Unoziva here kuti chii nhoroondo ye x-rays Uye anoumbwa sei, uye zvinobvira sei kuti mugumisiro wakadaro uitwe? Ndeupi hwaro hwekuvapo kwayo, kana nzira dzezvinangwa uye kushandiswa kwayo, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze nezve inonakidza nhoroondo yeX-rays uye rumwe ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro peichi chinyorwa chinokwezva.
X-Ray Tsanangudzo
Chekutanga pane zvese, kuti unzwisise kuti X-rays chii, zvinodikanwa kugadzirisa kupatsanurwa mukati meiyo chinhu chakataurwa chinowanikwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Electromagnetic mwaranzi Inoumbwa nenhevedzano yemafungu emagetsi emagetsi, mamwe acho akatitenderedza.
Aya masaisai anowanzo kuwanikwa mumagetsi emagetsi, zvichibva paruzivo urwu, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kune mafungu akasiyana-siyana anogona kupatsanurwa kuita mhando dzemagetsi emagetsi. Pakati pemasaisai ayo fizikisi yakadzidza nekuchenjerera uye nekujeka, tinowana zvinotevera:
- Gamma mwaranzi
- X-ray
- Infrared
- Mwenje mutsvuku
- Chiedza cheViolet
- Ultraviolet
- Microwave oven
- FM Radio- TV
- AM Radio
Sezvatinoona, X-rays inomiririra imwe chete mhando yemasaisai iri mukati mechikamu chemagetsi emagetsi. Mwaranzi iyi haioneki nemeso evanhu. Naizvozvo, maX-rays imhando yemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi ayo basa rekupinza kwemumwe muviri kana chipenyu kuitira kuita kudhindwa kwemifananidzo inoratidza kwakatanhamara kwemuviri.
Iyi mhando yemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi anoita mamwe mabasa anoitwa nenguva yakakodzera nekuda kwehunhu hunoiperekedza, hwatinogona kutaura hwakakosha uye panguva imwechete yakakwana, ndeiyi:
Kugona kupinda chero muviri
Izvi zvinomiririra shanduko yakakosha mukati mehunhu hunotsanangudza X-rays, nekuda kwesimba iro rakati radiation inaro, zvinokwanisika kuita zvakanyatsonaka mukuita kunoitwa chiitiko chakataurwa. Tichifunga nezvekuti kushandiswa kwayo kunoitwa chete nechinangwa chekuita munharaunda yemishonga, inokwanisa kupa kuratidzwa kwechimwe chikamu chemuviri kuburikidza neX-ray.
Kutenda kune ikozvino digitization yehurongwa, nhasi zvinokwanisika kutarisa mufananidzo, umo muviri wakapinda unoratidzwa, uchibvumira kuziva uye kududzira chifananidzo chakataurwa kunyange kubva kune imwe yemagetsi, yakadai sekombiyuta kana foni.
Iri simba, iro rinorongwa seX-rays, rakaiswa pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvatambotaura, izvi imwaranzi yeultraviolet uye,wo, mwaranzi ye<em>gamma, inokura nenzira yomuzvarirwo zvikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, X-rays inoita chirongwa chinonzi ionizing. Mhedzisiro inoturikira mukuitika kunopa nzira kune akati wandei zvidimbu zvinogadzira ion charges kuburikidza ne simba remagetsi
kuwanikwa kwex-rays
El mavambo uye nhoroondo ye x-rays Zvinopupurirwa nekuda kwaWilliam Crookes, mudzidzi wesainzi akasimbisa nekudzamisa zvidzidzo zvake nezvemhedzisiro nemhedzisiro yemagasi akaiswa pasi pesimba rinobuda, aine chinangwa chekutarisa mabatiro aakaita. Nzira X-rays yakawanikwa sei? inodzoserwa kuburikidza nekuyedzwa kana kuyedza kwakaitwa pachishandiswa isina chinhu machubhu chishandiso. Izvo zvakare zvaiperekedzwa nemaelectrodes, kuitira kupa voltage currents.
Musayendisiti akapa zita kuti akati kuedza, achiwedzera zita rake rekupedzisira. Nokudaro, yakatsanangurwa seCrookes tubes. Mifananidzo yakapararira yakaratidzwa kuburikidza nemachubhu aya, zvisinei, kuyedza kwakaenderera uye William akanyura mune iyi inonakidza mhedzisiro iyo yakagadzirwa nemachubhu. Zvadaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti musayendisiti akasimbisa nzvimbo inokuvadza iyo mwaranzi yakadaro inogona kubudisa.
Kwegore ra1985, nhoroondo inoratidza zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakavakirwa paHittorff Crookes machubhu, panguva ino naWilhelm Roentgen, uyo anonzi ane radiology yekutanga. Izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti munhu akadaro akawana hunhu hwemheni, uye zvakateerana akakwanisa kutora mufananidzo wekutanga weruoko, zvisinei. uyo akawana x-rays akanga ari musayendisiti Crooker, pasi pekucherechedza kumwe kufungidzira kwakazodzamiswa nenyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana mumunda.
Uku kutaura kwoungwaru kwesayenzi kwakakwanisa kupfurikidza nokucherekedza kuwana zvimwe zvinosiyanisa izvo zvakamubvumira kutaura rondedzero yaizowana gare gare mhinduro dzakasimba zvikuru. Kuferefetwa kweiyo fluorescent effect iyo yakapenya zvakare, violet mwenje, iyi yakagadzirwa neyakasiyana-siyana cathode rays yakarongwa.
Kutevera chiitiko ichi chinoshamisa, akasvika pakuwanikwa kuti mamwe machubhu akagadzirwa nekadhibhodhi dema akawana kubviswa kwechiedza chinonzwisisika. Neizvi, kubuda kusina simba kwechiedza kwakagadzirwa nenzira yekuvhenekera nezwi reyero, pamwe chete nematoni akasvibira, aibva kune bofu rakaputirwa neplatinum, mumatoni ecyanide, ayo akazopera apo chubhu yakaparara.
Mhedziso yake yaive yakavakirwa pakuti mwaranzi yakagadzira mhando yemwaranzi yakapinda zvakanyanya, tichifunga kuti yakakwanisa kupfuura nepakati pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana senge bepa uye, zvakare, yakareruka simbi zvinhu. Akaisa pfungwa pakushandiswa kwemahwendefa emifananidzo kuitira kuti asvike pakuratidzwa kuti zvinhu zvakaratidzwa pachena zvichipikisana neX-rays, izvi pasi pekusiyana kwekukora kwechinhu.
Zvakabudirira zvaive zvikuru uye nekukurumidza, the nhoroondo ye x-rays saka zvitarise. Musayendisiti akakwanisa kuita yekutanga radiography yevanhu. X-ray iyi yairatidza ruoko, mudzimai wake ndiye akazvikweretesa kuti aite x-ray. Akatarisana nekuedza uku kwakabudirira, akasarudza kutumidza tsika iyi, pasi pekuguma kwemaranzi asingazivikanwi. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti aive asati awana chikonzero chezvaaive awana. Pasi pefungidziro idzi, data chete rakawanikwa panguva iyoyo raive rekuti radiation yakabudiswa necathode rays payakarova zvimwe zvinhu.
Gare gare nyaya inosimbisa kuti zvidzidzo zvitsva zvakadzama zvakatsanangurwa pamabviro emwaranzi yakataurwa. Zvisinei, pasinei nokuti mamwe masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana mamwe mashoko akakodzera, sainzi yakasarudza kuchengetedza zita rekutanga rakanga rapiwa. Kuuya nenzira iyi kuzivikanwa pasi pekufanirwa kweRoentgen, uyo akagadzira x-rays
Wilhelm Roetngen akawana kucherechedzwa kwakawanda nekuda kwekuratidzwa kwesainzi kuwanikwa kweX-rays, chokwadi chakanyorwa munhoroondo. Kugamuchira Nobel Prize in Physics zvine ruremekedzo muna 1901. Uyewo, akapiwawo Order of the Crown, ari Mambo weGermany Wilhelm II pachake uyo akamukorokotedza uye akamupa mubayiro unokosha zvakadaro. Pakupedzisira kwegore ra1986 Royal Society yeLondon yakamupawo menduru yekuremekedza kuedza kwake.
X-ray kugadzirwa
Zvinogoneka kuratidza kuvepo kweX-rays sezvo ichikwanisa kucherechedzwa kubva panguva iyo danda reerekitironi rine machaji makuru ane simba rinokwanisa kunonoka kana rarova simbi yakananga. Ichi chiito chinoburitsa mwaranzi, saka, mhedzisiro inogadzirwa zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwea Electromagnetic chakarondedzera iyo inozoburitsa spectra yakasiyana nguva nenguva iyo inozotsanangurwa se X-rays.
Mwaranzi iyi inotsanangurwa se "braking radiation" iyo inogadzirwa nenzira yewavelength ipfupi kwazvo iyo inoenderana nemamwe masimba anoburitswa nemaerekitironi, tichifunga kuti mamwe maatomu anobva pane chinhu chiri muchimiro chesimbi anoburitsa maX-rays avo. Inotsanangurwa se monochromatic. Imwezve sosi iri synchrotron radiation iyo inoratidzirwa ne particle accelerators.
Nenzira iyi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mukati mese nhoroondo ye x-rays migumisiro yaro uye maitiro anogadzirwa munzvimbo dzechipatara, uyewo mumarabhoritari, umo machubhu eX-ray anowanzo shandiswa.Izvi zvinorongwa muzvikamu zviviri, machubhu nenzira ye filaments uye gas tubes.
filament tube
Rudzi urwu rwechubhu ine filament inomiririrwa nechinhu chiri muchimiro chegirazi chisina kubatwa, ndiko kuti, isina chinhu, uko 2 electrodes inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo yepedyo yemagumo ayo. Iine chinhu chinotsanangurwa se catado inoperekedzwa nefilament inonzi tusgten, ine zvakare simbi ine basa rekuburitsa simba.
Zvakare, iyo nzira inogadzirwa nekukasira kwekathode iyo inotariswa kune iyo chinangwa, ichibvumira X-rays kuti igadziriswe semhedzisiro yekudhumhana. Pakupedzisira, mwaranzi inopedzwa nechikamu chimwe muzana chakaenzana nesimba rinobudiswa nemaitiro eX-ray.
Tichifunga kuti mamwe anomiririrwa nemaerekitironi achiperekedzwa nesimba rekupisa. Basa reanode nderekutonhodza zvinhu kudzivirira zvakataurwa kuti zvisabude, izvi zvinogoneka chete kana uine kushandisa mota inoita kutenderera nguva dzose.
Pakutendeuka, chiyero chekupisa chinowanzo kugoverwa mukati mehurefu hwose hwe anode, uye kusati kwaitwa kwakadaro, zvinokwanisika kuita basa rinogutsa nesimba guru uye kuramba. Yakati chubhu ine hwindo rinonyatsojeka kuX-rays, iro rakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakanaka kwazvo uye zvakapfava, sealuminium neberyllium.
X-ray tube schematic
Iyo chubhu ine gasi yemukati inosvika 001 mmHg inoverengera sekumanikidza. Izvi zvinoongororwa nemhando yevharuvhu inoperekedzwa necathode yeyakanyura inopenya zvinhu, izvi zvinobvuma kutarisa kwemaerekitironi uye nekutendeuka kweanode. Aya maionized particles ane nitrogen pamwe neoxygen inowanikwa mukati mechubhu mhango iyo inozogara ichikwezvwa kune cathode uye anode.
X-ray michina
Parizvino, zvinotaridzirwa kuti kune zvakasiyana-siyana zve X-ray detectors. Imwe yezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvinogona kuonekwa ndeye firimu yemifananidzo, iyo basa remumulsion inopa manzwiro ekureba kwemafungu anobudiswa ne. X-rays.
Mamwe emafirimu anotepfenyurwa panguva iyi anotemerwa nechinhu kana kuti mass absorption factor iyo panguva imwe chete yakatarisana nerambidzo inotungamira kune hierarchy ye spectral mitsara. Uku kusimba kunotariswa, izvo zvishoma, chokwadi chinoita kuti vatame pari zvino.
Mazuva ano akatanga kuvandudza mune zvitsva zvinoona izvo zvine kugona kugadzira yakazara digitized uye yakakwirira-resolution mifananidzo. Semuenzaniso weizvi tinogona kutaura maplaque anozivikanwa anowanzoshandiswa muzvipatara.
Aya mahwendefa ane maitiro e phosphorescent zvinhu, umo maerekitironi anowedzera simba rinotora X-rays, uye rinozadzisa basa rekuteya ranzi rakati pasi pekupisa. Maerekitironi aya ane basa rekuburitsa simba mushure mekuvhenekerwa kwemahwendefa anopiwa nelaser light uye panguva imwe chete achigadzira chiedza chine simba rakaenzana nere X-rays inorova ndiro.
Zvinocherechedzwa kuti ma detectors ane kurongeka kwehukuru zvakanyanya kutarisisa kusiyanisa nefirimu remifananidzo. Pakatanga 2.000, kufambira mberi kwacho kwaishamisa kubva pakashandiswa michina mitsva ine makamera ane sarudzo dzakanaka uye akaumbwa pasi pemahwendefa matsva anozivikanwa sePAD akashandiswa.
Zvimwe zvinhu zviri muchimiro chezvishandiso zveionizing zvinoverengerwawo se X-ray detectors.Basa razvo riri mukuyerwa kweionization inokura semugumisiro wekudyidzana kunoitwa neX-rays nemamorekuru akasiyana anoumbwa negasi.
Njodzi dzinogona kuitika pautano
Kune akasiyana mhedzisiro anogona kugadzirwa neX-ray mumakirasi akasiyana ezvipenyu, njodzi idzi dzinogona kudzikira kana kukwira, zvichienderana nedosi rinoitwa kuburikidza nekuratidzwa kune yakataurwa mwaranzi. Munyaya yezviratidziro zvinogadzirwa panguva yekugadzirwa kweX-ray, migumisiro haisi kukuvadza kana kukuvadza kune hutano.
Nekudaro, iyo inogara ichiratidzwa yeakakwira madosi inowana kugadzirwa kwekukuvara kwakasimba kunokonzerwa neakasiyana ionizing radiations aripo. Pakati pezviitiko zvinomira zvakanyanya seyakasimba madosi eX-ray kuratidzwa tinowana:
- chest scans
- pamwe neabs
- Zvidzidzo zvekupindira zvakadai sehemodynamics
Izvi ndezvimwe zvekuratidzwa kweX-ray izvo zvinowanzounza zvinokuvadza kune hutano hwekuvimbika kwechero munhu. Nechikonzero ichi, nzira nyowani dzinoshanda dzemwaranzi dzinofanirwa kuisirwa chiitiko ichi, tichifunga kuti inofanira kunyatsogadziriswa kuti ishandiswe zvizere.
Zvimwe zvinokonzerwa neionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation inounza pamwe nayo mimwe mhedzisiro inogona kukuvadza hutano mune zvakajairika, izvi zvinokonzeresa zvinoiswa sezvizvi:
cancer inokonzerwa nemwaranzi
Izvo zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro inogadzirwa kubva kune imwe chiyero cheX-rays kune imwe nguva yenguva, iyo inozorebeswa muzvikamu zvekurapa zvakasiyana, pane iyi chiitiko vashandi vekurapa vanogara vachiratidzira. Zvisinei, nyaya shomanana dzakaunzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu aya.
Migumisiro pavakadzi vane pamuviri
La nhoroondo ye x-rays inoratidza kuti izvi zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya kune vakadzi vane pamuviri. Njodzi yengozi yakakura zvikuru mune dzimwe nguva dzekuzvitakura, kana mavhiki matanhatu zvichienda mberi, panguva ino kurapwa kweX-ray kunogona kukuvadza zvikuru.Kuonekwa uku kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakadai se:
- Nervous system kusagadzikana
- Kuremara mupfungwa
- genetic malformation
Iyi ndiyo mimwe yemigumisiro inowanikwa pamuviri kana pakaitwa X-rays.Nenzira iyi, zvinokurudzirwa kusaita chero rudzi rwekurapa kunoda kuvandudzwa kwemhando yemwaranzi.
Zvimwe zvinokonzeresa zvinoitika muvanhu nekuda kwesimba re X-rays ndezvi:
- Bvudzi kurasikirwa
- ganda rinopisa
- Cataracts kana kurasikirwa kwekuona
- Kenza
- Kuremara mupfungwa
- Zvirwere
- Genetic defects kana malformations
- Pakati pevamwe
deterministic
Izvo zvinoratidzirwa nenjodzi dzakanyanya kuoma, izvo zvinokanganiswa zvekuti kushandiswa kweX-rays hakuverengeki seyakanakisa sarudzo maererano nemaitiro ekurapa.
Localized deterministics
Zvinoreva kune avo vanhu vanoda nguva dzose tsika yeX-rays, uye kuti zvakare huwandu hunoitwa hunowanzove hwakanyanya kusimba maererano nesimba rinopihwa. Pakati pemishonga iyi tinogona kuratidza maitiro eradiotherapy pamwe nekuendeswa kwezvidzidzo zvinoda kupindira munyaya yezvirwere zvakakomba zveganda.
Mhedzisiro inokatyamadza nekuda kweX-rays chirwere checataract chinokonzerwa nekusangana kweX-ray muziso, kunyangwe zvisingawanzo mumunhu, njodzi yerudzi urwu inowanzoitika kune avo vakazvitsaurira kushanda diary yerumwe rudzi rwemwaranzi. . Nokudaro, basa racho rinofanira kutariswa uye rinofanira kuchengetwa pasi pemamwe mazinga ekudzivirira. Pakupedzisira, kuburikidza nhoroondo ye x-rays Zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokuvadza zvakaonekwa zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya hutano hwevanhu.