mazera enhoroondo

Kana muchida kuziva kuti mazera enhoroondo ndeapi, garai henyu nekuti mubhuku rino tichakutaurirai zvese zvine chekuita neimwe yadzo.. Rudzi rwevanhu rwave rwuchisiya chiratidzo charwo kwemamiriyoni akawanda emakore. Nekufamba kwenguva, hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwakadai sekutaura, kunyora kana hunyanzvi hwakadai sekurima, zvipfuyo, kubata hove nezvimwe zvakadzidzwa nekuvandudzwa. Pamusoro pesainzi, huzivi, kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi kana kusimudzira nzanga pachayo.

Zvese izvi seti yezviitiko, ndizvo izvo nekufamba kwenguva zvave zvichivaka izvo zvatinoziva nhasi senhoroondo. Asi hazvisi zvikamu zvese zvenhoroondo zvakafanana, asi nguva dzakasiyana dzinogona kusiyaniswa mukati mayo. Nguva idzi ndidzo dzinoumba imwe neimwe yemazera enhoroondo.

shanu, inguva dzinotariswa semazera akasiyana, umo marudzi emunhu, nzira yekufunga, kuita, hukama, nezvimwe. Izvo zvave kuitika kubva pataigara mumapako, kuhupenyu hwatiri kurarama parizvino mumaguta akasimukira, kwete muzvivakwa chete asiwo mukutaurirana, mafomu ebudiriro, sangano rezvemagariro, nezvimwe.

Ndeapi mazera mashanu enhoroondo?

Tisati taziva kuti mazera mashanu aya enhorondo chii, chekutanga tinofanira kujeka pamusoro pepfungwa yenhoroondo uye nokudaro tinokwanisa kunzwisisa nei rudzi rwevanhu rwaifanira kuita uku kupatsanurwa kwenguva uye chii chakakosha pamusoro peumwe neumwe wavo.

Tinonzwisisa ne nhoroondo, chidzidzo chine chekuita nezviitiko zvakaitika munguva yakapfuura, kuwedzera pakuongorora kwekushanduka kwevanhu panyika. Nezvakaitika kare, chaunoda kuwana chidzidzo chevakatangira, ndiko kuti, kwatinobva, ndivanaani uye sei vaiva vanhu vokutanga vaigara panyika, mararamiro api aitevera uye chii kana kuti ndivanaani vaiva panyika munhu asati avapo. marudzi.

Nhoroondo inobata nemabviro nekukura kwevanhu inogona kunge yakafaranuka. Kuti tizive iyo yekutanga data nezve vanhu, isu tinofanirwa kudzokera kumashure mamiriyoni emakore. Muchinyorwa chino, tichataura nezvemazera akasiyana-siyana epasi mukutevedzana kwenguva, tichabva kune yekaresa kuenda kune yazvino uno kuti tinzwisise zviri nani matangiro ezvatiri nhasi.

Kune mashanu, mazera makuru umo nhoroondo yakakamurwa, zvakanyanya mukati mavo kuti mamwe madiki anogona kuwanikwa. Isu tinotaura nezve Prehistory, Iyo Ancient Age, iyo Middle Ages, Yemazuvano Age uye pakupedzisira iyo Contemporary Age.. Uku kupatsanurwa kunoitwa, nekuti mune chimwe nechimwe chazvo zviitiko zvakakosha zvinoitika pakushanduka kwemarudzi.

mazera enhoroondo yenyika

Sezvatadudza, nhau yakakamurwa kuva nhambo shanu dzakasiana, izvo zvakareva chinjo inokosha mumararamire enzanga iyoyo.

• Prehistory: inotanga nekwakabva vanhu, kusvika pakugadzirwa kwekunyora
• Kuchembera: kubva pakuonekwa kwekunyora, kusvika pakudonha kweHumambo hweRoma
• Middle Ages: inotanga nekuwanikwa kweAmerica uye inopera muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu
• Nguva yemazuva ano: kubva muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu kusvika pakutanga kweChimurenga cheFrance
• Zera remazuva ano: kubva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX kusvika kuhupenyu hwazvino

Prehistory

Isu tichaongorora yega yega mazera enhoroondo, tichitsanangura kuti nguva iyi yaive yei kuti uwane pfungwa yezvakaitika uye nekukubatsira kuti unzwisise kuti zvese zvakaitika sei. Danho rekutanga ratiri kuzoongorora tichitevera kurongeka kwezviitiko ndeye Prehistory, zviitiko zviri kure kwazvo kubva pane zvatinoziva nhasi.. Iyi nhanho inopindirana nekuonekwa kwekutanga kweyainzi rudzi rwemunhu, mamiriyoni emakore apfuura.

Kubva pakuonekwa kwekutanga kwerudzi rwevanhu kusvika kune homo sapiens, inofungidzirwa tateguru wedu wekutanga, zvinonhuwira zvave zvichiitwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvekushanduka-shanduka, kwete zvemuviri chete asiwo zvezivo uye unyanzvi.

Prehistory inovhara nguva yakafara kwazvo, zvichiita kuti ive nhanho refu yenhoroondo yakamborarama. Inovhara, sezvatakambotaura, kubva pakuonekwa kwehominid yekutanga, kusvika pakugadzirwa kwekunyora. Mhindumupindu, yave ichida mamiriyoni akawanda emakore kuti iwanikwe.

Iyi nhanho yenhoroondo yakakamurwa kuita matatu akasiyana: Paleolithic, Neolithic uye Zera reMasimbi. Nekupatsanura uku, tinoda kutsanangura nenzira irinani zviitiko zvese uye shanduko yakaitika munguva dzakataurwa dzenhoroondo.

Paleolithic

Vanhu vekutanga vakapona kubva pakuvhima, kubata hove uye kuunganidza michero vanoonekwa. Zvishandiso zvakavakwa nenzira yeunyanzvi nezvinhu kubva munzvimbo yavo. Vaiva vatama-tama, saka vakanga vasina nzvimbo yakatarwa.

Mukati mechikamu ichi moto unooneka, chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zvenhoroondo, iyo yakabvumira kubikwa kwezvokudya, kupisa uye chiedza usiku. Zvakare chinocherechedzwa idombo art mumapako.

Neolithic

Rudzi rwevanhu runotanga kugadzira chikafu chayo nekurima uye zvipfuyo, zvinoreva chinjo huru munzira youpenyu. Hupenyu hwevanotama-tama hunosiiwa parutivi vobva vangogara, nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekudyisa havachadi kuti vatamire kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye misha yekutanga yakaumbwa.

Kuchembera

Inotanga nekuonekwa kwekunyora, nguva yenhoroondo yevanhu, uye inopera nekudonha kweHumambo hweRoma muzana ramakore reXNUMX.. Muchiitiko ichi chenhoroondo, humambo hwekutanga uye nzira dzekutengesa dzinotanga kubuda. Kubudirira kwekutanga kwainyanya kutsaurirwa kune zvekurima uye zvipfuyo.

Kana vachitanga mararamiro ekugara, vanoenda kubuda kwekutanga budiriro dzakadai sechiGiriki, Egipita, Mesopotamian, Persia neRoma. VaMesopotamian ndivo vagadziri vekugadzirwa kwemadiridziro ekurima. Muchikamu chino chenhoroondo, zviito zveuranda, hondo uye mazano ekutanga ehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika zvinomira pachena.

Kwakanga kune kufambira mberi kukuru mudzidzo yenzanga, kuoneka kwouzivi. Pamusoro pezvo, kumwe kutenda uye masisitimu ekukosha kwakaonekwa. Kana zviri zvechitendero, dzidziso dzokunamata vanamwari vakawanda uye dzokudavira Mwari mumwe dzinotanga kuoneka.

Middle Ages

Danho iri rinotanga nekudonha kwehushe hweRoma, uye rinopera nekuwanikwa kweAmerica mugore ra1492.. Zviitiko zvakakosha zvenhoroondo zvinoitika pamatanho ese, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro nenhoroondo.

Iyo feudal system inoratidzika sehurongwa hukuru hwezvematongerwo enyika, madzishe aive nesimba pamusoro penyika akateerera panguva imwechete chimiro chamambo aitonga pamusoro pemarudzi akasiyana kana marudzi.

ChiKristu chinowana simba uye chinopararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana chichiva chimwe chezvitendero zvakanyanya yeEurope. Nzanga yechiKristu yakakamurwa panguva ino kuva yakaropafadzwa uye isina ropafadzo, iyo yakaumba mapoka matatu akasiyana; vanokudzwa, vafundisi uye pakupedzisira vanhuwo zvavo. Upfumi hwakanangana nekurima nekutengeserana, saka vatengesi nenyanzvi vanova nhamba dzakakosha.

Munguva iyi, mayunivhesiti ekutanga anogadzirwa.Uye zvakare, mitauro mitsva yakaita seSpanish kana French yakabuda. Masangano akakosha akadai semahoro emadhorobha neparamende anoonekawo.

Kurwisana kwehondo pakati pevanhu pamusana pemisiyano yenzanga kana yechitendero yaigara ichiitika. Ino ndiyo nguva yeHondo dzechiKristu uye zvitambudzo zvorudzidziso, zvakawanda zvazvo zvakabviswa nokuda kwokurangarirwa kuva vanyengeri.

Nguva yemazuva ano

Inotanga nekuwanikwa kweAmerica mugore ra1492 uye inoenderera mberi kusvika pakatanga Chimurenga cheFrance. muna 1789. Inguva yenhau umo mhindumupindu huru inopupurirwa, nemhaka yomuchina wokudhinda wakabvumira mabhuku kusvika kumakona akawanda. Maguta anga achisimukira, achiwana danho rakanaka rekugadzirisa zvinhu uye dhorobha.

Kuwedzera kwema bourgeoisie kunobatanidzwa panguva ino yenhoroondo nekuda kwe kukura kwekutengeserana uye maindasitiri mabasa. Kutengeserana kweMaritime kunowedzera uye chiitiko chakakosha chaive chambotaurwa kuwanikwa kweAmerica.

Mafungu matsva epfungwa akadai sehumanism uye rationalism anooneka, achikurudzira huzivi hutsva. Pedyo nekupera kweNguva Yemazuvano ikozvino yeChiedza inomuka, sangano retsika rakashandura hupenyu hwepfungwa, achirega kuva Mwari chimiro chikuru chekufarira uye kutarisa pachimiro chemunhu.

Zera remazuva ano

Tiri muzera rekupedzisira renhorondo, Nguva yeContemporary. Nzvimbo yekutanga yeiyi nhanho inowanikwa nekutanga kweFrench Revolution mugore ra1789 uye inoenderera kusvika ikozvino.. Pane zviitiko zvakawanda zvakaitika panguva iyi yenhoroondo chikamu; the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Hondo Yenyika I, kuonekwa kwefascism, Hondo Yenyika II, ndezvimwe zvezviitiko zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa.

Pamusoro peizvi zvese zvatichangobva kudoma, Isu tinofanirwa kupa kukosha kune shanduko yakaitika maererano nekodzero, mabasa uye rusununguko rwevagari nemapoka akasiyana.. Kuenzana kwevakadzi, madzinza, hunhu hwepabonde nezvimwe zvinotsvakwa. Zviitiko, izvo nekufamba kwenguva zvave kufambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kusaenzana kwemagariro kunoramba kuripo uye mabhunu anogadzwa sechikwata chepamusoro. Boka idzva rinoonekwa, repakati, asi rinogara richiperekedzwa nesocial classism.

Pfungwa inotanga kubuda yekuti vanhu ndivo vanofanirwa kutonga kwete mambo, kutevedzera mitemo nekumisa kuenzana. Hutongi hunonzwisiswa sechinhu chinoumbwa nevagari vese. Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, Rule yeMutemo inooneka, umo hurumende dzinoita kutevera uye kuzvibata maererano nemutemo uripo.

Vanoshanduka masisitimu ehupfumi achipa nzira kune nyika yerubatsiro, chikamu chesainzi chinokurawo nekuvandudza mararamiro, kunyange kupedza zvirwere zvaimbouraya. Zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha kuongorora nzvimbo, kutaridzika kwenyika yekombuta, Internet nezvimwe zvakawanda.

Vanhu vave vari panyika kwemamiriyoni emakore. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kushanduka uye kubudirira kwemarudzi ose evanhu, pamwe chete nehupfumi, nzanga, zvematongerwo enyika, nezvimwewo, tanga tichiputsa imwe neimwe yezera renhoroondo kuti tinzwisise zviri nani. Tinovimba kuti ichakubatsira uye nekujekesa chero kusahadzika pamusoro penyaya iyi.