Kubva muRome, rakanga riri sangano reunyanzvi rine simba muEurope yose, rakabatana zvikuru neCatholic Counter-Reformation, richiedza kuzivisa mweya wakamutsidzirwa weChechi mugore ra1600. Dzidza zvose pamusoro pe Baroque Hunhu!
Baroque Hunhu
Kunyange zvazvo Baroque yainyanya kubatanidzwa neChechi yeRoma uye chido chayo chokuratidza mudzimu mutsva uye une simba, yakashandiswawo kumiririra nyaya dzakawanda dzisiri dzechitendero, dzinogona kuonekwa mumifananidzo, upenyu, uye nyaya dzengano.
Mukukura kwayo muRoma pakati pa 1630 na 1680, Baroque yakabvumikisa kuva sangano rakashinga uye rine simba, uchokwadi hwayo huchipa vaoni murangariro wokuti vakanga vachipupurira chiitiko chaichoicho, uye kukwezva kwayo kwemirangariro ichizivisa mudzimu wakasimbiswa nounokosha weChechi yeKaturike, maitiro eBaroque mukati mekukura kwayo.
Asi chii chaizvo chiri nguva yeBaroque? Iyo Baroque inguva yemaitiro ehunyanzvi yakatanga kutenderera 1600 muRome, Italy, uye yakapararira munzvimbo zhinji dzeEurope. Izvo zvakanyanya kukosha zvezvakaitika kare panguva iyi yaive Reformation uye Counter-Reformation, zviitiko zvakakosha zvakatsanangura maitiro eBaroque.
Reformation raive sangano rechitendero rakavambwa naMartin Luther muzana ramakore rechi 1648 kuti rivandudze Kereke yeRoman Catholic uye Counter Reformation yakaonekwa semhinduro kune izvi, yaive nhanho inozivikanwa senguva yerumutsiriro yeCatholic, kutanga neCouncil of Trent. uye ichipera pakupera kweHondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu muna XNUMX.
Dare reTrent nderimwe remisangano yakakosha zvikuru yekereke yeRoman Catholic, mhemberero yaro yakaitwa pakati pa1545 na1563 kuchamhembe kweItaly, ichisundwa zvikuru neReformation yaizivikanwa zvikuru yakakonzera kupatsanurwa kweChechi yeRoma uye yakaunganidza vatendi vakawanda. pasi penguva yevaPurotesitendi vaipikisa hutungamiriri hwaPope.
Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro eBaroque kwaionekwa sekwakabatana zvikuru, uye chokwadi mukurumbira wayo wakakurudzirwa neChechi yeKaturike, iyo yakasarudza paDare reTrent kuti hunyanzvi hunofanira kutaurirana madingindira echitendero uye kuve nekubatanidzwa kwemanzwiro pamberi peiyo. Kuchinja kwePurotesitendi.
Imwe yeakanyanya hunhu hwebaroque ndeyekuwedzeredza mafambiro uye akajeka mameseji ayo anoshandiswa kugadzira dhirama, kufara uye hukuru mune akasiyana ehunyanzvi mataurirwo. Iyi nzira ye chiaroscuro inoreva kupindirana pakati pechiedza nerima, kushandiswa kwekuwedzeredza kwechiedza kusiyanisa kugadzira kunyengedza kwehuwandu.
Yaiwanzo shandiswa mumifananidzo yebaroque, mifananidzo ine dimly kuburitsa mamiriro ekunze anokatyamadza emusiyano wakanyanya, ichi chiri chimwe chemhando huru dzebaroque. Iyo nguva yakakamurwa kuita nhanho nhatu huru mukuvapo kwayo:
- Yekutanga kana yepakutanga Baroque, pakati pemakore 1590 na1625
- Yakazara Baroque, pakati pe1625 ne1660
- Late Baroque, pakati pa1660 na1725, ndiyo yaive nhanho yekupedzisira iyo yakapa nzira kusangano rinozivikanwa seRococo nemabasa akawedzera ekushongedza uye ane humbowo.
Hunhu hukuru hweBaroque, nguva yehunyanzvi yakatanga muItaly uye yakapararira munzvimbo zhinji dzeEurope mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechi XNUMX, dzinosanganisira:
1-Zvakanyanya kukosha panguva yeBaroque yaive Reformation uye Counter-Reformation, tichifunga nezvekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro eBaroque akabatana zvakanyanya neChechi yeKatorike, yaida kukurudzira madingindira echitendero mune zvehunyanzvi, semhinduro kuReformation yePurotesitendi. . Nekudaro, hunhu hweBaroque muBaroque art hwakazviratidza zvakasiyana munyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope, nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze ezvematongerwo enyika netsika.
2-Muchimiro chebaroque, kufamba kwakanyanyisa uye tsanangudzo dzakajeka dzinoshandiswa kubudisa manzwiro akawanda, mutambo wakawanda uye hukuru, chimiro chakashandiswa mukuveza, kupenda, zvivakwa, mabhuku, kutamba uye mimhanzi, zvinogadzirisa. Chinangwa chaive chekukwezva pamusoro pezvese kupfungwa nemanzwiro.
3-Kushandiswa kwechiaroscuro unyanzvi ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyatsozivikanwa zveBaroque, uko kushamwaridzana pakati pechiedza nerima kunowanzoshandiswa kugadzira mhepo inoshamisa yekusiyana kwakanyanya. Iyo chiaroscuro nzira inonyanya kuoneka mukupenda, semuenzaniso, The Massacre of the Innocents naPeter Paul Rubens, pamwe nekushanda nevamwe vakakosha vanyori veBaroque vanosanganisira Caravaggio naRembrandt.
4-Pakati peakanyanya kujeka maitiro eiyo baroque ndeyekupa kukosha kukuru kwekushongedza uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda kufadza.
5-Muchimiro cheBaroque chekuvaka, nzvimbo dzakashinga, dzimba, uye mafomu akakura zvakasimbiswa, sekuenzanisirwa neNational Palace yeQueluz muPortugal.
6-Mumhanzi, chimiro chebaroque chinoumba chikamu chikuru cheiyo classical canon. Vaimbi vakakosha vanosanganisira Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Handel naAntonio Vivaldi.
Etymological mavambo
Mukushandiswa zvisina kurongwa, izwi rekuti baroque rinotsanangura chimwe chinhu chakaomesesa uye chakatsanangurwa zvakanyanya, zvinoreva parera risina kukwana uye rinorehwa kune mamwe emhando yepamusoro pearl brooches yenguva iyoyo. Ichi chimiro chakayedza kutora hupfumi hwakanyanya uye dhirama yeiyi nhanho muEurope, ndosaka ichionekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kukosha maitiro eBaroque.
Baroque architecture
Zvivakwa zveBaroque zvakatanga muItari uye zvakashanduka zvichienderana nenguva yemhirizhonga yakatanga muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye yakabatana neKuchinja. Kazhinji avo vaiva nesimba vaigara vachida kushandisa zvivakwa uye unyanzvi senzira yokuratidza simba, upfumi nomukurumbira uye hapana pachiri chokwadi uye chakatanhamara kupfuura mumhinduro yeChechi yeKaturike kuChinjo yePurotesitendi.
Munguva iyi, vatungamiriri vezvitendero vakakwanisa kupesvedzera tsika nemaitiro ounyanzvi zvakava nemukurumbira. KuChechi yeKaturike, nzira inokosha zvikuru yokuratidzira nokuchengeta pesvedzero yayo nesimba yakanga iri yokubudisa machechi makuru namacathedral.
Iwo maartist uye vagadziri vezvivakwa vakapihwa basa iri vakatanga kumutsidzira pfungwa dzeRenaissance yerunako uye yechokwadi, panguva ino chete nenzira yakatonyanya uye yakanyanyisa. Imwe yeakanyanya maitiro eiyo baroque yaive chokwadi chekuti maartist akagadzira akati wandei matekiniki aiitirwa kumutsa manzwiro uye kuvimbika.
Nekuda kwerutsigiro rwaPope nevamwe vatongi veKatorike, mabasa akasiyana-siyana akatanga kuvakwa, saka manyorerwo acho akakurumidza kupararira muEurope neSouth America, nekuda kwekuvapo kwevatorwa vekuEurope munyika idzi. Ichi chimiro chaive chisina basa muNorth America, zvisinei, mashoma mashoma ane chiratidzo cheEuropean pesvedzero, pasina chero hunhu hwevanhu vepakutanga.
Baroque architecture ine misiyano yakavanzika zvichienderana nenyika. Sezvo maitiro eBaroque akave akakurumbira, nzvimbo dzakagadziridzwa maficha eBaroque kuti aenderane nehurongwa hwavo uye mararamiro. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvivakwa zvakashongedzwa zvakanyanya uye zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvinoratidzika zvisina kujairika uye kunyange zvisina kupera. Mienzaniso miviri yakakurumbira yekuvakwa kwebaroque ndiyo kereke yeSanta Susanna uye Palace yeCaserta muItaly.
Hunhu hwebaroque mune zvekuvaka
Zvinowanzonetsa kusiyanisa pakati pezvitaera zvezvivakwa, kunyanya kana vavaki vakabatanidza mamwe masitayera, vachibatanidza mafomu kubva kune imwe nguva uye imwe. Nekudaro, aya ndiwo mamwe ehunhu hweiyo baroque mukuvaka:
-Zvivako mumaitiro eBaroque aiwanzova makereke, dzimba huru, nedzimba dzehumambo, zvese zvaiitirwa kuratidza hupfumi, simba, uye runako.
-Kuvakwa kwemadome makuru, ayo aiwanzoiswa pakati pechivako, yaive imwe hunhu hweBaroque architecture.
-Mazhinji mamotifs uye kushongedzwa, ane zvinoshamisa zvakaomesesa ruzivo, anowedzera kune whimsy uye hutsvene hwenzvimbo.
-Zvivezwa zvemukati nekunze kwezvivakwa, zvidhori zvinowanzogadzirwa nepurasita kana marble zvaisanganisira mavara akasiyana uye maumbirwo.
-Mafomu, magadzirirwo uye mabasa anokwezva kutarisa, izvi zvinogona kusanganisira madziro akakomberedzwa, akapendwa uye akavharidzirwa sirin'i, makoramu, zvivezwa, arches, niches, zvitubu, mipumburu, akaputsika pediments, nezvimwe. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvinopa pfungwa yekufamba inozivikanwa se dynamism.
-Kakawanda kushandiswa kwegabled mansard denga, chinhu chedenga chaive chinhu chakakosha cheFrench Baroque architecture uye chakabatanidzwa mudzimba zhinji dzemadzimambo kana nyika mansions.
-Iyo baroque aesthetic inogona kukamurwa kuita maviri masitaera: yakazara baroque uye sober baroque. Yekutanga inowanzoonekwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweEurope mukati mezana ramakore rekutanga rekufamba uku uye iyo yekupedzisira inoonekwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweEurope mukati menguva iri pakati pe1675 ne1725 (kunonoka baroque).
-Iyi mhando yezvivakwa inowirirana zvakanyanya nenguva yekolonialism, sezvo nyika itsva dzakabatsira mari chikamu chehupfumi hunoonekwa muzvivakwa zvebaroque, kunyanya muSpain neFrance.
Zvivakwa zveItaly munguva yeBaroque
Iyo yakanyanya theatre yeBaroque maitiro ezvivakwa akatonga Italy muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, asi akatanga mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX Roma. Zvakatora maitiro echiRoma ekuvakwa kweRenaissance uye akaishandisa nenzira yakadzama uye inoshamisa, kazhinji kuratidza kukunda kweChechi yeKatorike uye absolutist nyika, yaionekwa nekuongorora kutsva kwechimiro, chiedza, mumvuri uye kusimba kunoshamisa.
Kunyange zvazvo Renaissance yaitora upfumi nesimba zvematare eItaly, somusanganiswa wemasimba enyika neechitendero, Baroque pakutanga yakanga yakabatana zvakananga neCounter-Reformation, sangano raiva mukati meChechi yeKaturike rokuzvivandudza pacharo mukupindura vaPurotesitendi. Reformation.
Chimiro cheItalian baroque uye kushongedzwa kwese kwayakaita, kana muchida, ratidziro inonzwisisika yesimba uye kupfuma kweChechi yeKatorike. Mamwe eanonyanya kukosha maitiro eItaly Baroque architecture ndeaya:
1-Inopesvedzerwa neRenaissance dhizaini yaive nehupenyu hwayo pakati pe1400 ne1600, iri nhanho yakatangira Baroque. Vagadziri veBaroque vakagamuchira mafomu echinyakare kubva kunguva dzekutanga neVaRoma, muenzaniso wekare uri St. Peter's Basilica, chechi yeBaroque ine zvinhu zvakafemerwa neRenaissance.
2-Baroque artists nevagadziri vakabhadhara zvakanyanya pakushandiswa kwechiedza, vachizviona ivo vatenzi vechiedza. Semuenzaniso, magumo akasarudzwa zvichienderana nekuti chiedza chairatidza sei.
Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo dzechiedza chakanyanya uye nerima dzakabatanidzwa kuratidza mutsauko uye kugadzira dhirama, iyo inogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzezvivakwa zvakasiiwa zvakasviba nemaune, pamwe nemifananidzo, chiitiko chinozivikanwa sechiaroscuro.
Architectural kubudirira uye akakosha maartist
Kune akawanda akakodzera mabasa uye vagadziri vanomiririra iyo Baroque muItari, mbereko yekufamba uku. Zvivakwa zvekereke zvakati wandei zvenguva yeBaroque muRome zvaive nehurongwa hunoenderana nebasilica ine dome uye cross nave, zvisinei, shanduko mumavakirwo akaitwa ipapo, akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvese zvakamboitwa uye imwe yeakanyanya kukosha baroque. features.
Imwe yezvivakwa zvekutanga zvechiRoma kuputsa nemagungano ekutanga eMannerist maitiro yaive chechi yeSanta Susanna, yakagadzirwa naCarlo Maderno. Nekudaro, izvi zvakateverwa neakawanda akakodzera kuratidzwa kwevanyori vakaita nhoroondo muItari:
- Peter weCortona
Kuitira hanya kwakafanana kwepurasitiki, misa, mhedzisiro inoshamisa, uye mumvuri nechiedza zvinoonekwa mubasa rekuvaka raPietro da Cortona, rakaratidzwa mudhizaini yake yeSanti Luca e Martina, yakatanga muna 1635 ine facade yechechi yebaroque, muRoma.
Izvi zvinonetsa zvakatonyanya kuoneka mukugadzirisa kwaSanta Maria della Pace, ane chivakwa chemberi, ine chiaroscuro hafu-domed portico uye concave mapapiro ekudivi, yakada kufanana nedariro yetiyetari, ichienderera mberi nenzira inozadza zvakanyanya diki trapezoidal square.
- Gianlorenzo Bernini
Mamwe maEnsembles echiRoma kubva kuBaroque uye nguva yekupedzisira yeBaroque zvakare izere nemutambo uye theatre uye inomiririra nzvimbo yekutarisisa mukati menzvimbo yemadhorobha kwairi. Zvichida muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyeSaint Peter's Square, yakanyorwa sechinhu chakanakisa cheBaroque, nzvimbo yakagadzirwa naBernini, inonyanya kuumbwa nembiru mbiri dzembiru dzakazvimirira dzakanangidzirwa pane obelisk yekuEgipita.
Dhizaini yaidiwa naBernini yaive tembere yeSant'Andrea al Quirinale, ine chimiro chayo chakashongedzwa nemabhura epolychrome uye dome yake yaive yakashongedzwa negoridhe. Zvivako zvisiri zvechitendero zvaisanganisira Palazzo Barberini, zvichibva pazvirongwa zveMaderno, uye Palazzo Chigi-Odescalchi muna 1664, zvese zviri muRoma.
- Francesco Borromini
Achitorwa semukwikwidzi waBernini, mugadziri wezvivakwa Francesco Borromini akagadzira madhizaini akatsauka zvakanyanya kubva munziyo dzenguva dzose dzenyika yekare uye Renaissance. Zvirongwa zvake zvekuvaka zvinobva pazvimiro zvakaoma zvejometri, mafomu ake ekuvaka aive asina kujairika uye ekugadzira, akashandisa mutambo wezvikamu zvakawanda mumagadzirirwo ake ekuvaka.
Basa rake rakatanhamara itembere diki yeSan Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, iyo inosiyaniswa neyakaoma marongero paurongwa hwepasi, iyo ine ovha chikamu uye chikamu chemuchinjikwa, chinochipa musanganiswa weconcave uye convex maumbirwo.
- carlo fontana
Mushure mekufa kwaBernini muna 1680, Carlo Fontana akazobuda semuvaki ane simba akashanda muguta reRoma panguva yeBaroque. Chimiro chake chinogona kuvonekwa mune yakakombama zvishoma kumberi kweSan Marcello al Corso.
Kubva pamaonero ezvidzidzo, Fontana akashaya hunyanzvi hwevanyori vakamutangira vakamira muRome, zvisinei kuti simba rake pakuvakwa kweBaroque harirambiki uye rinopfuura, nekuda kwezvinyorwa zvake zvaive zvakawandisa uye zvakawanda, asi pamusoro pezvose pakuumbwa. yechizvarwa chikuru chevavaki vaizoparadzira madimikira eBaroque muEurope yose muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Spanish architecture
Imwe mhando yekuvaka kweBaroque yakagadziridzwa muSpain uye aimbove makoroni mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kunyanya muSpain America neBelgium, pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Sezvo maitiro ekuItaly Baroque akapararira kuburikidza nePyrenees, zvishoma nezvishoma zvakabvisa mukurumbira uye pesvedzero yezviyero zvechinyakare zveJuan de Herrera, izvo zvanga zvave mufashoni kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Semuyenzaniso, muna 1667, mafacade eAlonso Cano's Granada Cathedral uye Eufrasio López de Rojas's Jaén Cathedral anoratidza kuyerera kwevanyori mukududzira zvimiro zvechinyakare zveSpanish cathedral architecture muBaroque aesthetic.
MuMadrid, muPlaza Mayor uye muRoyal Palace yeBuen Retiro, mitauro yemutauro weHerrerian yakagadziridzwa, iine hunhu hweiyo baroque kunyanya kuvakwa kwezvidhinha kwechinyakare, kwakazoparadzwa panguva yekurwiswa kweFrance nemauto aNapoleon. . Magadheni ayo achiri El Retiro park, mune yakapusa XNUMXth yezana remakore rezvidhina baroque ichiri kunyatsomiririrwa mumigwagwa yeguta guru nedzimba dzeumambo uye masikweya.
Kusiyana nehunyanzvi hwekuchamhembe kweEurope, hunyanzvi hweSpain hwenguva iyoyo hwakapesvedzera nekubata manzwiro, huchibvisa hungwaru uye hwakaomarara chimiro, saka masamples ehunyanzvi akafuratira kudzikama uye kuzvidzora kweHerrerian classicism, achisimudzirawo yakaoma, inofadza, yakaoma kunzwisisa. , yakawedzera uye inochinja maitiro ekushongedza kwepamusoro, iyo yainzi Churrigueresque. Zvimwe zvezvisikwa zvinoshamisa zveSpanish Baroque zvine simba uye zvinoshamisa, semuenzaniso:
- Iyo facade yeYunivhesiti yeValladolid, naDiego Tomé naFray Pedro de la Visitación, 1719
- Iyo yekumadokero façade kana Fachada del Obradoiro yeCathedral yeSantiago de Compostela naFernando de Casas y Novoa, 1750.
Mune izvi zvinomiririra semune mamwe akawanda, iyo Churrigueresque dhizaini inoreva seti yezvinhu zvinodzivirira chiedza, kureruka uye kushongedza zvine hukama hushoma nechimiro uye kushanda, pakati pacho kazhinji chiumbwa chakagadzirwa zvakanaka asi chakaomesesa, seyemusuwo mukuru.
Kudai munhu aizobvisa kubva mumadziro akajeka labyrinth yakaoma kunzwisisa yemakumbo akatyoka, makoni asina kutsemuka, mateko estucco, makenduru akapidiguka, uye maruva emaruva, chimiro chechivako chacho chaisazokanganisika, uku kushongedzwa kwounyanzvi kuri chimwe chezvakakurumbira zvikuru. zvinhu zvechivako. baroque.
Panguva imwecheteyo, Churrigueresque baroque yakaratidza nziyo dzinonakidza uye dzinonakidza, uko kune hukama husina kunaka pakati penzvimbo nechiedza. Zvivakwa zvakaita seCartuja de Granada naFrancisco Hurtado Izquierdo anoonekwa seanoparidzira mukuru weChurrigueresque masitaera akaiswa munzvimbo dzemukati. Kune rimwe divi, iyo Transparent yeCathedral yeToledo naNarciso Tomé inobatanidza chivezwa uye zvivakwa kuti ibudise zvisati zvamboitika mhedzisiro yechiedza uye mutambo.
Hatigone kusiya parutivi Royal Palace yeMadrid uye kupindira kwePaseo del Prado: Salón del Prado uye Puerta de Alcalá, muguta rimwe chete. Idzi dzakavakwa mune yakadzikama yepasi rose baroque maitiro, anowanzo kuvhiringika neoclassical, naMambo Felipe V naCarlos III.
Iyo Royal Palaces yeLa Granja de San Ildefonso muSegovia uye Aranjuez muMadrid mienzaniso yakanaka yekubatanidzwa kweBaroque kwezvivakwa uye kurima gadheni. Vane pesvedzero yeFrench inozivikanwa, asi ine mativi uye pfungwa dzenzvimbo iyo neimwe nzira inoratidza nhaka yakasiiwa nekugara kwemaArabu.
MuFlanders, iyo yaive purovhinzi yakapfuma kwazvo muSpain yezana ramakore rechigumi nemanomwe, zvinhu zvekushongedza zvakashongedzwa zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya kune chimiro, zvisingabatanidzi kushushikana pamusoro pehukuru.
Kusangana kunoshamisa kweSpanish, French uye Dutch Baroque aesthetics inogona kuonekwa paAverbode Abbey, yakavakwa muna 1667. Mumwe muenzaniso unozivikanwa iChechi yeSt. Michel muLouvain pakati pe1650 ne1670, ine facade inoshamisa uye inoshamisa yenhurikidzwa mbiri, mapoka ehafu mbiru uye kuwedzera kwakaoma kwechiFrench-chakafuridzirwa zvinyorwa.
english architecture
Chivakwa cheChirungu panguva yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX chinoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwePalladian, Jacobean uye Chirungu Baroque masitaera. Pakati pezvinhu zvikuru zveChirungu Baroque ndiko kuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwemhando dzekare, izvo zvakazopa nzira kune imwe yunifomu style, yakabva kunyanya kubva kuItaly uye inonyanya kuratidzwa mubasa raInigo Jones.
Chivakwa cheJacobean chaive nemukurumbira muchikamu chekutanga chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uye dhizaini yeBaroque yeChirungu, shanduro yeChirungu yeItalian Baroque style, yakapararira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX mushure meMoto Mukuru weLondon.
- Palladian architecture
Kuvandudzwa kweChirungu Baroque kwakabatana zvakanyanya neInigo Jones uye Palladian architecture. Palladian architecture yakanyanya symmetrical uye yakavakirwa pamisimboti yeiyo yakasarudzika yekirasi yezvivakwa zvezvinoera uye zvecultic precincts zvevaGiriki vekare nevaRoma.
Yakanga iri nzira yakaonekwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX muEngland uye yakave yakatanhamara zvechokwadi muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Inigo Jones ndomumwe wevagadziri vekutanga verudzi urwu, anozivikanwa nekuunza chimiro cheItaly Renaissance kuEngland.
Iye ndiye anotungamira Imba yaMambokadzi muGreenwich muna 1635 uye Imba yeBanqueting muPalace yeWhitehall munenge muna 1622, iyo yaakagadzira zvichibva pabasa raPalladio, ane simba wekuItaria wechinyakare-maitiro muvaki, sirin'i ine yakanaka mifananidzo yemasampuli aPeter Paul. Rubens.
- Jacobean architecture
Chikamu chechipiri chekuvakwa kweRenaissance muEngland chinonzi chimiro cheJacobe uye chaive chakakurumbira mukati mechikamu chekutanga chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mukutonga kwaMambo James I. Chimiro cheJacobe chinoratidzwa nekutorwa kwaro kweakaora uye ane ruzivo rweRenaissance motifs senge makoramu. uye mapilasta. , semicircular arches uye matenga akati sandara ane madziro akavhurika.
Zvisinei, idzi classical motifs dzakanga dzisina kunyatsoshandiswa, asi dzakashandiswa zvakasununguka uye dzakabatanidzwa nezvinhu zveElizabethan-style architecture. Mienzaniso yezvivakwa zvechimiro inosanganisira John Thorpe's Hatfield House, Knole House uye Holland House.
- english baroque
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvivakwa zveBaroque zvakawana mukurumbira muchimiro chinonzi Chirungu Baroque. Aive Christopher Wren, mumwe wevagadziri veChirungu vane mukurumbira munhoroondo, aive nebasa rekugadzira chimiro cheChirungu Baroque.
Apo Moto Mukuru weLondon muna 1666 wakamanikidza chikamu chikuru cheguta kuti chivakwezve, Wren akapinzwa basa kuti atsive machechi mazhinji. Chivako chake chainyanya kuda chinzvimbo chaive cheSt.
Chirungu Baroque architecture yaive yakakurumbira pakati pe1666 na1715, ichiratidzwa nezvimiro zvinorema, zvakashongedzwa nezvidimbu zvakashongedzwa kana zvichienzaniswa neiyo baroque yemazuva ano yeEuropean kondinendi, zvisinei, inoita kunge iri nyore, ine zvimwe zvechinyakare zvisinganzwisisike.
Dzimba dzenyika dzeBaroque, dzakadai seChatsworth House naWilliam Talman uye Castle Howard naVanbrugh naHawksmoor, dzakatanga kuonekwa muma 1690. Vavaki vezvivakwa vakanyanya kukosha mushure meWren vaiva Sir John Vanbrugh naNicholas Hawksmoor, vakavaka Castle Howard muna 1699. uye Blenheim Palace muna 1705.
French baroque architecture
Imba yeVersailles ndechimwe chezvimiro zvinomiririra zveFrench Baroque, yakavakwa panguva yekutonga kwaMambo Louis XIV uye ine makamuri mazana manomwe, mapindu akakura uye kushongedzwa kweumbozha. Imba yeVersailles ine hupfumi uye inoyevedza, kunyangwe pakutanga yaive imba diki yekuvhima yakavakwa nababa vaMambo Louis XIV, akagadziridza Versailles nemishandirapamwe ina yakasimba yekuvaka panguva yekutonga kwake.
Kuyevedza kwemuzinda uyu kwakaitirwa kukudza France uye kuratidza simba nehukuru hweaizviti Mambo weZuva.Mugadziri wemuzinda uyu aive Louis Le Vau, mugadziri wemukati Charles Le Brun, uye mugadziri wenzvimbo André Le Notre.
Aya maartist matatu akamboshanda pamwechete pachivande chateau Vaux le Vicomte yegurukota rezvemari ramambo asati asungwa. Muna 1682, Versailles yakava nzvimbo yekugara yepamutemo yamambo, uye zvinhu zvakakosha zvemuzinda seImba yeMirrors uye Grand Canal zvakavakwa.
Yakaroverwa zvine mutsindo muFrench Baroque style naLouis Le Vau, muvaki wechiFrench akazvarwa aishandira Mambo Louis XIV. Hunhu hukuru hweFrench Baroque ndiwo mahombe akakomberedzwa mafomu, makoramu akamonyoroka, madhomu akakwirira uye akaomerwa maumbirwo, zvichienzaniswa neiyo baroque dhizaini yeEurope yese, inofungidzirwa kuve yakapusa uye inoratidzwa nekusanganiswa kwayo kweumbozha ruzivo mukati. symmetrical zvivakwa.uye akarairwa.
Charles Le Brun aive mugadziri wemukati wePalace yeVersailles, pamwe nependi wekutanga kuna mambo, uyo aimuona semupendi mukuru wenguva dzese. Akashanda munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa uye zvinhu zvemuzinda zvakaita seHoro dzeHondo neRunyararo, maAmbassadors 'Staircase, uye Imba huru yeMirror.
Magadzirirwo emukati menguva ino anozivikanwa semanyorerwo aLouis XIV, anobva kuLe Brun, uye airatidzwa nemachira matsvuku uye egoridhe akarukwa kana mabrocade, anorema gilt plaster moulding, makuru akavezwa mativi mapaneru, uye zvinorema zviyo.
Imba yeMirrors ndiyo yepakati gallery yePalace yeVersailles uye ndeimwe yemakamuri ane mukurumbira pasi rose. Chinhu chikuru chemukamuri iyi nhevedzano yegumi nenomwe magirazi anoratidza anoratidza gumi nemanomwe mahwindo ane porticoed akatarisana nemagadheni. Imwe neimwe arch ine 17 magirazi. Mabira acho akaiswa pakati pemapirasta emarble panoiswa zviratidzo zvebronze zveFrance.
Magadzirirwo enzvimbo yePalace yeVersailles ndechimwe chezvakanyanya munhoroondo. Inotungamirirwa naAndré Le Notre, magadheni eVersailles anofukidza maeka anoda kusvika 2,000 evhu uye akaurayiwa nenzira yebindu reFrench repamutemo, kana gadheni a la francaise. Chimiro ichi chinoratidzwa nehuswa hwayo hwakanyatsokwenenzverwa, mibhedha yemaruva, zvitubu zvakawanda, uye zvivezwa.
Chivezwa munguva yeBaroque
Chivezwa cheBaroque chakatonga Italy muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye kutenderera ndiko kwaive chitaira chayo, senge mune mamwe ese ebato rebaroque tsika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX muEurope.
Muchivezwa cheBaroque, mapoka ezviverengero akafunga kukosha kutsva, mukuwedzera kune kutaura kwekufamba uye simba kwavakaendesa. Chimiro chemunhu chairatidzwa chichifamba, chichitenderera sechamupupuri chakakomberedza nzvimbo isina chinhu kana kubhedhenuka munzvimbo yakaitenderedza.
Zvinoenderana nehunhu hweBaroque mune zvakavezwa, inoonekwa mune zvakawanda mativi kuwedzera kweRenaissance, kubva pakununurwa kuenda kune yakasarudzika nhamba ine nhamba huru yemacurves. Muzhinji, uye sehunyanzvi hwekufamba kweBaroque, dzakagadzirwa uye dzakasikwa kuti dziiswe pakati penzvimbo huru, semuenzaniso, matsime akajeka akadai seFontana dei Quattro Fiumi naBernini muRome, kutenderera 1651, kana izvo. muBindu reVersailles. .
Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha maitiro ezvivezwa zvechimiro ichi kuwedzera kwezvinhu izvo, kunyangwe zvisiri chikamu chechivezwa pachacho, chinozadzisa icho uye nekuchipa runako, ndizvo zvakaita nyaya yekuvhenekesa uye kusanganiswa kwezvimedu zvekuvaka, kushongedza. zvinhu zvakadai sezvitubu zvemvura uye zvivezwa, nokudaro zvichigadzira chiitiko chinooneka uye chinozorodza kune avo vanozviona.
Vazhinji vevanyori vakazviona sevashandi uye maartist mutsika yekare uye vakayemura chiHellenistic uye gare gare chivezwa cheRoma.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini ndiye aive munhu aive nesimba panguva iyoyo, kugadzirwa kwake kwezvivezwa kwaive kwakakura uye kwakasiyana. Pakati pemabasa ake ane mukurumbira tinowana: kufara kwaSanta Teresa muCornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria uye Constantine pazasi peScala Regia. Mutariri uyu akatumwawo kuGuva raPope Urban VIII muSt.
Muna 1665, pakukwirira kwemukurumbira wake, Bernini akaenda kuParis kwemwedzi inoverengeka achipindura zvikumbiro zvakadzokororwa zvemabasa ake naMambo Louis XIV. Mukurumbira wake wepasi rese waive wekuti migwagwa yaive yakazara nemhomho yevanhu vaiyemura panguva yekufamba kwake muguta.
Panguva ino Bernini akapa mamwe madhizaini ekumabvazuva kweLouvre, ayo akazorambwa, akakurumidza kusadiwa nedare reFrance nekurumbidza hunyanzvi uye mavakirwo eItari pamusoro peiyo yeFrance, mushure meizvozvo chete basa rakasara reFrance. nguva yake muParis ndeye bust of Louis XIV, iyo yakaisa mwero wehumambo portraiture kwezana ramakore.
baroque pendi
Baroque pendi yakabuda muzana remakore rechi1623 uye yakave yakakurumbira kumativi ezana remakore rechi1667, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeRoman High Baroque yakagadzirwa pakati pe1600 neXNUMX. Baroque pendi inobatanidzwa neBaroque tsika yekufamba, iyo yakatanga muItaly uye inosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvitaera. , sezvo iyo yose iyo mifananidzo yakakosha mukati menguva inotanga kutenderera XNUMX uye ichienderera kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX ikozvino ichizivikanwa seBaroque pendi.
Mukuratidzwa kwayo kwakanyanya, chimiro chebaroque chinowanzo ratidza mutambo mukuru, wakapfuma kwazvo uye wakadzika mavara ematoni, mimvuri yakadzika uko mutambo mukuru wechiedza nemumvuri wakakosha.
italian baroque pendi
Mumwe weakakodzera mapendi eItaly panguva iyoyo aive Caravaggio. Akazvarwa uye akadzidziswa muMilan, anomira semumwe wevanonyanya kupa uye vane pesvedzero kuEurope pendi yekupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, anozivikanwa zvikuru nemifananidzo yekupenda, yezvidzidzo zvechinyakare kana zvechitendero, muzvipfeko zvemazuva ano kana sevarume nevakadzi. vakadziwo zvavo.
Kubatanidzwa kwake kwechikamu chekudyara chehupenyu kunopesana zvakanyanya nemaitiro enguva iyoyo. Akashandisa kusviba uye kusiyanisa kwakasimba pakati pezviverengero zvakavheneka zvishoma uye mamiriro akasviba kuti aedze mhedzisiro. Pakati pemabasa ake emifananidzo ane mukurumbira tinowana: Kudaidzwa kwaMateu Musande, Musande Tomasi, Kutendeuka kwaSaint Pauro, Kuvigwa uye Kugadzwa kwaKristu.
Kushandiswa kwechiedza nemumvuri kwakatevedzerwa neveCaravaggisti, sekuzviti vateveri vaCaravaggio: Orazio Gentileschi, Artemisia Gentileschi, Mattia Preti, Carlo Saraceni naBartolomeo Manfredi. Vamwe vanyori vekuItaly vane simba panguva iyi yekutanga vakapesvedzera kuvandudzwa kwekupenda kweBaroque vanosanganisira Peter Paul Rubens, Giovanni Lanfranco, naGuercino. Vanyori, vakaita saGuido Reni naDomenico Zampieri, vakatevera imwe nzira yemhando yepamusoro.
Vapendi veBaroque vakaita saCortona, Giovan Battista Gaulli, naCiro Ferri vakaramba vachibudirira pamwe chete nevekare vanomiririrwa nevapendi vakaita saSacchi naNicholas Poussin. Kunyangwe mupendi wekirasi saCarlo Maratta, mudzidzi weSacchi, akafurirwa neBaroque mukushandisa kwake ruvara.
Spanish pendi
Pendi yeBaroque muSpain yakapesvedzerwa nezvese zvakaitika mune inozivikanwa yeSpanish Golden Age yakatanga muna 1492, nekupera kweReconquest uye nzendo negungwa raChristopher Columbus kuenda kuNyika Itsva uye izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinopera kutenderera. 1659, neChibvumirano chePyrenees chakasimbiswa pakati peFrance neHabsburg, Spain.
Zvinhu zvekuItaly uye hukama hwakatangwa nemurume waMambokadzi Isabel uye gare gare mambo ega weSpain, Ferdinand weAragon, zvakapa kuti pave nekuwanda kwevangwaru kuyambuka Mediterranean pakati peValencia, Seville neFlorence.
Kudhirowa kwechiSpain panguva iyoyo kwakaramba kuchifarira zvemashiripiti uye zvechitendero, izvo zvakakurudzirwa neCounter-Reformation uye nokutsigira kwemadzimambo uye vatongi veKaturike veSpain. MaHabsburg aionekwa muSpain neAustria, vatsigiri vakuru vehunyanzvi munyika dzavo.
Nyanzvi dzehunyanzvi dzinowanzo tora Diego Velázquez naFrancisco de Zurbarán sevavambi vane simba veiyo yakasarudzika Spanish maitiro ekupenda panguva yeBaroque.
Mufananidzo weFrench muBaroque
Kupenda kwemuzana ramakore regumi nenomwe muFrance kwakapesvedzerwa nehunhu hweItaly pamwe nekuravira kwechinyakare kwehumambo hune simba. Mambo Louis XIV akavamba Academy of Painting and Sculpture, iyo yakaratidza uye yakaparadzira zvakajeka zvechinyakare maitiro eunyanzvi. Vanyori vakakosha kubva kuFrance muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX vanosanganisira Simon Vouet, Charles Le Brun, Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain, naGeorges de la Tour.
Simon Vouet anozivikanwa nekuunza pendi yeBaroque muFrance, Charles Le Brun aive mudzidzi weVouet uye anonyanya kukosha mupendi wedare waMambo Louis XIV, anoona nezvekushongedzwa kwemukati mePalace yeVersailles.
Nicolas Poussin anozivikanwa nemifananidzo yake yemhando yepamusoro inofarira kujeka, pfungwa, kurongeka, uye mitsetse yakachena pamusoro peruvara. Claude Lorrain anonyanya kuzivikanwa nebasa rake pamifananidzo yenzvimbo. Nepo Georges de la Tour aive mupendi weBaroque anozivikanwa nekupenda kunyanya zvimiro zvechitendero zvechiaroscuro.
Baroque music
Mumhanzi weBaroque imhando yakasarudzika yemimhanzi yakakura kubva muRenaissance, kunyangwe ichiwanzoonekwa sechikamu chenguva yemimhanzi yechinyakare, zvakakosha kuziva kuti Baroque yakatangira nguva yechinyakare. Nguva yeBaroque yakabva muna 1600 kusvika muna 1750, nepo Classical nguva yakatora 1750-1820.
Iyi genus inowana zita rayo kubva paizwi rechiPutukezi rinoshandiswa kutaura a parera rakaputsika, inova inonyatso nzira yekutsanangura iyi mimhanzi yemhando: inonyanya kukosha pane yepamusoro uye yakaderera manotsi. Mimhanzi yeBaroque yakatanga mukurumbira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye yave ichiridzwa kubvira ipapo. Nekuvandudzwa kukuru kweRenaissance kwakauyawo zviridzwa zvitsva nenzira itsva dzekuvaka zviridzwa izvozvo.
Chakanyanya kucherechedzwa yaive pianoforte, yaionekwa semutungamiri wepiyano yemazuva ano, pamwe nemaviolin echokwadi epamusoro akavakwa nemhuri yeStradivari. Pasinei nechiridzwa chacho, mimhanzi yakasiyana-siyana yakanga yavapo uye vaimbi vaida chaizvo kuitora.
Kupfuurirazve, gore ra1600 rakaratidzira nhambo yenyongano yenzanga muEurope, Chechi yeRoma Katurike, yaichimbova yakabatanidzwa murutivi rukurusa rweEurope, yakakamurwa noKuchinja kwePurotesitendi, uko kwakaumba masangano akati kuti echiPurotesitendi kuchamhembe kwekondinendi iyi. Chechi yeKaturike, ichitsvaka kuwanazve simba rayo rekare uye kusvika, nokukurumidza yakakurudzira vaimbi nevaimbi kunyora mabhuku aigona kufadza vanhu vakawanda.
Zvisinei, maitiro eBaroque haangobatanidzwa chete nechitendero, sezvo yaiva nguva yenhoroondo yemimhanzi yakaona kuberekwa kweimwe yemhando dzakanyanya kukosha muWestern canon, opera. Ichi chidimbu chakabatanidza mimhanzi nedhirama, ichikwezva vateereri vekuEurope.
Munguva iyi mamwe marudzi ekuumbwa akagadzirwawo, senge concerto, sonata uye cantata. Yakanga iri nguva yezvigadzirwa zvechokwadi zvisina kufanana nechero nyika yakanga yamboona. Mumhanzi weBaroque une akawanda hunhu anobatsira kumaka chidimbu sechechikamu ichi, asi matatu kunyanya anogona kujekeswa:
- Kutarisa pamatoni epamusoro nepamusoro.
- Yakatarisana nenziyo dzakaturikidzana
- Kuwedzera kwehukuru hweorchestra.
Vanyori veBaroque vakaisa zvakanyanya pamusoro nepasi pasi kana zvikamu zvinoda kuridzwa nebass nesoprano. Izvi zvaiwanzosiya vaimbi vachitamba pakati pezvikwata izvi kuti vavandudze basa ravo.
Nziyo dzeBaroque dzinonyanya kuratidzwa nenziyo dzakaturikidzana, zvichireva kuti manotsi mamwe chete aigarodzokororwa mukati mekunyorwa, kunyangwe achiridzwa nevaimbi vakasiyana. Somugumisiro, mimhanzi yakambonyorerwa kudzidzisa kuridza chiridzwa yakanga yakakurumbira sezvakaita zvidimbu zvekonzati.
Zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemumhanzi wakapiwa zvaida kuwedzera kwenhamba yevaimbi, zvichireva kuti ukuru hwevaimbi hwakakura zvakanyanya panguva iyi. Vaimbi vaida maviolin akati wandei muzvidimbu zvakawanda, semuenzaniso.
Uyezve, mhando dzezviridzwa zviripo zvakaitawo kukura uku muhukuru hweochestra kusadzivisika. Vamwe vevanyori vane mukurumbira munhoroondo vakabuda munguva yeBaroque, mavara akakodzera kutaurwa, semuenzaniso: Bach, Handel naMonteverdi.
Kune zvimwe zvidimbu zvine mukurumbira uye zvakakosha zvemumhanzi webaroque zvakapfuura nguva uye zvinoramba zviri mukuravira kwevanhu vazhinji, vasinganyatso gara muhoro dzemakonzati. Pakati pavo tinowana:
- Johann Pachelbel. Canon uye giga muD huru (1680).
- Johann Sebastian Bach. Toccata uye fugue muD madiki (1704).
- Anton Vivaldi. Gloria (1708).
- Johann Sebastian Bach. Brandenburg Concerto Nhamba yechina (1721).
- Anton Vivaldi. Primavera (1721).
- Jean Philippe Rameau. Ngoma (1724).
- Johann Sebastian Bach. Aria yeG tambo (1730).
- George Frederick Handel. Hareruya! (1741).
Baroque mabhuku
Baroque mabhuku imhando yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX ine zvimiro zvakasiyana uye zvine hunyanzvi zvichienzaniswa nemanyorero emazana emakore apfuura. Nguva yeBaroque inozivikanwa nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvakapa mutambo mukuru uye manzwiro kune ese marudzi eunyanzvi, uye zvinyorwa zvaive zvisiri izvo. Vanyori venguva iyi vakangwarira kushandisa zvirungamutauro zvine zvirevo zvakawanda.
Zvidimikira zvidiki-diki zvakare zvinowanzoitika zvemhando yebaroque uye mabasa mazhinji ezvinyorwa kubva panguva ino anotenderera pakutsvaga kwemunhu nguva dzose zvinoreva kuvapo. Nyaya zhinji dzakadomwa semabhuku e-baroque dzinozivikanwa nemagwaro apo mavara nemagadzirirwo anonyatsotsanangurwa uye anoratidza hupenyu hwechokwadi kwete nyika dzekufungidzira. Manovhero uye nyaya pfupi dzenguva yeBaroque saka dzinowira muchikamu chechokwadi.
Madimikira akave akatanhamara uye achidzokororwa mukunyora kwenguva yeBaroque kuti akurudzire pfungwa dzekufungidzira uye dzekufungidzira mupfungwa dzeavo vaiaverenga. Ichi chiri chimwe chehunhu hweiyo baroque mune yekunyora chimiro.
Mabhuku akati wandei anozivikanwa echinhanho ichi aitaurawo mazano akasiyana echitendero, nekuti vamwe vanyori veBaroque vakashanda pasi pekutsigirwa kwekereke sezvakaita mamwe marudzi evatambi, sevakapenda, vaimbi, vavezi, nezvimwe. Vamwe vevanyori vakatanhamara vezvinyorwa vane hunhu hwakajeka hweiyo baroque vanosanganisira:
- Luis de Gongora y Argote: munyori we Angelica naMedoro, Fable yePyramus uye Thisbe, Ngano yePolyphemus neGalatea uye imwe Solitudes, LsaFirmezas de Isabela, La Comedia Venatoria uye El chiremba Carlino.
- Lope de Vega: akanyora Lkuna Arcadia, Mupilgrim munyika yake, The Romances, Bani reParnassus, pakati pevamwe
- Baltasar Gracián: ane mabasa akadai Gamba, Wezvematongerwo enyika, Akangwara, Chirairo uye The Criticón.
- Pedro Calderon de la Barca: kusimbisa nemagwaro akadai Hupenyu kurota, Iyo yemashiripiti inoshamisa, Iyo huru yemitambo yeNyika y Copacabana kwayedza.
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