Juan anobva kuAustria, gamba guru rakaberekwa kubva muukama hwerudo pakati paMambo Carlos I weSpain naBárbara Blomberg, ari mwanakomana asiri wepamutemo, asi izvi hazvina kumudzivisa kuva murwi mukuru werusununguko rwevanhu. Iyo inonakidza nyaya yegamba rinoshuvira kuve Royal Highness.
John weAustria: Biography
John wekuAustria akaberekerwa muRegensburg, Germany, pana Kukadzi 24, 1545, vabereki vake Mambo Charles I weSpain naV weHumambo Hutsvene hweRoma, uye amai vake Barbara Blomberg. Akazvarwa pasi pehupombwe hwababa vake, uye aive weSpanish Royal Family, mumiriri uye murume wemauto, panguva yehurumende yemunin'ina wake nababa vake, Felipe II.
makore ake okutanga
Munhoroondo yehupenyu hwaJuan de Austria zuva rekuzvarwa kwake harina kujeka, zvinogona kuratidzwa mune zvimwe zvinyorwa kuti akauya panyika mugore ra1545 sezvakasimbiswa nekutanga biography yakataurwa mugore ra1627 naVander Hammer, sezviri pachena. rakavimbika zvikurusa kuti rinyorwe pashure porufu rwake.
Mune iyi biography, anoratidzawo nzvimbo, zuva uye nguva yekuzvarwa kwake se: Regensburg musi waFebruary 25 na12.30:1547, asi mune dzimwe, semuenzaniso, seyaG. Parker kana P. Pierson, vanoshuma kuti maiva mugore raXNUMX.
Pierson muchinyorwa chake chine musoro unoti Don Juan de Austria anorondedzera kuti vamwe vagari vemazuva ano vakaramba vachiti akazvarwa mugore ra1545 uye zvakare vanotaura nezvehumwe "humbowo mumitambo yeruzhinji", pasina kutsanangura, nyaya inosimbisa zuva regore 1547.
Zvakadaro, kune vamwewo vanoti vakapa zuva sezvingabvira kubata pamuviri, asi, mumakore aya mambo aive kuGhent maererano nezvakataurwa naManuel de Foronda mubasa rake, anoti aigona kunge akazvarwa pavaviri ava. mazuva .
Pasina kuvimbisa gore rekuzvarwa kwake, chii chiri chokwadi ndechekuti ane zuva rekuzvarwa rakanyoreswa raFebruary 24, ravanoti rakasarudzwa naJuan pachake, iri riri zuva rekuzvarwa kwababa vake Carlos I.
Amai vaJuan, pavakanga vachiri vaduku zvikuru, vakaroora Jerónimo Píramo Kegell, Jerôme Pyramus Kegel, saka zvinenge zvichida kuti zita raizoberekwa mwana raiva "Jerónimo" kana kuti "Jeromín", richibva kune zita rababa vake vokurera.
Carlos I, anosarudza kuti mwanakomana wake anofanira kurerwa muSpain. Ndiani aiva mudiri wake, Don Luis de Quijada, akabvuma, uye vakasaina chibvumirano muBrussels musi waChikumi 13, 1550, pamwe chete naFrancisco Massy, uyo aive mutambi weviolin wedare remambo, akaroora Ana de Medina, anobva kuSpanish. akagamuchira kuzvipira kwake mukutsinhana nemadukatsi makumi mashanu pagore, kutarisira dzidzo yemwana.
Pakati pegore ra1551 vakasvika kuLeganés, uko mudzimai wake Ana de Medina aiva nezvikamu zvikuru zvevhu.
Mugore ra1554 uye mumwaka wezhizha, mwana akaendeswa kunhare yaDon Luis de Quijada, muVillagarcía de Campos, Valladolid, pano mwana akagara kwemakore mashanu. Mudzimai wake, Doña Magdalena de Ulloa, aitarisira dzidzo yake, aitsigirwa nemudzidzisi wechiLatin Guillén Prieto, mufundisi García de Morales uye squire Juan Galarza.
Asati afa, Carlos I akazvitsaurira amene kunyora wiri yake yomusi waJune 6, 1554, umo akataura shoko neshoko kuti: ““Nemhaka yokuti pandakanga ndiri kuGermany, pashure pokunge ndanyepedzera, ndakava nemwanakomana wokunyama nomukadzi mumwe chete, ainzi Geronimo.
Ndichiri muYuste Monastery, mambo akapa mirairo kuna don Luis de Quijada kuti aende kunogara munzvimbo iyoyo, nepo wekupedzisira akagamuchira mirairo yakagamuchirwa ndokuenda kumusha weCuacos de Yuste. Nekudaro, mambo akasiyanisa zviri pamutemo Don Juan de Austria semwanakomana wake, achimusiya aine runyoro rwake muwiri, izvo zvakaratidzwa mushure mekufa kwake mugore ra1558.
Mune izvi zvakanyorwa kuti mwanakomana wake Jerónimo aizonzi Juan, achikudza zita raaizoiswa naMambokadzi Juana, Carlos I.
Felipe II, mugari wenhaka, panguva iyoyo akanga ari kunze kweSpain. Zvadaro, zvakawanda zvakatanga kutaura pamusoro pebaba vemwana, izvo zvakarambwa naQuijada, apo akanyorera mambo achikumbira mirairo. Tinokukoka iwe kuti uzive nhoroondo ye Jose de San Martin
Ndiani akapindura pakarepo netsamba yakanyorwa nemunyori Eraso kuti mukudzima nekugadzirisa kuvhiringika kwaaive nako nenyaya yemabatirwo enyaya yakaoma kudai kwakaonekwa, achipa sechikumbiro chekuti amirire kusvika mambo adzokera kuSpain. .
Princess Juana, mudzidzisi pakushaikwa kwaFelipe II, akakumbira kuti aida kusangana nemwana, izvo zvaakazadzisa muValladolid mumwedzi waMay wegore ra1559, achibvumirana nechiziviso chakasimba. Saizvozvo, munun'una wake Felipe akazviita munaGunyana 28, 1559 muSanta Espina, taundi riri mudhorobha reCastromonte, Valladolid, Spain.
Ipapo Felipe II, achizadzisa mirairo yababa vake Carlos, inoratidzwa mutestamende yegore 1554, akaziva mwana sechikamu chemitezo inoumba mhuri yehumambo. Zita rake rakashandurwa nadon Juan de Austria. Akapiwa imba yake pachake, achigovera Luis de Quijada somuperekedzi wake mukuru.
Mambo Kesari akanga asingadi kuti vadiwa vake vakanga vasinganzwisisike vaziviswe pachena, uyewo kuona kuti amai vomwana vakanga vasingapi nzira yakanakisisa yokurera nayo mwana wacho.
Saka changamire akatora mwana kubva kuna mai vake zvakanaka, zvinokwanisika kuti achiri kuyamwisa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti akaiisa kune mubatsiri wake, Luis de Quijada, uye akaiisa kune mumwe mukadzi waaivimba naye zvizere, zvinokwanisika kuti aive mukoti akasarudzwa nekutarisira kukuru, uye kuti haana kurasika. .
Vanoti vanhu vatatu kana vana chete ndivo vaiziva nezvechiitiko ichi, uye kuti kunyange mugari wenhaka weHumambo, Don Felipe, aiziva nezvazvo kusvika 1556.
Asi, mushure memakore matatu nehafu, kune ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pedzidzo yemwanakomana weEmperor wepaupombwe, uyo akanga asina pfungwa duku yedzinza rake. Zvisinei, chinhu chechokwadi zvikuru chinogona kuvimbiswa ndechokuti kubva pakusvika kwake muguta reCastilian reLeganés, dzidzo yemwana asingazivikanwi yaiva yemuenzaniso.
Kubva pamakore 1550 kusvika 1564 dzidzo yemwana yakazaruka mumatanho matatu, uye mukati memaviri ekutanga, Jerónimo wechidiki haana kuziva chakavanzika chekuzvarwa kwake, kana vanhu vakamutarisira, kunze kwaLuis Quijada.
Kudzidziswa
Don Juan wekuAustria akapedza zvidzidzo zvake paYunivhesiti yeAlcalá de Henares kwaakapinda pamwe chete nevarume vechidiki vaviri vakuru kwaari: vaive vazukuru vake, Prince Carlos naAlejandro Farnesio, mwanakomana waMargarita de Parma, ari mumwe mwanasikana asiri wepamutemo we Mambo Charles.
Varairidzi vake vanosanganisira Honorato Juan Tristull, mudzidzi weLuis Vives. Mugore ra1562, "Imba yaDon Juan de Austria" inooneka, mukati memari yezvemari yeRoyal House, uko huwandu hwe15.000 ducats hwakagoverwa, zvakafanana naPrincess Juana.
Mugore ra1565, vanhu vokuTurkey vakarwisa chitsuwa cheMarita. Kuti itsigire kuchengetedzwa kwayo, ngarava yakagadzirwa muchiteshi cheBarcelona. Don Juan wokuAustria, akakumbira mambo kuti amupe mvumo yokukumbanira mudiwa wake, izvo zvakarambwa. Asi, Don Juan, akatiza kubva mudare ndokuenda kuBarcelona, asi haana kukwanisa kusvika kune zvikepe. Asi, tsamba yakanyorwa nemaoko kubva kumukoma wake ndiyo yakamubvumira kusiya hurongwa hwake hwekuyambuka kumaodzanyemba kweFrance, kuti asvike kunharaunda yeItaly uye kukwanisa kusvika kune zvikepe zveGarcía de Toledo.
Nemhaka yokuti munun’una wake akanga asina kukurudzirwa nebasa rechitendero, rakanga rarongwa nababa vake, Mambo Felipe II, akamugadza soMutungamiriri Mukuru weGungwa. vechivimbo chake chakazara, pakati pavo paiva naÁlvaro de Bazán, Admiral, uye Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, Mutevedzeri weMumiriri.
Muchinda Carlos, zvichida nokuda kwechinzvimbo chababa vake, uyewo ushamwari hwakavabatanidza kwemakore, akareurura kuna Don Juan wokuAustria kuti akanga ane zvirongwa zvokutiza kubva kuSpain, kuti aende kuNetherlands achibva kuItaly, uko kwaida zvikepe. izvo zvaizobvumira nzira kuenda kuItaly.
Mukutsinhana kuti awane zvakanga zvakumbirwa, akakarakadza umambo hweNaples. Zvadaro, don Juan akamuudza kuti aizomupindura uye akabva aenda kuEl Escorial kunoudza mambo nezvazvo. Mambo akadzokera kuMadrid pana January 17, 1568, uye zuva rakatevera racho, iri Svondo, mhuri yose yakapinda minamato yorudzidziso. Don Carlos, akaonana naDon Juan weAustria nerunhare kumakamuri ake, kuti amubvunze nezvechisarudzo chake.
Kubva pamhinduro dzakagamuchirwa kubva kuna don Juan, zvichida akagumisa kuti akanga asiri kuzobatira pamwe uye kuti zvichida akanga amuwana, izvo zvakamuita kuti abudise munondo ndokurwisa babamunini vake vari shure, avo vakakwanisa kuzvidzivirira kusvikira vashandi vasvika. akamutonga kusvikira amupinza mudzimba dzake dzomukati. Ipapo, nemhaka yokupfigirwa kwaMuchinda Carlos, akatungamirira Don Juan wokuAustria kupfeka mukuchema, zvisinei, Mambo Felipe akamupa mirairidzo chaiyoiyo yokuti aizoibvisa.
Panguva iyoyo, Don Juan wokuAustria, akadzokera kuMediterranean, kuti atungamirire ngarava dzacho. Mushure mekunge asangana nevapi vezano vake muCartagena musi waChikunguru 2, 1568, akaenda kugungwa kunorwisa macorsairs. Mukati memwedzi mitatu yakafamba ichitevedza mahombekombe egungwa kusvikira yasvika muOrani neMerira.
Mambokadzi Elizabeth weValois naPrince Charles vakafa muna 1568. Don Juan akaenda nengarava kuCartagena ndokuzoenda kuMadrid. Mushure mekumira pamberi pamambo, akaenda kunoshanyira Doña Magdalena de Ulloa, ndokuzvivharira kwechinguvana mumusha wemamongi weFrancisca El Abrojo, muLaguna de Duero, dhorobha neguta muSpain.
Kupandukira kweAlpujarras
Mumutemo waJanuary 1, 1567, akarayira kuti vaMorisco vaigara mukati meUmambo hweGranada, kunyanya munharaunda yeAlpujarras, kuti vasiyane zvachose netsika dzavo, mutauro wavo, zvipfeko zvavo uye tsika dzavo dzechitendero. Icho chokwadi chekuti ivo vakamisa mirau, yakagadzira kuti mumwedzi waApril 1568, kumukira kwakazaruka kucharongwa. Pakupera kwegore iroro, vagari vangangosvika mazana maviri vakatanga chimurenga.
Panguva iyoyo, mambo akabvisa Marquis of Mondéjar, uye akagadzawo Don Juan weAustria Mutungamiriri Mukuru, zvinoreva, mukuru mukuru wemauto ehumambo. Akagovera vapi vezano vanovimbwa navo kukambani yake vaaifanira kuratidzira navo, pakati pavo paiva naRequesens. Pana April 13, 1569, Don Juan akasvika muGranada.
Mutemo waivapo maererano nekudzingwa kwakaita kuti zvinhu zvinyanye kuipa. Zvisinei, kuti abudirire kuita zvakanaka, don Juan aida kuti mukoma wake amupe mvumo yokuti atange kurwisa. Mambo akamupa iyo, iyo Don Juan akaenda kuGranada, kumusoro kweuto. Pakupera kwegore ra1569, akanga akwanisa kunyaradza Güéjar Sierra, taundi rokuSpain, ndokukomba Galera.
Mamiriro acho akanga aoma mitezo: yakanga iri nhare yakaoma kutora. Don Juan wekuAustria, akabvumidza kupinda kwevanhu vese, vachishandisa nzira dzese dzepfuti uye dzemigodhi. Pana February 10, 1570, akapinda mutaundi, achiuraya vagari vose vechirume, nepo achiisa mutorongo vakadzi, vana navakweguru, achisiya nharaunda iri dongo uye gare gare ndokuifukidza nomunyu.
Ipapo akatamira kunhare yeSeron, kanzuru yeSpain, kwaakapfurwa mumusoro, uye Don Luis de Quijada akakuvadzwa, achifa vhiki imwe gare gare, pana February 25, muCaniles, taundi reSpain. Pakarepo, akatora Terque ndokukunda mupata wose wepakati weAlmería tributary.
Mumwedzi waMay wegore ra1570, Juan de Austria, akabvuma kuita rugare neEl Habaquí. Alcudia de Guadix El Habaqui. Mumwaka wechirimo newematsutso mugore ra1570, hondo dzokupedzisira dzakaitwa kuti vakunde vapanduki.
Mumwedzi waFebruary wegore ra1571, Felipe II, akasaina murayiro wokudzingwa kwevaMorisco vose vaiva muumambo hweGranada. Mutsamba dzaDon Juan, idzi nhapwa dzinodiwa dzemhuri dzakawanda dzakakwana, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, dzinoonekwa, izvo zvaanokwanisa se "kutambudzika kwevanhu" kukuru kwakatsanangurwa.
lepanto
League of Santa, chirongwa icho chifo cha 1568, chakanga chafadza Pope Saint Pius V, uye mukunongedzera kuna uyu Philip II, iye haana kubvumirana. Gare gare mugore ra1570, yakagadzirisa nyaya yeMoor, Felipe II, anobvuma kubatana neVenice nePapa vachipesana nemaTurkey.
Utongi hweSpain hwaifarira migumo yaiva pedyo yakadai seTunisia, zvisinei, mamwe mubatanidzwa akabvuma kudzivirira Kupro, iyo yakanga ichirwiswa naSelim II, muzhizha ra1570. raira murairo waDon Juan wekuAustria.
Mubatanidzwa wakasainwa muna Chivabvu 20, 1571. Ruzivo rwakasvika muMadrid muna Chikumi, panguva iyo mambo akatora anenge mazuva makumi maviri kuti anyore mirairo chaiyo yaizotorwa nemukoma wake. Zvakare, aizoisa muboka rake vanhu vakavimbika vaaizoramba achibvunza kwavari, pakati pavo paiva naLuis de Requesens, uye muteveri wake wokuAlcalá de Henares, Alejandro Farnesio.
Zvadaro, zvikepe zveSpain zvakauya kuzosangana muBarcelona, uko Don Juan weAustria aifanira kumira kusvikira vazukuru vake, Archdukes Rodolfo naErnesto, vasvika, zvakaitika muna July 20, avo vakavaendesa kuGenoa. Musi waAugust 8, zvikepe zvakasvika muNaples, kuzogovera.
Pius V akatumira Don Juan mureza weLigi, uyo akamugamuchira nemufaro uye nechiito chakasimba chakaitwa pachiitiko muchechi yeSanta Chiara. Pakupera kwaAugust, zvikepe zvakasvika kuMessina, uko boka reLigi rakanga rakaungana. Munzvimbo ino Don Juan akaongorora uye akagamuchira chirangaridzo, pamwe nevamwe vese veNavy crew. Unogona kuona zvichinakidza kuverenga biography ye Porfirio Diaz
Don Juan wekuAustria akaisa kanzuru yehondo muchikepe chake chemutungamiriri, kuti aite sarudzo nezve chiitiko. Famagusta, guta rechiGiriki riri kumabvazuva kweKupro, rakanga raparadzwa pakutanga kwaAugust. Kukundwa kweChinzwano kwakareva kuti mahombekombe eMediterranean eSpain neItaly akange asina dziviriro zvachose pakurwisa maTurkey.
Don Juan wekuAustria, akadzivirira pfungwa yehondo yehasha: tsvaga ngarava dzeTurkey, uko dzichawanikwa dzichiparadza; kuva chirongwa chinotsigirwa nevafambisi vezvikepe, vakadai saÁlvaro de Bazán. Don Juan akakwanisa kusimbisa simba rake, achipokana nenzvimbo dzakayerwa zvakanyanya, munaGunyana 15, zvikepe zvakabva kuMessina kuenda kumabvazuva kweMediterranean.
Makwikwi akarwiwa muna Gumiguru 7, 1571, muGulf yeLepanto, uko maTurkey aigara. Magwagwa, ayo aive pasi pemurairo wadon Juan, ari pakati pechikamu chekuumbwa.
Chiito chakaitwa nadon Juan de Austria, chaionekwa sechakasimba kuti awane kukunda kweChikwata, nekuda kwekutsvaga kwake kwakasimba kwekukunda, pamwe nekuedza kwake pachedu murudzi urwu rwekurwira, uko mauto nevepasi paive. akabatanidzwa, nekuda kwekuti zvikepe pazvakatangwa, zvakarwa zvakasimba.
Saka, iyi ndiyo nzira yavakaratidzwa nayo nenyanzvi mumunda, dzakadai saBraudel kana M. Fernández Álvarez, uye dzakasimbiswa nevemazuva ano vakadai saMiguel de Cervantes.
VaTurks, vakafunga kuti Lepanto, akashandura kurasikirwa kweuto rake, achizviita sekutadza kusingagoneki kwakaitika naSultan kubva kuhondo yeAngora mugore ra1402, mukuwedzera kune yambiro iri kuuya yekuti nharaunda dzake dzicharwiswa.
Kune hutongi hweSpain neItaly Republic, njodzi yakaunzwa nevaTurkey muWestern Mediterranean yakasiiwa. Saizvozvo, zvakaunza semhedzisiro kuwana muchimiro chemukombe, wavakabata nawo nhamba huru yemagwara. Nekuwanwa kweizvi, zvikepe zveSpain, zvakakwanisa kuva nesimba guru, uye zvakazvisimbisa seine simba muMediterranean.
Kunyangwe asina kukwanisa kushandisa bhenefiti iyoyo, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvikwasvi. Zvamazvirokwazvo, Don Juan weAustria akakwanisa kusunungura maKristu aikwasva mungarava dzeTurkey, anenge 15.000 XNUMX, uye nhapwa dzakanga dziri mungarava dzeSpain, dzakarwa nokutendeka mumakwikwi.
Tunisia uye Italy
Nekuda kwekukunda kweLepanto, akaita Don Juan wekuAustria gamba munharaunda yeEurope. Nokufamba kwenguva, vavariro yake yakawedzera: akashuva kuva neumambo hwake pachake, uye kubatwa samambo, izvo zvaakarambwa nenzira yakafanana.
Mugore ra1572, boka revanhu vokuAlbania rakavimbisa don Juan pachigaro. Izvi akazvibvunza nemukoma wake mambo, uyo akakurudzira kuti asabvume chikumbiro chacho, zvisinei, kuti asazosiya ukama nevaAlbania.
Ipapo, nemvumo yamambo, Don Juan mukati memwedzi yaChikunguru kusvika Gumiguru, akatanga kutsvaka Uluj Ali, mupukunyuki weLepanto, izvo hazvina kubudirira, nokuti iye, achiziva ukuru hwehondo yehondo yehondo yeSpain, akazviona. kuzvinzvenga.
Gore rakatevera, Republic of Venice yakasaina runyararo rwakasiyana nevaTurkey. Iyo Holy League yakaparadzwa zviri pamutemo, uye Don Juan akatsiva mureza weLigi neiyo yeCastile muchikepe chake.
Nezvechiitiko ichocho, mauto eSpain akanga akasununguka kuenderera mberi nemagumo ayo, uye Don Juan haana kurasikirwa nemukana: akakumbira mvumo yekutanga kukunda kweTunisia. Kubva kuLa Goleta, nhare yakanga ichigarwa nedzimwe shamwari dzeSpain, akatora Tunisia muhondo yechisimba yakaitika mumwedzi waOctober wegore ra1573.
Zvakare vakamupa mukana wokuva neumambo hwake, asi kuti akundwe ari oga. Makaro ake haana kufuratirwa, nokuti Pope Gregory IX pachake akaenda kuna Mambo Philip II pakutanga kwegore ra1574, achikumbira kuti Don Juan apiwe zita rokuremekedza raMambo weTunis.
Mhinduro yakarambwa, zvisinei, mambo akataura kuti hunhu hunoitwa nomukoma wake hwaizova nomubairo wahwo.
Zvamazvirokwazvo, Felipe II, akanga asina chivimbo chakazara muzvinangwa zvomunun’una wake. Saka akashandisa munyori wake, Antonio Pérez, semurevereri kuziva nekudzora zvido zvaDon Juan. Pérez akamupa mari yekudyara muzvikepe, uye akapomerwa mhosva yekumupa chinzvimbo chemuvicar general muItaly.
Kugara kwaDon Juan muItaly kwakabatsira Uluj Ali kupora kuTunisia. Panguva iyoyo, makaro aDon Juan weAustria akanga ari pane imwe nhano: kupinda kweKaturike kweEngland, roorano naMaría I Estuardo, uye kuwana umambo hwake amene; Raive zano rairatidza kuve nekubatana kwaPope, nemaKatorike echiRungu.
Muchokwadi, pane imwe nguva, akaongororwa nemutumwa waMambokadzi, nezve mukana wekuroora naElizabeth weEngland pachake, izvo zvakaziviswa kuna Mambo Felipe, uyo asina kubvumirana uye akarambwa naye.
Don Juan aive nezvinangwa zvikuru uye anoshuvira kutamira kuMadrid kuti ataure nezvenyaya iyi. Zvisinei, mambo akarayira kuti arambe ari muvicar general muItaly, kwaakaita zano rerunyararo kumaguta ainetsana gore rose.
Akafamba munzvimbo yese yeItaly, achifamba kubva kuSicily kuenda kuLombardy. Pakupera kwegore iroro, don Juan akaziva kuti munyori wake pachake, Juan de Soto, akanga atsiviwa naJuan de Escobedo, munyori weTreasury Council, kubvira mugore ra1566, uye mumwe munhu aiva noukama naAntonio Pérez, uyo akaedza kuziva. zvine udzame donzvo zvakaitwa naJuan nemazano.
Saizvozvowo, Mambo Felipe II akadzidza kwemakore pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvemabhii ayo sezviri pachena akanga ane hunhu hwepachivande, pakati paAntonio Pérez naDon Juan de Austria, nokuti haana kungovatarisira chete asiwo akavaruramisa, achikurudzira kushoropodzwa. , kuti adzidze nezvezvirongwa, mazano nezviito zvaDon Juan wekuAustria.
The Netherlands
Sezvo zviitiko zvose izvi zvakapfuura, kukakavara mukati meNetherlands kwakawedzera kusimba. Nemutemo wakasimba wekudzvinyirira wakaitwa pamirairo yeDuke weAlba, iyo yakaenderera mberi neyakayerwa Don Luis de Requesens. Zvisinei, Requensens akafa musi waMay 5, 1576, chiitiko chaive chekufarira kuna William weOrange kuti aite mhirizhonga.
Panguva iyoyo, Dare reHurumende raitungamirira panguva iyoyo munzvimbo iyoyo, rakakumbirawo mambo kuti agadze gavhuna mutsva, aibva kumhuri yakazvimirira.
Sarudzo yacho yakanga isingachinjiki, pakarepo mambo akarayira kuti Don Juan wekuAustria aende kuNetherlands nechinzvimbo chegavhuna. Don Juan weAustria, haana kutevedzera kurongeka kwehumambo, uye pane kutevedzera chirevo, akatamira kuMadrid, kuti aone tarisiro yakapihwa nechirongwa cheChirungu, munun'una wake akamupa rutsigiro rwakasimba, izvo zvaizova mamiriro ezvinhu. izvo aizoenda kuBrussels.
Felipe II, akapokana zvakare nechikumbiro chake chekumupa zita reInfante weCastile, pamwe neyakamirirwa kwenguva refu yekuve Royal Highness, zvisinei, akundikana, akabvuma kurudziro yake yechiremera chete. Zvakare, Felipe II haana kukwanisa kutaura zvakananga nezvenyaya yekurwiswa kusingatarisirwi kubva kuEngland, nepo Don Juan wekuAustria akashandisa kugara kwake kuSpain kusangana naMagdalena de Ulloa.
Nekupindira kwake, yakavharwa mumapfeko ake, kuitira kuti aenderere mberi nebasa rake rinotevera: aizoenda kuNetherlands, asi panguva ino aisazozviita kubva kuItaly, asi kuburikidza neFrance, saka akavanza pasi pesutu yemuranda. Morisco mubasa remuItaly anoremekedzwa anonzi Octavio de Gonzaga.
Akayambuka France yose kusvikira asvika kuLuxembourg, ruwa rwoga rwakatendeseka. Ari ikoko, akasangana naamai vake, Mai Barbara Blomberg.
Pashure pehurukuro huru, Bárbara Blomberg, uyo akanga asingafariri kugara muSpain, akabvuma kuti akaenda kuPeninsula, kwaakapiwa pokugara, mukuwedzera kumararamiro, akaguma afa muColindres, manisiparati ari kumabvazuva kweCantabria. .
Hondo yekutanga yemazuva ano yeEurope, inozivikanwa sezvikamu zvitatu zvekare zveSpanish Flanders, vakange vane nguva yakakwana vasina kubhadhara mari yavo, vakapinda muguta reAntwerp nechisimba chinotyisa, vachigadzira mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa pakusvika kwaDon Juan de Austria Netharenzi.
Akateerera mirairo, kunyanya kuenderera mberi nemutemo wakagadzwa neRequesens, kunze kwekuzviratidza semurevereri. Nevavariro yokuti azivikanwe sagavhuna, mukuwedzera kuidi rokuti vapanduki vacharemekedza chitendero chake chorudzidziso. Akabvuma kubvumira mauto ake, kutora chekare chetatu kuenda kuSpain, kana neimwe nzira kuLombardy, nenzira imwechete yekutevedzera maFlemish faculties.
Akasaina Perpetual Edict pana February 17, 1577. Pakasvika mwedzi waMay, zviitiko zvaifungidzirwa kuva zvakadzikama, uye ipapo Don Juan akava nomukana wokupinda muBrussels norukundo.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadzikama uye akadzikama, Don Juan wokuAustria akashuva kudzokera kuMadrid kuzokurukura nhau yeEngland. Mumwedzi waChikumi 1577 akatumira munyori wake, Escobedo, waaivimba naye zvizere kuti kuburikidza nekupindira kwaAntonio Pérez awane kudzokera kuSpain, kana kutadza kuti awane rutsigiro rwekurwisa England.
Mambo, izvi zvisati zvaitika, haana kubvuma kudzokera kuSpain kwadon Juan de Austria. Panguva iyoyo, zviitiko zvakanga zvanyanya kuipa muFlanders. Kwemwedzi waChikunguru 1577, don Juan de Austria akatyora chibvumirano ndokutsiva mauto eNamur nemaGerman. Kwemwedzi waNyamavhuvhu, akapa mirairo yekudzoka kweTercios yaive muMilan, kuti nerutsigiro rwezvikepe zveIndies, zvakasvika muSeville mumwedzi waNyamavhuvhu 1577, mambo aive nemari yakakwana yekuita chibvumirano. pay.
Kwemwedzi waGunyana, William weOrange, nhengo yeImba yeNassau, akapa chirevo chake: anobvuma kupa matunhu ese, kubvumira mauto kuti abve muLuxembourg. Pasina kumirira chikumbiro, don Juan akanga akateerera kusvika kwevatatu, uyo akanga ari pasi pesimba reshamwari yake yekare uye muzukuru ainzi Alejandro Farnesio.
Mazuva ake ekupedzisira ehupenyu
Kusvika kwevatatu kwakabvumira Don Juan kuti atange kurwisa kwemauto. Musi waNdira 31, 1578, mukuru Tercios akaparadza Estates General muhondo yeGembloux, izvo zvakavabvumira kuwana vazhinji veSouthern Netherlands kuti vateerere mambo zvakare, mukuwedzera kudzoreredza Luxembourg neBrabant.
Kwaive kuhwina kashoma. Pakarepo akanzwa kurwadziwa nokuti akanga asina mari. Sezvazvakaitika kuti mauto maviri akarwisa Spanish Flanders: imwe French yakanga iri pasi pemirairo yaDuke Anjou, uyo kubva kuSouth akatora Mons; nepo imwe yacho ichitungamirwa naJuan Casimir, uye nemari yaMambokadzi Elizabeth wekuEngland, izvo zvakaitika kubva kuMabvazuva.
Don Juan wokuAustria anokumbira munyori wake, Escobedo, akanga ari kuSpain, kuti atarisire kufambiswa kwemari. MuMatare eHurumende neHondo, Mutungamiriri weAlba akanyevera nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ane ngozi nekuda kwekuti akanga asina murume kana mari.
Munguva iyi, kuurayiwa kwaEscobedo kwakaitwa, chiitiko chakaitika musi waMarch 31, 1578. Parizvino, nhoroondo inosimbisa kuti yakarongwa naAntonio Pérez nemvumo yamambo, uyo aiti aikosha nokuda kwouchangamire.
Zvikonzero chaizvo zvemunyori kuti anyengetedze mambo hazvina kujeka, zvisinei, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti hapana mubvunzo kuti aigona kuve akabatanidzwa mumakaro aJohn weAustria uye pamwe kuti akatora danho ari ega kurwisa England, kana akakundikana, aizobatana neDutch revolutionaries, kana kuti aigona kudzokera kuSpain, kuraira mauto kuti atore Philip II.
Nyaya yacho inotaura kuti hapana zvinyorwa zvinoratidza munguva idzodzo, ruzivo rwemazuva ari pachena kune zvimwe zvingangoitika, kusvika mugore ra1578, apo kushungurudzika kukuru kwaDon Juan de Austria, kwaiva pamusoro pekusagadzikana kwechigarire kwe. mauto nemari yekutanga hondo muFlanders.
Kana angoziva nezverufu rwemunyori wake, don Juan, anotumira tsamba kuna mambo, kwaanomuudza kuti anonzwisisa chiitiko chacho, uye kuti anobvuma kuramba akamirira kusimbiswa kubva kuSpain.
Muzvinyorwa zvaDon Juan, zvaiva pachena kuti akataura nezvemamiriro ake ezvinhu okuora mwoyo kwakamuputira munguva iyoyo yechirimo, panguva imwe chete iyo hosha inonzi typhus kana kuti fivha, yakasungazve muviri wake. Mamwe mazuva zvaive zvakakodzera kuti azorore mukamuri make. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa kuti hutano hwake hwakanga huchiwedzera kuputsika, saka akanga achirwara zvakanyanya pakupera kwaSeptember, paaiva mumusasa wake uri muNamur.
KwaSeptember 28, akagadza mutsivi wake kuti amumiririre pamberi pehurumende yeNetherlands, ari muzukuru wake Alejandro Farnesio. Akatumira tsamba kumukoma wake, uko akamuteterera kuti aremekedze kugadzwa kwaakaitwa, uye kuti aizobvuma kuvigwa nababa vake.
Akafa pazuva rakafanana naOctober 1, 1578. Alejandro Farnesio akamutsiva sagavhuna. Zvisaririra zvedon Juan de Austria, zvakachinjirwa kuSpain, uye zviri muimba yemamongi yeSan Lorenzo de El Escorial.
Guva rake rakakomberedzwa nechifananidzo chakatambanudzwa chakatambarara, chine runako rwakati, chinomiririra gamba rakapfeka nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo, uye sechinhu chinoda kuziva, chinofanira kuwedzerwa kuti sezvo asina kufa mukurwa, anoratidzwa asina tambo. .
Basa rakafanana rakagadzirwa naPonzano kubva kuZaragoza uye rakavezwa muCarrara marble nekupindira kwemuvezi weItaly Giuseppe Galeotti.
Hupenyu hwako hwerudo
Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoratidza Don Juan wokuAustria sejaya rakanaka uye dhiri rinofadza. Nyaya dzerudo dzakawanda dzakapihwa kwaari.
Mukati moupenyu hwake akanga ane ushamwari hwepedyo nemhandara yaÉboli, naizvozvo aigona kuva noukama naMaría de Mendoza, somuuyo woukama ihwohwo vakava nepamuviri musikana akaberekwa mugore ra1567, ainzi Ana.
Don Juan akapa kurerwa kwemusikana kuna Doña Magdalena de Ulloa. Gare gare, musikana wacho akaendeswa kumusangano weMadrigal, uyo akabatanidzwa mu "mazano emugadziri weMadrigal".
Munguva yekugara kwake muNaples, mumakore akatevera kukunda kweLepanto, akadanana naDiana de Falangola, waakaita naye pamuviri musikana ainzi Juana, uyo akauya munyika musi waGunyana 11, 1573, uye rufu rwake. musi waFebruary 7, 1630.
Musikana Juana akapiwa kutarisira hanzvadzi yake Margarita. Akachinjirwa kuchechi yeSanta Clara muNaples. Gare gare don Juan ane ukama norudo naZenobia Saratosia, waakava naye mwanakomana, achifa pakuberekwa; zvino ine chokuita naAna de Toledo, akanga ari mudzimai wameya weNeapolitan.
Kuongorora
Maererano nezvinofungwa nemutsvakurudzi wenhau anonzi Manuel Fernández Álvarez, anoramba achiti Don Juan wokuAustria "zvichida munhu anoyevedza zvikuru mudare rePhilippine."
Akanga ari murume airemekedzwa zvikuru nevanhu vepanguva yake, aine hushamwari hwemuzukuru wake Prince Charles, pamwe nerutsigiro rwemuzukuru wake Alejandro Farnese. Somukundi uye mukundi weLepanto, akava nemukurumbira muEurope yose.
Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Pierson anoti vanhu vepanguva imwe cheteyo vakanga vasina chokwadi kana akanga ari “mupfuri weminondo kana kuti mutungamiriri wenyika”, uye anogumisa kuti zvichida akaita basa rezvose zviri zviviri. Muhondo yake yehondo, kubatanidzwa kwake muhondo yeAlpujarras kunooneka, uye kukunda kunowanikwa muLepanto.
Nekudaro, kuita kwake kwezvematongerwo enyika hakuna kuferefetwa zvakanyanya, kunyanya munharaunda yedhipatimendi yakagadziridzwa muLombardy, uye yakawanda yeItari. Kwaakawana rukundo ruduku kwakanga kuri muNetherlands, nzvimbo umo mhoteredzo yakanga yakaoma zvikuru, akanzwawo ari oga uye asina pfuma uye yokunyama.
Anoshoropodzwa nekunonoka kwake kusvika, zvisinei nekuti akange agamuchira mirairo chaiyo yekuti aende kunharaunda, iyo yaanotendwa kuti ndiye akadzivirira kupinda kweAntwerp nemauto eSpain.
Kubva muukama hwake nomukoma wake Felipe II, godo iro mambo akanzwa nokuda kwokukara kwake kwechigarire rinoratidzirwa. Pasinei neizvi, mabatiro aakaita kwaari aive ekumugamuchira semumwezve nhengo yemhuri yehumambo, achijoinha, uye pamberi pevakuru veSpain, nekutora chikamu mumitambo yeruzhinji. Haana kutorwa semucheche weSpain, uye haana kubatwa se "Highness", zvisinei, akabatwa se "Excelentísimo Señor"
Don Juan wekuAustria mumabhuku
Don Juan weAustria, gamba rezvakaitika kare, uyo akatungamirira hupenyu hwakakomberedzwa nezviitiko zvikuru, akafa achiri muduku, hapana mubvunzo kuti achava mufananidzo unowanikwa mumabhuku anokosha ezvakaitika kare.
Pazasi pane mamwe emabasa apo uyu munhu ane mbiri anooneka, anoti:
Epic detembo The Austrian. Munyori Juan Rufo
Yekupedzisira Crusader: Hupenyu hwaDon Juan weAustria. Munyori Louis de Wohl
Jeromin novel. Munyori Luis Coloma
Don Juan wekuAustria kana The Vocation. Comedy naMariano José de Larra
Lepanto epic poem. Munyori GK Chesterton, rakaturikirwa naJorge Luis Borges, muchiSpanish.
Gore ra1962, Novel Bomarzo. Munyori Manuel Mujica Lainez. Chapter Lepanto Yangu
Gore ra1990, Kushanya munguva. Munyori Arturo Uslar Pietri. Novel yakahwina mubairo weRómulo Gallegos muna 1992.
Gore ra1994, Juan de Austria, gamba rengano. Munyori Juan Manuel González Cremona. Kupepeta Planet, Barcelona.
Gore ra2003, Juan de Austria, chinyorwa chechinangwa. Munyori Angel Martinez Pons.
Gore ra2005, The natural gentleman. Munyori weHungary Laszlo Passuth. Kupepeta Altera SL
Gore ra2009, ini, Juan de Austria, autobiographical fiction. Munyori Joaquin Javaloys. Styria. Zvinyorwa, Barcelona.
Zvido zvekuvigwa kwaDon Juan wekuAustria
Ehe, magamba ese ane mukurumbira enhoroondo, kana angofa, anovigwa nerukudzo, manyawi uye neumbozha.
Munyaya iyo inotinetsa, Don Juan de Austria, ndeye murwi uye ane simba, gamba reLepanto, uyo vamwe vanoziva vanoti rufu rwake rwakakonzerwa nechiitiko chinorwadza muFlanders, asi kuenda kwake kuEscorial kwaiva nemaroketi. uye bhendi remimhanzi rinoperekedza.
Nyaya inotaura kuti don Juan de Austria, akafira muNamur, Flanders, inozivikanwa seBelgium, muna Gumiguru 1, 1578, nekuda kwetyphus kana typhoid fever, uye akazoendeswa kuPantheon yeVacheche veSan Lorenzo del Escorial, akavigwa nerukudzo nechaunga chikuru.
Zvisinei, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotaura kuti rufu rwemunhu wezvakaitika kare rwakaitika mune dovecote yakakurumidza kucheneswa, uye vakamhanya kundoibata, uye kuti yakanga yakashongedzwa nematepi, maketeni kunze kweNamur, uko yainyepedzera kunge ine kumukira. mukurwisana nevaSpanish avo vaiparadza Flanders, uye sezviri pachena yakanga iri mhoteredzo yakakangaidzika.
Zvaizivikanwa zviri pamutemo kuti kurwiswa kwetyphus kwakarwisa vatungamiriri vakati wandei, asi, nekuda kwekuda kuziva, vese vakaporeswa kunze kwake, asi, sezviri pachena maererano nenyaya yepamutemo, akasiya ataura kuti don Juan akarwara nechirwere chinozivikanwa. hemorrhoids.yairapwa navanachiremba vari pabasa nenzira isiriyo.
Zvakavafunga kuti abaya nerenje, izvo zvakaita kuti abude ropa muurongwa hweTrevi Fountain, izvo zvakaita kuti afe asati asvitsa makore 30, asi zvakanga zviri nyore uye zvine chiremerera kwavari kutaura kuti akanga afa nefivha. ., asati anyatsopora hemorrhoid.
Zvishuwo zvaDon Juan de Austria panguva yehupenyu hwake ndezvekuti avigwe muPanteón de los Infantes de El Escorial, zvisinei, nekuti aive nemukurumbira semurwi uye mukoma wake, Mambo Felipe II, akasavimba naye nevamwe vake, iye. yakagadziriswa iyo yakavigwa muNamur, nerukudzo kubva kumauto avo vairemekedzwa zvikuru.
Mushure memwedzi mishanu, Felipe II akapa mvumo yekuti zvisaririra zvake zviendeswe kuEl Escorial, asi, nekuvanzika kukuru uye nekuchengetedza, nepazvinogona napo. Mambo akapfuurira nemabasa ake okuzvivaraidza, nepo chitunha chadon Juan, nokuda kwomunun’una wake asiri pamutemo, chaimunetsa, naizvozvo anosarudza kuraira kuti chitunha chake chicherwe kuti chiomese, uye chigadzirire rwendo rukuru.
Chitunha chakagadzirwa zvine mutsindo, uye ivo vanoti vakachekwa kuita zvidimbu zvitatu, izvo zvaizogadziriswa kana vasvika kwavaienda. Saka, pakasvika nguva yekuvigwa, mutumbi wairatidzwa mukati meurini yakavharwa pasina kugadziridzwa, iyo yaifambiswa nebhiza.
Zvino, kwapera mwedzi vabviswa muboka revanhu, musi waKurume 18, 1579, vakatanga kudzokera kuSpain netsoka nemasara aDon Juan uye komisheni yakakosha yakaumbwa nevanhu vanosvika makumi masere vasina chavanoziva.
MuNamur vakaenda kuNantes muFrance uye kubva panzvimbo iyi vakatora chikepe chakavaendesa kuSantander, vari munharaunda iyi, vakatangazve mudungwe wakasuruvara uye wakanyarara waienda kuAbbey yePárraces, muSegovia, iyo nenzira yenenji pashure pokuva inosuruvarisa. nzendo uye grey, yakava chiitiko chine kukudzwa uye muumbozha.
Basa guru ramambo rakanga rakavamirira uko kwakanga kune vanhu vose vanokosha navane simba vedare ramambo. Pakati paavo vakanga vari, mameya, vafundisi, mamongi eEl Escorial, varwi, uye vamwe vakawanda, kubatanidza munyori wamambo nabhishopi weAvila achiperekedzwa neboka rake, vose pamwe chete vakabuda mudungwe nezvisaririra zvadon Juan de Austria, akarongwa ndokuiswa mukati mebhokisi rine magonhi maviri.
Yakatamiswa yakamiswa mumhepo kune nzira ingangoita makiromita makumi matanhatu, iyo yakaparadzanisa abbey yePàrraces kubva kuEl Escorial. Komisheni iyi yaiwedzera vanhu vazhinji kubva kuguta rega rega ravapfuura, pakaumbwa rwendo rukuru, pakaitwa chiitiko chekuvigwa muPanteón de Infantes de El Escorial, muna Chivabvu 60, 25.
Kupedzisa, isu hatigone kutadza kutaura zvakare kuti munun'una wake Felipe II haana kuvimba nekunyengera nemukoma wake Don Juan, uyo, nekuda kwekupindira kwemunyori wake, Antonio Pérez, uyo akazova hunyanzvi hwechokwadi hwebasa.
Kunyange aivimba naye, don Juan wekuAustria nezvese zvakamukomberedza zvaiita sekusamuvimba, zvisinei, Philip II paanofumura nyonganiso, anoona kutendeka kwekutendiswa kwadon Juan, kwaanozogadzirisa, kumupa zvese. kukudzwa kwoumambo pakuvigwa kwake kwakasimba.