Wakambonzwa here nezve photoelectric mhedzisiro? Pano tinokupa ruzivo rwese rwune chekuita nenyaya inokatyamadza inobuda kubva kuhuwandu hwefizikisi. Dzidza nezve nhoroondo yayo, tsananguro, uye pfungwa, pamwe nevamwe vatsigiro vakaita mipiro kune iri bazi refizikisi.
Chii chinonzi photoelectric effect?
Iyo photoelectric effect iri mukutaura uye kuratidzwa kwema electrons, iyo inoitwa nenzira ye conductor inogona kuva chinhu chinobudirira induction ye electromagnetic radiation. Mwaranzi iyi inoturikirwa kuita chiedza chinooneka. Pakati pemamwe mashedhi echiedza tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:
Photoconductivity
Inoita basa rakakosha nekuda kwemhedzisiro yainoita nekuwedzera conductivity mazinga anoshandurirwa mumagetsi anoita chiedza. Kuedza uku kwakafumurwa pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe.
Photovoltaic mhedzisiro
Inonyanya kuenderana nekuti inokonzera chiitiko chinoshandura simba rechiedza mukusiyana nemagetsi. Chokwadi chinoparirwa mugore rechiuru nemazana masere nemakumi masere neina.
Discovery
Kuwanikwa kweiyo photoelectric effect kunoitwa nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvakaitwa naHeinrich Hertz mugore rechiuru nemazana masere nemakumi masere nenomwe. Kucherekedza kwayo kunowanikwa pasi pematanho anosanganisira curve inosvetuka pakati pe 2 electrodes, uye iyo yakabatana pasi pemhepo yakakwira, iyo inowanzosvika kure kure kana yakavhenekerwa neUV mwenje, iyo yakasiyana zvachose pane kana kwasviba.
Humbowo hwekutanga hweiyi dzidziso yakatsanangurwa kuburikidza netsanangudzo kana tsananguro yakatsanangurwa naAlbert Einstein pamhedzisiro yephotoelectric, kusvika pamhedziso yekuti chidimbu chinoenderana nechiedza chinonzi photon. Hwaro hwekusikwa kweiyo dzidziso yechiedza yakashandiswa naEinstein nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvepamusoro zvePlanck. Ndiani akaita kumwe kuedza kuratidza kuvapo kuti vangani.
La Nhoroondo yaMax Planck inotiratidza kupinda kwemusayendisiti uyu munyika yefizikisi, mukuwedzera kune humbowo hwezvimwe zvinocherechedzwa zvakapihwa nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvakaitwa pahuwandu hwechiito. Tichifunga kuti dzidziso iyi yakavhura mikova kunzira ye quantum fizikisi nenzira inokurumidza uye yemvura.
El photoelectric mhedzisiro Izvo zvakasiyana nemaX-rays. Tichifunga nezvekuti mafotoni anowana kufambiswa kwemaerekitironi mune iyi nzira yemagetsi emagetsi, nepo muchiitiko cheX-rays pakanga pasati pasvika zvidzidzo zvakawanda kuti kuumbwa kweX-rays kunogadzirwa. Kuti panosvika gore ra1985 migumisiro uye kushandiswa kwemwaranzi inonzi mwaranzi, nomusayendisiti Wilhelm Rotge, zvawanikwa.
photons
ari photons ivo vanomiririrwa nemasimba anoganhurwa nemhando yemwenje frequency nenzira yemafungu. Kana tikazviwana tave nechiitiko cheatomu, iyo inozviwana ichitora simba rakati rinobuda kubva kune imwe photon, ine simba guru guru rinobvumira kukanda erekitironi kubva pane zviri kutaurwa, kuti gare gare kuenda kune imwe. nzira chaiyo inopera mune imwe nzvimbo.
Zvakaitika pamusoro apa, erekitironi inodzingwa kubva pane izvo. Mune zvakapesana. Kana simba rinobuda nephoton risina simba rakakwana, erekitironi haina hunyanzvi hwekutiza kana kutiza kubva pane zviri kutaurwa.
Kune chikamu chayo, hazvienderane nekuchinja kunoitwa nesimba rechiedza kuti simba riripo mufotoni rigadziriswe, chete nhamba yemaerekitironi inokwanisa kupukunyuka kubva munzvimbo yaanowanikwa ine simba rekuita. saka. , nekuda kwesimba rinoburitswa nemaerekitironi, zviri pachena kuti hazvibvi pamwaranzi yaanosvika, asi pamhepo inoburitswa.
Kazhinji, haasi maerekitironi ose anokwanisa kudzingwa ne electron. photoelectric effect, Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanotanga kubuda ndeavo vasingawanzoda simba rakanyanyisa kuti vabudirire kudzingwa. Mune dielectric insulator, mamwe maerekitironi ane simba rakawanda anogona kuonekwa mubhendi yevalence.
Panyaya yesimbi, kazhinji tinowana maerekitironi pamberi pebhendi rakafara rinopa kuitisa kukuru.
Nokudaro, kuburikidza ne semiconductor zvinokwanisika kuratidza ma electrons anotumira huwandu hwesimba. Panyaya yemakondakita erudzi urwu, maerekitironi mashoma anowanzo kuwanikwa mubhendi rinoburitsa conduction.
Kana tichitaura nezvekushisa kwekamuri tinowanzo kuwana mamwe maerekitironi ane simba guru, izvo zvakawanikwa pedyo zvikuru neFermi mazinga. Pane simba iro erekitironi rinofanira kuva naro kuti risvike padanho reFermi, iro rinozivikanwa sekushanda fusion, ukuwo kashoma kakawanda kanodiwa kuti mwaranzi ibudise maerekitironi ichidanwa kuti chikumbaridzo.
Kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwesimba hwakataurwa hunoenderana-siyana, uye hahumbogara huripo, izvi hongu, zvichienderana nenguva dzese pazvinhu uye zvidimbu zveatomu. Zvimwe zvinhu zvesimbi zvakaita secalcium necesium zvine basa rakaderera. Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvinofanirwa kuve zvakaomesesa kuti zvinhu zvakachena kusvika pamaatomu.
Tsanangudzo
Iwo mafotoni ane chiedza chechiedza, zvakare ane simba rakasiyana, iro rinosimbiswa nehuwandu hunopa chiedza. Kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuita photoemission, kana iri nyaya yekuti electron inokwanisa kutora simba re photon uye photon ine simba rakatokura kudarika basa rekushanda, electron ichadzingwa kubva munyaya yacho.
Apo simba redanda rinowedzera, hapana kuchinja kwemasimba emifananidzo, pane kungochinja kwenhamba yehuwandu hwemafotoni. Nokudaro, mhedziso iri pachena ndeyokuti simba re electron imwe neimwe harizombovi nekusimba kana simba rinopa chiedza, asi pane simba rinobudiswa nephoton imwe neimwe.
Kunyanya simba rose rinowanikwa nephoton rinofanira kukwezvwa uye zvakare rinofanira kushandiswa kuwana kuburitswa kweerekitironi inosungirirwa kuatomu. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo yakataura simba rine photons rinokwanisa kupedza chimwe chezvikamu izvi, rinosunungura maerekitironi kubva paatomu uye mamwe ose anoshandurwa semupiro wekinetic simba sechikamu cheerekitironi inopera muchidimbu chemahara.
Albert, kune chikamu chake, akange asina sechinangwa chidzidzo chakananga chechikonzero chakagadzirwa nemaerekitironi mumwaranzi yemamwe masimbi, ayo akazova simba rekinetic, zvisinei akacherechedza ake akakodzera.
Akawana tsananguro yehunhu hunoitwa nemwaranzi. Kuburikidza nechiito ichi, zvakarongwa kutsanangura kuburikidza nekucherechedza huwandu hwemaerekitironi akasiya zvinhu, tichifunga kuti frequency yakaita basa rakakosha muzviito zvakaitwa.
Historia
Munyika yefizikisi takakwanisa kuganhura nhoroondo yezvimwe zvakawanikwa zvakanyorwa pamazuva chaiwo, nekuda kwekudzidza kwevamwe. Masayendisiti akakosha avo vakabatsira nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana uye dzidziso dzakabatsira nhasi kutsanangura zvimwe zviitiko zvefizikisi, pakati pevasayendisiti vatinogona kutaura tinowana:
Heinrich Hertz
Musayendisiti uyu akakwanisa kuita chidzidzo chekutanga pamusoro pekutarisa kweiyo photoelectric effect mugore rechiuru nemazana masere nemakumi masere nenomwe. Zviridzwa zvaakaitira kuyedza uku zvakabva pacoil paigona kuitwa spark sevimbiso yekuti yaizoshanda seinogamuchira mafungu emagetsi.
Kuti awane chiono chakakwana chepanorama, uyezve kuti awane kucherechedzwa kwespark, akavharira mugamuchiri mubhokisi dema kana mudziyo. Zvichipa izvi, kutorwa kwechiedza cheUV chakaitwa, izvo zvakapa nyore kusvetuka kwemaerekitironi. Uye zvakare, simba raive nen'anga yakapihwa magetsi iyo mugamuchiri aiburitsa rairatidzwa zvakananga. Musayendisiti akaburitsa akati kuyedza kunyangwe pasina kutsanangura chiitiko.
Joseph John Thomson
Pakazosvika XNUMX, musayendisiti Thomson aive achigadzirira hwaro hwechidzidzo chakanangana nemwaranzi yecathode. Ichitungamirirwa naMaxwell, nyanzvi inogumisa kuti mwaranzi we<em>cathode wakanga wakadzika midzi mukuyerera kwezvikamu zvakawanikwa zvine zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvisina kunaka, izvo zvaanopa zita rema corpuscles, uye kuti pakupedzisira anopiwa zita remagetsi.
Joseph akatora hwaro hwekuedza kwake pandiro yesimbi yakavharwa zvachose muchubhu yevacuum, ichifumura chinhu chakadaro kuchiedza nemusiyano wakakwana maererano nehurefu hwemasaisai. Musayendisiti aitenda kuti magetsi emagetsi anopa mamwe maresonances nemunda wemagetsi, uye kuti corpuscle yakapiwa nechaji yemagetsi inobudiswa kuburikidza nayo.
Kusimba kwaivepo mune yakataurwa ikozvino yakapihwa nemagetsi kwakasiyana-siyana mukutarisana kwemazinga akanyanya akagadzirwa nechiedza. Izvi zvaireva kuti sezvo chiedza chaiwedzera, ikozvino yakawedzerawo. Dudziro yaro inoitwa nekuda kwekuti mwaranzi ine frequency yakakwira, inoburitsawo zvidimbu zvine simba guru rekinetic.
Philipp Lenard
Kwegore remazana gumi nemapfumbamwe nemazana maviri, musayendisiti uyu akaita chidzidzo pamusoro peiyo photoelectric effect yaakaratidza kushanduka kwesimba kwemaerekitironi, achigumisa kuti vanoita basa rinokosha nekuwanda kwechiedza chechiitiko.
Albert Einstein
Mumazana gumi nemapfumbamwe nemazana mashanu, kuumbwa kwesayenzi kweiyo yakakurumbira dzidziso yehukama yakaitwa, yakarongwa nemusayendisiti pasi pezvinyorwa zvakavakirwa pamasvomhu nenhamba, izvo zvakabvumira kunzwisisa kwemamwe maitiro. Kubuda kwemaerekitironi kwakabatana nekugadzirwa uye kutorwa kwechiedza chequanta, icho chakazonzi mafotoni.
Muna 1905, gore rimwe chetero raakaita kirasi pamusoro pedzidziso yehukama, Albert Einstein akaronga ongororo umo akafumura chiitiko chaiita sechinoshanda nemazvo, umo kubuda kwemaerekitironi kwakagadzirwa nekutorwa kwechiedza, a. chokwadi chaizonzi mafotoni.
Muchinyorwa chakanzi A Eucharistic Viewpoint paKugadzirwa uye Shanduko yeChiedza, airatidza kuti zano rekuti discrete zvimedu zvechiedza zvinogona kuburitsa iyo photoelectric athari uye zvakare yakaratidza kuvepo kwechimiro chechimiro chechinhu chimwe nechimwe pazasi icho chaive chisina mhedzisiro. Nekutsanangurwa uku kweiyo photoelectric mhedzisiro Einstein aizogamuchira Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1921.
Tichifunga nezvedzidziso yaEinstein, simba iro maerekitironi akatiza nawo kubva mucathode panguva imwe chete iyo yakasimuka zvishoma nezvishoma, kuburikidza nekuwanda kwechiedza chechiitiko, kure nechimiro chakasimba chesimba. Zvikuru, muuyo wakadaro wakanga usati waonekwa munguva dzakare. Kuratidzira kwekuyedza kwechinhu ichi kwakaitwa muna 1915 neAmerican physicist Robert Andrews Millikan.
Pakupedzisira, mumwe nomumwe wemasayendisiti ataurwa pamusoro apa akaita zvipo zvikuru pakudzidza uye kuwanikwa kweiyo photoelectric effect. Kutenda kune izvo nhasi ruzivo, uye maitiro edzidziso akagamuchirwa zvakanyanya.
Nhasi iyi inoshamisa photoelectric athari inoverengera senzira inogona kuwanikwa mune dzakasiyana siyana zvemagetsi michina. Kuwanikwa kwake kwakakosha chaizvo nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuti azive mamwe maitiro ane chiedza.
Kuve zvidzidzo zveakadaro masayendisiti, mipiro yakakwanisa kuita mutsauko mukuru munyika yefizikisi. Nekuda kweizvi, quantum fizikisi ibazi resainzi rakawana mwero wakakura wemukurumbira, uyo wakakura zvishoma nezvishoma nekukurudzira kukuru uye kufarira.
wave-particle duality
Chiitiko ichi chiitiko chemuviri chakawanikwa mukutanga pamwe chete nemamwe maspectra ehumwe hunhu. Yakavamba kuwanikwa kweiyo inonzi wave-particle inova chikamu che quantum mechanics. Chiedza chinozvibata semasaisai, kukwanisa kuburitsa kupindira uye kukanganisa sezviri mukuedza kwaThomas Young kutsemuka kaviri, asi chinotsinhanisa simba nenzira yakasarudzika mumapakiti emagetsi, mafotoni, ane simba rinoenderana nekuwanda kwemwaranzi yemagetsi.
Aya mazano akakwanisa kuvaka dzidziso yemagetsi emagetsi ane mabhesi akajeka uye akatsanangurwa, sezvo kuburikidza nazvo, tsananguro dzakamuka nezve mamwe mazwi anobatanidzwa mumabasa anoitwa nemwaranzi.
Photoelectric effect nhasi
Nhasi iyo photoelectric effect inowanzova hwaro hwakazara hunogona kuwanikwa pamberi pemazinga ane simba anoratidzwa nenzira ye photovoltaic, rudzi urwu rwekuita runowanzo kuwanikwa mumaindasitiri e thermoelectric, sezvinoratidzwa mune mamwe maitiro akajeka ane makamera akadhindwa.
Mune zvimwe zvinhu, iyo photoelectric effect iripo mumidziyo yemumba yemazuva ese, mazhinji ayo anoumbwa nezvinhu zvinogoneka, semhangura, zvinhu izvi zvinogonesa kugadzirwa kweanogona magetsi emagetsi.
Isu tinogona zvakare kuwana chiitiko ichi mumiviri inoratidzirwa kune kuratidzwa kweZuva kwenguva yakati rebei. Iyo guruva zvidimbu zvinoumba pamusoro peMwedzi, pakugamuchira chiedza ichi zvakananga, zvinopomerwa simba rakanaka, izvi ndezvekutenda kwekuita kwephotons. Zvimedu zvidiki izvi, zvichichajiswa, zvinodzinga mumwe nemumwe, zvichibva zvasimuka nekuumba mamiriro ekunze anonetsa.
Masetiraiti echisikigo anogamuchirawo chaji yemagetsi yakanaka uye anozadza nzvimbo inovhenekerwa neZuva, zvisinei, munzvimbo ine rima, inopihwa simba rakaipa. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvakakosha kutora ichi chiitiko chekuunganidza simba munhoroondo.
Pakupedzisira, kuwanikwa kweiyo photoelectric effect kwakaunza kuvandudzwa uko nekufamba kwenguva kwakatibatsira kunzwisisa nenzira inoshamisa chimiro chakadzama icho nyika inopa. Nekudaro, kufambira mberi kwakakonzeresa kuita kwayo, kunoshandura mune inotevera kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji:
- Kufambiswa kwemifananidzo ine animated
- cinema kufambira mberi
- Terevhizheni
- Michina inorema, inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri maitiro.
Munzvimbo yemagetsi, iyo photoelectric mhedzisiro inowana zvinoshamisa mhedzisiro, sezvo kuvhenekesa kweveruzhinji kuchigoneka nekuda kwekushandiswa kwayo. Tichifunga kuti michina yakawanda inoita basa iri haidi kutariswa kana kutariswa nechero mushandi kana mushandisi, nekuti izvi zvinongobatidza nekudzima marambi anovhenekera nzira kana migwagwa yenzvimbo chero ipi zvayo.
Pasina kupokana, mhedzisiro iyi yakaoma kunzwisisa, zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvayo zvaive zvakadzika munguva dzekare, nekuda kwevesainzi vakaita zvinofadza uye zvekongiri mipiro, iyo yakave yakazivikanwa zvizere padanho resainzi.