chaizvo chii chinonzi opera Zvakanaka, kuti tibvise munhu wese mukusahadzika, tichazvitsanangura muchinyorwa chino.
Tichataura pamusoro pekuti opera chii, kwainotangira uye kuti yakasiyana sei nedzimwe mhando dzemitambo yemitambo. Mushure mezvose, tiri kutaura nezvemhando yehunyanzvi iyo Yave iri chikamu chetsika nemagariro edu kwemazana emakore. uye kuti ndeupi unhu hunokosha hwakadai saMozart pachake hwave huri rutivi. Unotoziva kuti ruzivo harutore nzvimbo, asi runotipfumisa zvakanyanya padanho renjere.
Chii chinonzi opera uye kwakabva kupi?
Ngatitangei nekutsanangura kuti opera chii. Iri chaizvo rudzi rwemimhanzi yemitambo. Mu, zvese zviito zvinoitwa muzviitiko zvine chiridzwa chinoperekedzwa uye chinoimbwa. Izwi rokuti "opera" rinobva kuItaly uye rinoshandurwa se "mabasa emimhanzi". Kazhinji, idzi mhando dzemitambo dzinoitwa mudzimba dze opera, sezvo dzichida yakanaka acoustics mukamuri. Ivowo vanowanzoperekedzwa nemapoka emimhanzi, senge orchestra. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti opera chikamu chetsika uye tsika yeWestern neEuropean classical music.
Sezvimwe mune mamwe marudzi emitambo yemitambo, Iyo opera inounza pamwechete zvinhu zvinotevera:
- kuita zvemitambo: Dhanzi, ballet, kuita, nezvimwe.
- Scenic arts: Plastiki art, zvivakwa, zvekushongedza, pendi, nezvimwe.
- Scenic effects: Mwenje, semuenzaniso.
- cheno
- Mumhanzi: Kwaya, mutungamiriri, orchestra, soloists, nezvimwe.
- Nhetembo (kuburikidza naFreedman)
- makamuri ekuchinja
Kana tichitaura nezvema opera tinotaura nezvechokwadi hunyanzvi hwekuita uye zvemimhanzi. Asi mabasa akadaro eunyanzvi akatanga sei? Maererano nevamwe vanyori, paive nemafambisirwo anoverengeka emhando iyi, kunyanya izvi:
- Dambudziko rechiGiriki: Irwo rudzi rwemitambo yeGreece yekare yakafuridzirwa nemifananidzo inoera uye ngano dzechiGiriki.
- Iyo mascerata yeItaly: Nziyo dzeCarnival dzemuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX dzaive chikamu chevaraidzo yemafaro ematare.
- Muzana remakore rechigumi neshanu pakati: Zvidiki zvidiki zvemumhanzi zvaimboiswa mukati memitambo yese yemitambo.
Opera yekutanga yainzi chii uye yaive yaani?
Opera yekutanga, sekunzwisiswa uye kutsanangurwa pfungwa iyi nhasi, yaiva yakakurumbira nziyo inonzi Daphne, ane munyori anonzi Jacopo Peri. Akanyora mugore ra1597, rakafuridzirwa ne "Camerata Florentina" kana "Camerata de Bardi". Iri raive denderedzwa reelitist rakagadzirwa neakasiyana Florentine humanist vanyori.
Muzuva rayo, chinangwa chebasa racho Daphne kwaiva kumutsiridza, kana kuti kuedza, nhamo yekare yechiGiriki. Iyi pfungwa yaive chikamu chechido chekudzorera zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvekare, chimwe chinhu chakadzika midzi muRenaissance. Maererano nenhengo dzaive chikamu cheCamerata, munhamo dzechiGiriki mativi ose ekwaya akaimbwa, uye zvirokwazvo rugwaro rwosewo. Saka, opera yaifanira kudzorera tsika iyi.
Waive musi waZvita 26, 1598 pawakaitwa Daphne kekutanga. Zvakaitika muFlorence, kunyanya muTornabuoni Palace, padanho rakazvimiririra. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muna Ndira 21, 1599, yakaitwa pachena, zvakare muFlorence, asi panguva ino muPitti Palace. Zvinosuruvarisa, iyi opera, yaive yekutanga yezvose, yakarasika. Chinhu chimwe chete chakasara chayo ndeye libretto uye zvidimbu zvishoma zvemimhanzi.
Nekudaro, kune rimwe gare gare basa, rakanyorwawo naJacopo Peri, riripo nhasi. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiyo opera yokutanga munhau yakaramba iripo, sezvo mimhanzi yayo yakachengetedzwa yose. Zvinodanwa Eurydice uye misi kubva mugore ra1600. Vakaraira kusikwa kwebasa iri kupemberera muchato pakati paMaria de' Medici naHenry IV weFrance.
Misiyano kubva kune mamwe marudzi emumhanzi theatre
Kutaura zvazviri, opera inoratidzirwa nekumiririra nguva dzose ichiperekedzwa nemimhanzi. Muchikamu ichi chinosiyana kubva kune mamwe marudzi emitambo yemitambo yemitambo, umo munogona kunge muine zvikamu zvinongotaurwa kana izvo chinhu chikuru kutamba. Zvisinei, kubvira panguva baroque kune mafomu emuganhu anogona kuvhiringidzika. Iyi mimwe mienzaniso:
- masquerade
- Die Dreigroschenoper
- The ballad opera
- El singspiel
- the zarzuela
Kunyangwe ichokwadi kuti aya mabasa ari pamuganho pakati pe opera uye yakadzokororwa theatre, zvose zvezarzuelas naJosé de Negra uye singspiele naWolfgang Amadeus Mozart vanoonekwa sema opera. Pane kudaro, Die Dreigroschenoper naKurt Weill, anozivikanwa muchiSpanish se "The Three Cent Opera," yakanyanya kufanana nemitambo yakadzokororwa kupfuura opera.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kune mamwe marudzi emitambo yemitambo yakafanana chaizvo neopera. Muenzaniso ungave opera-ballet, iyo yakaberekerwa muFrench Baroque. Kumwe kuvhiringika kunogona kumuka nemamwe emabasa eNeoclassicist ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Pakati pavo, iyo yakanyorwa nemunyori weRussia Igor Stravinsky, mumwe wevaimbi vakanyanya uye vakakosha venguva iyoyo, vakatanhamara pamusoro pezvose. Zvakadaro, chikamu chikuru chinoratidzira chemabasa aya kutamba. Mumhirizhonga iyi, kuimba kunotora chikamu chechipiri. Kana zviri zvemutsauko pakati peViennese opera uye operetta, yeSpanish zarzuela, yeAmerican neChirungu mumhanzi uye singspiel ChiGerman, izvi zvinongori pamutemo.
Ndinovimba ndakutsanangurira kuti opera chii uye kuti unokurudzirwa kunakidzwa nekuitwa kwayo. Kana iwe uchida mimhanzi uye yemitambo, unofanirwa kuedza. Ini pachangu, ndakava nemufaro wekukwanisa kuona opera inozivikanwa kwazvo "The Magic Flute" inogara paLiceu ine mukurumbira muBarcelona, uye ndakafara! Pasina kupokana, ndaizomuona zvakare kuti ndinakirwe nenziyo dzake dzinoshamisa uye zviitiko zvinobata maziso.