Jose de San Martin, murume akaberekwa ane pfungwa huru dzekurwisana uye rusununguko, akaita zvidzidzo zvehondo kuti awane kusunungurwa kwemarudzi akawanda, pakati pePeru, Chile neArgentina zvakataurwa. Inyaya inonakidza yegamba guru, usapotsa.
Jose de San Martin: Mhuri
José de San Martín, akaberekerwa mumhuri yakaumbwa nevabereki vake Juan de San Martínez Gómez, akaberekwa munaFebruary 3, 1728, muCervatos de la Cueza, Palencia, Spain, akafa musi waDecember 4, 1796 kuMalaga Spain. , aine makore 68 ezera akavigwa muMakuva eRecoleta, Buenos Aires Argentina.
Baba vaJosé de San Martín, vanozivikanwa saJuan de San Martín, vaive mwanakomana waAndrés de San Martín naIsidora Gómez, vaibva kudhorobha reCervatos de la Cueza, parizvino mudunhu rePalencia, yaimbova Humambo hweLeón kuSpain. , akanga ari lieutenant gavhuna wedhipatimendi racho.
Akashanda semurwi kuSpain Crown, uye muna 1774 akagadzwa segavhuna weDhipatimendi reYapeyú, rinova chikamu cheHurumende yeGuaraní Missions, yakavambwa kuti itungamirire hutongi hwemakumi matatu eGuaraní Jesuit mishoni, mushure mekuraira. akadzingwa muAmerica nemirayiridzo yaCarlos III mugore ra1767, ari muYapeyu.
Juan de San Martín akaroora Gregoria Matorras nemumiriri, achimiririrwa muchiito ichi chepamutemo nemukuru wemadragoons anonzi Juan Francisco de Somalo, ari muna Gumiguru 1, 1770, asi, nechikomborero chaBishop Manuel Antonio de the Tower, muBuenos Aires. .
Gare gare, vakaenda kuCalera de las Vacas, nhasi inozivikanwa seCalera de las Huérfanas muUruguay, kuti vatore nzvimbo yomutarisiri wepurazi ravaJesuit, uko vatatu vevana vavo vakaberekerwa.
Akagadzwa kuva lieutenant gavhuna weYapeyú, mugore ra1775, vamwe vana vake vakazvarwawo munzvimbo iyoyo, José aive gotwe pavana vake. Juan de San Martín akaronga uye akaita sangano remauto echiGuarani zvizvarwa zvechiGuarani, zvakaumbwa nevarume mazana mashanu, vaiva nebasa rekukunda kufambira mberi kwemaPutukezi uye nechisimba chevanhu veCharrúa.
Muna 1779, Juan de San Martín akagadzwa kuva kaputeni muuto roumambo, pashure pokunge Gregoria Matorras adzokera kuBuenos Aires nevana vashanu, achisangana nomurume wake muna 1781. Muna April 1784, Juan de San Martín San Martín nemhuri yake vakasvika. muCádiz.
Gregoria Matorras, nokuda kworufu rwomurume wake, akamupa penjeni yakapfava ndokugara nomwanasikana wake María Elena nomuzukurusikana wake Petronila. Akafira muOrense, Galicia, musi waChikumi 1, 1813.
Amai vake Gregoria Matorras del Ser vakaberekwa musi waKurume 12, 1738, muParedes de Navas, Castilla, Spain, vakabhabhatidzwa musi waKurume 22, 1738, muParedes de Navas, Castilla, Spain. Akafa musi waChikumi 1, 1813, muOrense, Galicia, Spain aine makore makumi manomwe nemashanu.
Vanasekuru vako, vana sekuru namaiguru
Pakati pasekuru nasekuru vababa vake, babamunini naamainini ndivana: Andrés de San Martín y de la Riguera, naMicaela Baez; Andres de San Martin de la Riguera, Isidora Gomez. Pakati pasekuru nasekuru naamai vake, babamunini namainini, kutaurwa kunoitwa Domingo Matorras naGonzález de Nava, uye María del Ser Anton, Miguel Matorras del Ser, Domingo Matorras del Ser, Paula Matorras del Ser, Francisca Matorras del Ser, Ventura Matorras del Ser. , Gregoria Matorras weKuve.
Hama dzako nehanzvadzi
Vanin'ina vake nehanzvadzi vanosanganisira María Elena de San Martín y Matorras, akaroora Rafael González y Álvarez de Menchaca, mukoma wake Manuel Tadeo de San Martín, akaroora Josefa Manuela Español de Alburu, uye mukoma wake Justo Rufino de San Martín y Matorras. Juan Fermin weSan Martin naMatorras.
Ari kuSpain, vakoma vake vese vakaenderera mberi nemabasa avo echiuto uye vasingataudzani. Asi, José de San Martín akakurukura nehama dzake kupfurikidza netsamba, sezvakaita hanzvadzi yake María Elena.
Zvichida akanga ari kunze kwenyika muEurope, San Martín akanga asina mashoko emukoma wake Juan Fermín, akanga afira muManila uye zvimwe akava nepamuviri vana vaviri; saka zvaifungidzirwa kuti muzukuru wevanin'ina vake chete ndiye Petronila González Menchaca, mwanasikana waMaría Elena.
Pana August 8, 1793, munun’una wake Justo Rufino de San Martín akakumbira kupinda muuto reSpain uye akagamuchirwa muRoyal Corps of Corps Guards pana January 8, 1795. Ipapo akapinzwa muHussar Cavalry Regiment yeAragon, ane chinzvimbo. wemukuru. Akatora chikamu muHondo yeIndependence, pamwe chete nezviitiko zvakakosha zvakabatana nazvo.
Pane imwe nguva José de San Martín akadzingwa, munun'una wake Justo akamuperekedza kakawanda panzendo dzake dzokuBrussels neParis pakati pe1824 ne1832. Akafira muna 1832 muMadrid.
vamwe
Godfather wake pakubhabhatidzwa, Mr. José Patricio Thomas Ramón Balcare Roca Mora.
Wanano yenyu
Akawana muchato musi waGunyana 12, 1812, muBuenos Aires, United Provinces yeRío de la Plata, naMaría de los Remedios de Escalada, aine makore gumi nemana chete ezera, akaberekwa munaNovember 14, 20, muBuenos Aires, Mutongi weRío de la Plata, Umambo hweSpain, akabhabhatidzwa musi waNovember 1797, 21, muBuenos Aires, Mutongi weRío de la Plata, Umambo hweSpain.
Mwanasikana waAntonio José Escalada naTomasa de la Quintana naAoiz. Aive wemhuri yakapfuma uye ine mukurumbira, ine hukama nechikonzero chekuda nyika. Mhuri yake yaive nesimba guru mukutanga Horse Grenadier Regiment.
Zvino, yakagadzwa muMendoza, Remedios de Escalada, ndiye musiki weWomen's Patriotic League, kuitira kutsigira Mauto achangotanga eAndes. Kudyidzana nekupa zvipo zvezvishongo zvako zvese.
Asi asati aenda kuEurope muna 1824, murume wake akabatsira kuvaka temberi muLa Recolecta Cemetery, uye paguva rake akanyora tsamba yaiti: "Heino nhema Remedios de Escalada, mudzimai uye shamwari yaGeneral San Martin"
Akafa musi waAugust 3, 1823, muBuenos Aires Argentina, paaiva nemakore makumi maviri nemashanu, akavigwa muRecolecta Cemetery.
Manuel de Olazábal naLaureana Ferrari Salomón vakanga varipo sezvapupu zveroorano yavo.
Vana vavo
Vana vavo Mercedes Tomasa de San Martín naEscalada, ari iye ega mwanasikana akaberekwa naSan Martín nemudzimai wake. Akazvarwa muMendoza musi waNyamavhuvhu 24, 1836, uye akafira muBrunoy, France, muna Kukadzi 28, 1875.
Akanga akaroorwa naMariano Antonio Severo González Balcarce Buchardo. Vazukuru vake María Mercedes Balcarce naJosé de San Martín, Josefa Dominga Balcarce y San Martín, vakaroora Eduardo María de los Dolores Gutiérrez de Estrada y Gómez de la Cortina.
Mugore ra1830, San Martín akatamira zvachose kuParis, kwaakaenda nomwanasikana wake. Nekuda kwekumukira kwakawanda, mhuri inosarudza kuenda kuguta riri kure, rinozivikanwa seBoulogne-sur-Mer.
Vari munzvimbo ino, vanobata chirwere chekorera, nepo chiremba wekuArgentina uye mumiriri anonzi Marino Severo Balcarce, aitarisira kuvapa kurapwa.
Pakupedzisira, nerufu rwababa vake, uyewo pamudyandigere Balcarce kubva diplomacy, mhuri yakasarudza kutamira Brunoy, pedyo Paris. Mercedes anofira munzvimbo iyi paaiva nemakore 58 okuberekwa.
Kwegore ra1951, mariro ake akasara, emurume wake nemwanasikana wake mukuru, vakadzoserwa kumusha uye parizvino vakazorora mumusangano weBasilica yeSan Francisco muMendoza.
José de San Martín akaberekwa munaNovember 25, 1778 muYapeyú, yaimbova mishoni iri kumahombekombe eRwizi rweUruguay muHurumende yeGuarani Missions yeViceroyalty yeRío de La Plata, mudunhu rinozivikanwa reArgentina.
Sezvo ari muduku zvikuru, akanga atoratidza kufarira basa rechiuto uye unhu hwehutungamiri, pakati pezvivaraidzo zvake paiva nenziyo dzehondo, manzwi ekuraira.
kugara muEurope
Mumwedzi waApril 1784, pazera remakore matanhatu, akasvika nemhuri yake muguta reCádiz, Spain, vasati vagara muBuenos Aires, uye gare gare akagara muguta reMálaga.
Akadzidza kuRoyal Seminary yeNobles muMadrid, uye akadzidzawo paChikoro cheTemporalities muMalaga muna 1786. Muimba iyi yezvidzidzo, akadzidza mitauro yakasiyana-siyana uye unyanzvi hwakadai se: Spanish, Latin, French, German, dance. , kudhirowa , zvinyorwa zvenhetembo, fence, oratory, masvomhu, nhoroondo uye geography.
Basa rechiuto muSpain Army
Pazuva raChikunguru 21, 1789, paakanga asati asvitsa makore gumi nerimwe, San Martín akapinda muuto reSpain, achiveza basa rake rechiuto muMurcia Regiment, achitanga secadet.
Panguva imwe cheteyo Chimurenga cheFrance chakatanga. Akapindawo mukurwa kuNorth Africa, achirwa nevaMoor muMilla neOrán, pamwe chete nehondo yeNapoleon muSpain, uye akarwa naBailén naLa Albuera.
Pazuva raChikumi 9, 1793, akakwidziridzwa kusvika pachinzvimbo chemutungamiriri wechipiri, nekuda kwekupindira kwake muPyrenees, achirwisa maFrench. Mumwedzi waAugust wegore iroro, boka rake, rakanga rarwa muhondo dzomugungwa mukurwisana nengarava dzeEngland muGungwa reMediterranean, rakakundwa.
Pakasvika Chikunguru 28, 1794, akasvika pachinhanho chemukuru wechipiri 1, pakasvika Chivabvu 8, 1795 akasvika pachinzvimbo chemutungamiriri 2, uye pakasvika Zvita 26, 1802, akawana chinzvimbo chemubatsiri 2.
Mugore ra1802, akashamiswa uye akakuvadzwa zvakaipisisa nemakororo paakanga akatakura muripo wemauto, izvo zvakaita kuti arangwe nokuda kwechiitiko ichi. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezvenhoroondo uye akakosha mavara, tinokurudzira kuverenga chinyorwa Emiliano Zapata.
Pakasvika Mbudzi 2, 1804, akakwidziridzwa kusvika pachinzvimbo chemutungamiriri. Munguva iyi, akarwa nechinzvimbo chemukuru wechi 2 chevacheche vechiedza, muzviitiko zvakawanda, muHondo yeOrange pakurwisa Portugal, iri gore ra1802, uye mugore ra1804 muGibraltar neCádiz vachipesana nemaBritish.
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 11, 1808, akapiwa Menduru yeGoridhe yeMagamba eBailén, mubairo wemauto eSpain uyo unopiwa kuSan Martín, nechisungo cheDare Repamusorosoro reSeville, mukucherechedza basa rake guru muhondo yakakunda maFrench. , ndokusaka akazokwidziridzwawo kuita lieutenant colonel.
Mugore ra1808, uto raMambo weFrance Napoleon Bonaparte rakarwisa Iberian Peninsula, ukuwo Fernando VII weSpain akatorwa. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kubuda kwechimurenga kwakatanga kuna mambo uye mukoma wake José Bonaparte, uyo akanga aziviswa samambo weSpain.
Pakarepo Dare Rinodzora reCommunal rakagadzwa, richitanga kushanda muSeville uye gare gare muguta reCádiz. Zvadaro, San Martín yakasimudzirwa neCentral Government Board kusvika pachinzvimbo chemubatsiri wekutanga weCampo Mayor Volunteer Regiment. Saizvozvowo, akakweretesa mabasa ake kwegore kuuto rehondo reDorotea.
Nekuda kwemaitiro ake akatanhamara muHondo yeKuzvitonga yeSpain achipesana nemauto eFrance, akakwidziridzwa kusvika pachinzvimbo chemukuru weBourbon Regiment. Chiito chake chakatanhamara chaive mukukunda kwehondo yeBailén, chiitiko chaChikunguru 19, 1808, nekuda kwechiito chake chakakosha semubatsiri waGeneral Marquis de Coupigny, muchiitiko cheKneeling, icho nerutsigiro rwevarume makumi maviri nemumwe chete. , ainyatsotonga boka guru.
Kukunda uku kwaive kukundwa kwakakosha kwekutanga kurwisa mauto aNapoleon, zvichibvumira mauto eAndalusian kununura guta reMadrid. Mukurangarira chiitiko chake chinokudzwa, San Martín akapiwa chinzvimbo chomukuru mukuru wemauto pana August 11, 1808. Saizvozvowo, Menduru yeGoridhe yeMagamba eBailén yakapiwa kuuto rose.
Nenzira iyi akaenderera mberi nehondo yake yekurwisa mauto aive pasi pemurairo waNapoleon akabatana muRoussillon, Portugal, England neSpain. Munguva yehondo yeLa Albuera, akarwa pasi pemurairo wemukuru weChirungu William Carr Beresford, uyo makore maviri apfuura, muhondo yekutanga yeChirungu, akanga aedza pasina kubudirira kutora Buenos Aires neMontevideo.
Panguva yehondo idzi ndipo paakasangana naJames Duff, murume wekuScots aizivikanwa zvikuru akamupinza mumisangano yemashiripiti vachironga kuwana rusununguko rweSouth America. Munzvimbo iyi, akatanga kusangana nemapoka akasununguka uye echimurenga aitsigira kurwira rusununguko rweAmerica. Tinokukoka iwe kuti uzive nhoroondo inofadza ye Victorian Orchard
San Martín akapindira muzviitiko gumi nezvinomwe zvehondo, zvakaita se: Plaza de Orán, Port Vendres, Batteries, Coliombré, war frigate Dorotea mukurwisana nechikepe cheBritish El León, Torre Batera, Cruz de Yerro, Mauboles, San Margal, Mabhatiri eVillalonga. , Bañuelos, Heights, Hermitage yeSan Luc, Arrecife de Arjonilla, hondo yeBailén, kurwa kweVilla de Arjonilla uye muhondo yeAlbuera.
Zvino nekufamba kwenguva, mugore ra1793, boka rake rakava chikamu cheHondo yeAragon, pakarepo mushure meiyo yaRosetón, iyo yakarwa neFrench Republic pasi pemirairo yaGeneral Ricardos, ari mumwe wevakuru vemauto eSpain, aine mamwe mamiriro, uye ndiani aive chipangamazano akanaka wechidiki cadet San Martín.
Muna 1794, pakafa Jenerali Ricardos, aizivikanwa saMurcia, mauto aaive akazvipira kune veFrance. Muna 1797, San Martín akabhabhatidzwa achipiswa nemoto mugungwa, nokuti akanga ari kuMurcia, ari mungarava dzeSpain dzairwisana nemaChirungu muMediterranean, akapindawo muhondo yeCabo San Vicente.
Mukati memakore 1800 kusvika 1807, San Martín akapinda muzviitiko zveSpain zvaipesana nePortugal, asi, pakupedzisira, nechibvumirano cheFontainebleau cheguta reFrance neSpain, Portugal nemakoloni ayo akasiyana akagovaniswa.
London
Musi waMay 25, 1810, May Revolution yakaitika muguta reBuenos Aires, iyo yakaguma yabvisa mutevedzeri, neViceroyalty yeRío de la Plata, nekuita kugadzwa kweDare Rekutanga.
Munguva yekuzvimirira, mamiriro matsva echiuto akavhurwa kuti abatsire mauto eSouth America, kusanganisira José de San Martín, uye achida kugadziridzwa kweicho chaive kuvimbika kwakakwana, nekuti nyika yekwavo yakanga isiri mukati meHumambo hweSpain, kwayakanga yabuda.
Musi wa6 Gunyana 1811, San Martín akasiya basa rake rechiuto muSpain, achisiya kurwisana kwake kwose, uye akakumbira mutungamiri kuti amupe pasipoti kuti aende kuLondon. Chakapiwa, pamwe chete netsamba dzokurumbidza, imwe yakanyorerwa Ishe Macduff, vachifamba pana September 14 wegore rimwe chetero, kuti vagare muPark Road, nhamba 23 muruwa rweWestminster.
Ari munzvimbo ino akasangana naCarlos María de Alvear, José Matías Zapiola, Andrés Bello naTomás Guido, uye nevamwe vakawanda veshamwari dzake.
Dzimwe nyanzvi munyaya dzenhoroondo dzinoti vaiva chikamu cheboka reGreat American Reunion, nzanga yaifungidzirwa kuti ine mavambo eMasonic, yakasikwa naFrancisco de Miranda, uyo pamwe naSimón Bolívar, akanga achitorwira muAmerica. nokuda kwekusununguka kweVenezuela.
Pamwe mukati mehama, maive nemubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika weBritish akazivisa Maitland Plan, zano rekuti America isunungurwe kubva kuSpain.
Dzokera kuRwizi Plate
Anodzokera kuBuenos Aires uye nekuzivikanwa kwechinzvimbo chake che lieutenant colonel neFirst Triumvirate.
Mugore ra1812, pazera remakore makumi matatu nemana, aine chinzvimbo chemukuru wemauto, uye mushure mekumbomira muLondon, achifamba paBritish frigate George Canning, akadzokera kuguta reBuenos Aires, kuti azvipire kubasa rekuzvimirira. yeUnited Mapurovhinzi eRío de la Plata.
Vakuru vakuru vacho vakazviratidza kunhengo dzeFirst Triumvirate, idzo dzakamugamuchira kuti ape hurumende mabasa adzo.
Kusikwa kweBhiza Grenadier Regiment
Musi waKurume 16, Yekutanga Triumvirate inobvuma chirevo chakapihwa naJosé de San Martín kuti aumbe boka revatasvi vemabhiza, iro raakatumwa kutsvaga Regiment yeGrenadiers paHorseback, kuchengetedza mahombekombe eRwizi rweParaná. Mugore ra1812, akazvipira kudzidzisa marejimeni muunyanzvi hwehondo, hwaaive nahwo kubva muruzivo rwake rwekuEurope paairwa nemauto aNapoleon.
Nheyo yeLautaro Lodge
Mukambani yaCarlos María de Alvear, akange achangodzoka, akagadzira pakati pe1812 agency yeLodge yeRational Knights, iyo yakanzi Lodge Lautaro.
Iri zita rinobva kuna Mapuche lonko Lautaro, anga ari mutungamiri wemauto eMapuche ane mukurumbira muHondo yeArauco panguva yechikamu chekutanga chekukunda kweSpain, uye uyo muzana ramakore reXNUMXth akasimuka achipokana neSpanish.
Nheyo dzakagadzirwa seCadiz neLondon Masonic lodges, yakafanana neiyo yaivepo panguva iyoyo muVenezuela, senhengo huru Francisco de Miranda, Simón Bolívar naAndrés Bello.
Basa rayo guru raive "kushanda nehurongwa uye chirongwa chekusununguka kweAmerica uye mufaro wayo." Pakati penhengo dzayo huru, paivawo naSan Martín naAlvear, vaiva José Matías Zapiola, Bernardo Monteagudo naJuan Martín de Pueyrredón.
Revolution yaOctober 8, 1812
Mumwedzi waGumiguru wegore ra1812, muBuenos Aires ruzivo rwekukunda kwekuda nyika kweHondo yekuchamhembe muhondo yeTucumán, iyo yaitongwa naGeneral Manuel Belgrano, inopararira. Musi wa8 Gumiguru, vakatora mukana wechiitiko ichi, saka José de San Martín y Alvear akatungamira kumukirana kwemauto akarairwa neLautaro Lodge, inonyanya kuzivikanwa sechimurenga chaGumiguru 8, 1812.
Kurwisana kwakaguma nekudzingwa kwehurumende yeFirst Triumvirate, iyo yakaonekwa se "zvishoma zvakasarudzwa nekuzvimirira."
Kuzviwana ivo vachimanikidzwa nemauto uye vanhu, Yechipiri Triumvirate yakagadzwa, yakaumbwa naJuan José Paso, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña naAntonio Álvarez Jonte. Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvaidiwa kuti padaidzwe General Assembly yenhumwa dzematunhu ose, nechinangwa chekuzivisa kuzvitonga uye kuburitsa bumbiro idzva.
Muna Zvita 1812, Second Triumvirate akakwidziridza San Martín kusvika pachinzvimbo chemukuru uye akamugadza seMutungamiriri weHorse Grenadiers zvichienderana nezvikwata zvitatu zvaivepo.
Hondo yeSan Lorenzo
Nyaya inoenda kuti chiitiko chekutanga chemauto muSan Martín, pamwe chete neRegiment yayo ichangobva kuumbwa yeGrenadiers paHorseback, yakatungamirwa kumisa kukanganisa uko vamambo veMontevideo vakaparadza mahombekombe eRwizi rweParaná, iro rakanyanya kukosha mutero iri Río. de la Plata, uye nzira yekukurukurirana inodiwa kunharaunda.
Zvadaro, Colonel José de San Martín, pamwe chete nemauto ake, vakagara mumusha weSan Carlos, munzira inoenda kuSan Lorenzo kumaodzanyemba, ikozvino ruwa rweSanta Fe. Mumwedzi waFebruary 1813, uye nekuda kwekusvika. ye300 royalists, hondo yeSan Lorenzo yakarwiwa, pamahombekombe erwizi uye padyo nepamberi peimba yemamongi.
Nemhaka yokuti kwakanga kune kusava nechokwadi kwakasimba pamusoro poruvimbiko rwake kuchikonzero chokuzvimirira, tichifunga nezvokusvika kuchangobva kupfuura kweSan Martín, akatsunga kupfuurira kutungamirira uto duku ramagirinedhi emabhiza.
Saka bhiza rake rakakuvara zvakaipisisa uye San Martin akatsikirirwa pasi pemhuka, paakanga ave kuda kuurayiwa nehumambo. Asi, nekuda kwekupindira kwemurwi kubva kuCorrientes anonzi Juan Bautista Cabral, akaisa mutumbi wake kuti ukuvadzwe panzvimbo ye bayonet.
Uyu musoja akakwidziridzwa pashure porufu rwaJosé de San Martín, nokuda kweichi chikonzero anozivikanwa saSergeant Cabral. Yakanga iri hondo, apo mauto maviri aiva nenhamba huru yevarwi, vachizviratidza sechiitiko chechipiri, zvisinei, yakakwanisa kuparadzanisa zvachose mauto ehumambo akayambuka Rwizi rweParaná, achirova maguta akavakidzana.
Mukuru weNorthern Army
Nekuda kwekukundwa uko Manuel Belgrano, mukuru mukuru weHondo yeKumaodzanyemba, akatambura akatarisana neveumambo mumakwikwi eVilcapugio neAyohúma, uye nekuda kwekukunda mukurwa kweSan Lorenzo, iyo inonzi Second Triumvirate yakatsiva Belgrano ne. San Martín semukuru weHondo yeNorth.
Mumusangano wake nemutungamiri anobuda, waasina kuziva mumunhu, yakatsanangurwa se "Yatasto hug", nekuti tsika yakabvumirana pairi paYasto imba yevatasvi vemabhiza, iri mudunhu reSalta.
Maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa nenyanzvi Julio Arturo Benencia, anosimbisa kuti musangano wakaitika muna Kukadzi 17, 1814, pakubuda kweAlgarrobos post, padyo nerwizi rweJuramento uye chinhambwe chezvikwata gumi nemana kubva kuYatasto.
Achishanda semukuru weAuxiliary Army yePeru, anofanira kunge akamisazve uto rakanga risisaite nekuda kwenzvimbo dzeVilcapugio neAyohúma. Nevavariro yokutaura chokwadi, akadzokera kuSan Miguel de Tucumán, kwaakanodzika musasa munhare yakanga ichivakwa, inonzi Ciudadela, asi akatsunga kuisimbisa nokuirovedza nenzira yakashandiswa.
Chisikwa chayo chakanatswa nehondo yeSan Lorenzo. Gare gare, akapiwa basa rehutungamiri hweHondo yeNorth, achitsiva General Manuel Belgrano.
Mukutonga uku, akakwanisa kuzadzisa hurongwa hwake hwekondinendi, achiziva kuti kukunda kwepatriot muhondo yerusununguko yeSpain-America yaizowanikwa chete nekuparadzwa kwemapoka ese ehumambo, iri nzvimbo huru dzakavimbika dzesimba dzakachengetedza hurongwa hwekoloni. muAmerica.
Continental Plan
Mazuva mashoma mushure mekugadzwa muTucumán, San Miguel, yakafunga kuti zvakanga zvisingasvikike kufamba nenzira yeAlto Perú kuenda kuguta reLima, guta guru reViceroyalty yePeru uye pakati pesimba reumambo muSouth America. Nzvimbo iyo mhirizhonga yakatumirwa nechinangwa chekutora matunhu asina rubatsiro pamberi pevakazvimirira.
Pese paiuya hondo yehumambo kubva kuAltiplano yakananga kumipata yeruwa rweSalta, yaikundwa zvechokwadi, sepakasvika mauto ehondo yerudzi rwenyika kuUpper Peru, yakakundwawo.
Chikonzero chekuva nezano rakanakira nzira yekumusoro yePeruvia, yakambonyeverwa nevamwe vatungamiriri vemauto vaive chikamu chemushandirapamwe weKumusoro kwePeru, pakati pavo vaive: Eustoquio Díaz Vélez, Tomás Guido naEnrique Paillardell.
José de San Martín, nyanzvi nenyanzvi dzemauto, akakurumidza kubata pfungwa iyi seyake ndokuita hurongwa hwake hwekondinendi.
Kubva ipapo, mukuru wemauto akaita chirongwa chake chokuyambuka Makomo eAndes uye kurwisa guta reLima kubva kuPacific Ocean. Vachida kuchengetedza muganhu wokuchamhembe, San Martín akatarisira mauto aibva kuSalta akanga asiri enguva dzose, akanga ari pasi pomutungamiriri waColonel Martín Miguel de Güemes, waakapa basa rokudzivirira muganhu wokuchamhembe, akatanga kugadzirira imwe yake. zano rehondo.
Kwenguva pfupi, akamupa kuraira kweHondo yeKumaodzanyemba mumaoko aGeneral Francisco Fernández de la Cruz, achienda kuSaldán, mudunhu reCórdoba, nechinangwa chekunorapwa chironda chemudumbu.
Paaiva munzvimbo iyi, aigara achitaura neshamwari yake yainzi Tomás Guido, iyo yakamuita kuti abvume kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuita kuti ndima yacho ive yakasununguka kubva kuChile.
Gavhuna weAni
Mugore ra1814, Mutungamiriri Mukuru weUnited Provinces yeRío de la Plata, ainzi Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, akagadzwa sagavhuna wedunhu reCuyo, muguta reMendoza, Argentina, akaita basa rake, mushure mekuita basa. Mauto eAndes, akayambuka makomo ose ane zita rimwe chete, ari mutungamiri wekusunungurwa kweChile munguva yekurwisana kweChacabuco neMaipú.
Kumira mune zvematongerwo enyika eChile
Mushure menguva yakati, uye mushure mekuita basa rake, mukuru mukuru ainzi Juan Gregorio de Las Heras akasvika, uyo akanga atanga muArgentine mauto muChile, uye akasiya basa nekuda kwekusawirirana neveChilean patriots.
Akafunga kuzvidzosera aine chinangwa chekuvatsigira vachirwisa mauto ehumambo, asi izvi zvakauya mushure meRancagua Disaster, kwavakarasikirwa nerusununguko rweChile. Chinhu chimwe chete chaakakwanisa kuita kwaive kuchengetedza kuyambuka kuenda kuMendoza kubva kune vapoteri vakawanda vekuChile.
MaChile akapatsanurwa kuita mapoka maviri asingaenderani, ari: maConservative vaive pasi pehurongwa hwaBernardo O'Higgins, uye vakasununguka vaive pasi pehutongi hwaJosé Miguel Carrera.
Ipapo José de San Martín akafunga kuti vaifanira kuenda kumberi nekukurumidza, saka akasarudza O'Higgins. Mushure mekunyepedzera kufuratira chiremera chagavhuna weCuyo, General Carrera akaiswa mujeri, akabviswa pakuraira kwake, uye gare gare akadzingwa kubva kuMendoza.
Chinangwa chechirongwa chaJosé de San Martín, chaaifunga kuti chaiva chokurishandisa kubva kuChile inodisa nyika zvachose; zvisinei, nekuda kwekutora nyika iyi mumaoko anopikisa, chirongwa ichi chakaita sekunge chinofanira kubviswa. Kunyangwe, San Martín akasarudza kuenderera mberi, asi nechinangwa chekuti akatanga ave nebasa rekusunungura Chile.
Kusikwa kweHondo yeAndes
Kunyangwe pakave nekupokana kubva kumutungamiriri mutsva wepamusoro, Carlos María de Alvear, uyo San Martín akawana mukana wekusangana muCádiz, uye akamuperekedzawo, uye akaronga kuraira Mauto eAndes.
Akaunganidza pamwe chete muuto rimwe chete vapoteri vese vekuChile, mauto eko kubva kuCuyo, vazhinji vevazvipiri kubva mudunhu rake, uye mamwe machinda kubva kuHondo yeNorth. Saizvozvovo, akakumbira ndokuwana kuti mapoka eHorse Grenadier Regiment, akanga akapararira kwose kwose, ose abatanidzwezve muCuyo.
Achiona kuti Alvear akaedza kumuisa pasi pesimba rake, akabva aendesa tsamba yake yekusiya basa pachinzvimbo chaaive nacho sagavhuna. Zvadaro, Alvear akabva aisa Colonel Gregorio Perdriel semutsivi wake, zvisinei, akarambwa nevanhu vese veMendoza. Nokudaro, San Martín akagadzwa sagavhuna nesarudzo dzakakurumbira.
Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mushure mekugadzwa kwaGeneral Juan Martín de Pueyrredón semutungamiri mutsva wepamusoro, vakaita musangano muCórdoba, sechinhu chikuru chavakakurukura nyaya yechirongwa chemushandirapamwe maererano neChile nePeru.
Kusvika pamusi waMay 20, 1816, Tomás Guido, akapa mushumo wepamutemo, kwaakaratidza chirongwa chacho zvakadzama, chakabvumirwa uye chakapiwa murairo wekuita nemirairo yemutungamiriri Pueyrredón.
Panguva iyoyo, José de San Martín akafurira vatevedzeri veCuyo kuTucumán Congress kuti vazivise rusununguko rweUnited Provinces yeSouth America, iyo yaakawana muna Chikunguru 9, 1816.
Kuti awane mari yemushandirapamwe, pamwe nemipiro yakawanda yePueyrredón, akarayira kuti vabhadhare "mipiro inosungirwa" kune vese vatengesi uye varidzi vehaciendas. Sekuchinjana, vakapiwa voucher, yavaigona kuunganidza "kana mamiriro ezvinhu achibvumirwa."
Kunyange zvakadaro, aive nemafungiro mashoma ekutora zvinhu zvevaSpanish vasingatsigire chikonzero chekuzvitonga.
Akasvika pakuwana musasa mukuru wemauto muEl Plumerillo, nechinhambwe chingangoita makiromita manomwe kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweguta reMendoza. Munharaunda iyi akadzidzisa mauto ake ose nevakuru, vakakwanisa kugadzira zvombo zvakadai: pfuti, sabers, pfuti, yunifomu, zvombo uye kunyange pfuti. Akazvitsaurira kumhuka dzakakora dzakadai semanyurusi, mabhiza, uye kugadzira shangu dzemabhiza dzakakodzera.
Mutungamiriri wemashopu ayo, mumongi Luis Beltrán, aive nehungwaru mukugadzira hurongwa hwemakorokoza aibvumira nzira yemakoronga nemakanononi uye chero rudzi rwebhiriji rakarembera raigona kutakurwa.
Chikamu chezvokurapa cheuto chaitarisira chiremba wekuvhiya wechiRungu James Paroissien. Nepo Colonel José Antonio Álvarez Condarco aitungamira kugadzira zvirongwa zvekuyambuka kwakasiyana kweMakomo eAndes.
Asati atanga rwendo, pamwe chete nemadzishe ose eMapuche, akakumbira mvumo yokupinda muChile kuburikidza nenharaunda dzayo. Nepo mamwe emhando idzi akazivisa kaputeni mukuru weChile, ainzi Casimiro Marco del Pont, akabva afunga kuti kurwiswa kwakasimba kwaizoitwa kubva kumaodzanyemba, saka akatsemura mauto ake.
Kusiyana nezvaifungidzirwa nemutungamiriri wepamusoro Pueyrredón, pamwe nevateveri vake, akapinda mukukurukurirana necaudillo ainzi José Gervasio Artigas, sezvo akaramba kufadza kuedza kwake kwehondo yemakwikwi ekusunungura muChile nePeru, izvo zvaizovabvumira kuti vauye. kutarisana nema federal pamhenderekedzo yeRío de la Plata.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei vatungamiri vezvikwata, kunyanya Bernardino Rivadavia, vakamuti mutengesi.
Mutsamba yaAugust 1816, San Martín inoreva Zvitsuwa zveMalvinas. Mune zvirimo, San Martín, akakumbira gavhuna weSan Juan, uyo achasunungura vasungwa vaive muCarmen de Patagones neMalvinas, Puerto de Soledad, kuti vapinde muHondo yeAndes.
Rwendo rwekusunungura kuenda kuChile
Pana January 1817, rwendo rwokuyambuka Andes kuenda kuChile rwakatanga. Hondo yeAndes yaionekwa seimwe yehondo huru kwazvo iyo United Provinces yeRío de Plata yakapararira muHondo yeKuzvitonga yeSpain-America.Mukutanga kwayo yaive nemabrigadier matatu, madzishe makumi maviri nevasere, mazana maviri nevanomwe vakuru. navarwi zviuru zvitatu namazana manomwe namakumi manomwe navasere.
Vaive nechikamu chevakuru veChile nemasoja akatamira kuMendoza, mushure mehondo yeRancagua.
Vanyori vazhinji vekwakabva kuChile, vakadai saOsvaldo Silva naAgustín Toro Dávila, vanotaura nezvenhamba huru yevatsigiri veChile, zvisinei, hapana kana mumwe wavo akataura zvakadzama nezvegwaro ravakashandisa mukusimbisa kwakadaro.
Nepo Osvaldo Silva mugwaro rake Atlas de la Historia de Chile 2005 anotsigira kuti paive nechiuru nemazana maviri eChile muHondo yeAndes vaive vakaungana muMendoza. Uye Agustín Toro Dávila, mugwaro rake Military Historical Synthesis of Chile, anotaura chitsama chakafanana.
Ndeupi munyori weplasma:
Pavakuru vevashandi ve209, vangangoita makumi mashanu vaive vekuChilean, uye vamwe vese vekuArgentina. Huwandu hwevaChile mumauto 50 haunyatso kuzivikanwa. Inofungidzirwa kuti haingapfuuri 3778%.
Kuti vatsemure mauto aipikisa, San Martín akabvumira kufambira mberi kwechikamu chemauto kuburikidza neCome Caballos, Guana, Portillo nePlanchón. Kuve matanho anosarudzika semabuttresses makuru, nekuti maviri ekutanga aive kuchamhembe uye ekupedzisira kumaodzanyemba.
Kwakanga kuri kufambira mberi kwemamwe masekete pamberi peanopfuura makiromita 2000 nomumukoto wegomo guru. Chiito chavakaedza nacho kunyengera mauto ehumambo hweChile, avo vaive vasina ruzivo rwekwavakabva, vachivamanikidza kuti vatsemure mauto avo vobva vagadzira mafambiro aifarira shanduko munzvimbo dziri kure neguta guru reSantiago de Chile.
Pakati payo pakanga pane iya yaitungamirirwa naRamón Freire yaienda kuChillán, ichisvika mazuva mashomanana akanga apfuura, mberi kwevamwe, uye ichinyengetedza gavhuna weumambo kuti yaizotangira kumaodzanyemba.
Pakupedzisira, José de San Martin akapedzisa basa rake rechiuto mushure mekubvunzurudzwa muGuayaquil naSimón Bolívar, muna 1822, maakapa uto rake uye kubudirira kwekusunungurwa kwePeru.
Kurega basa
José de San Martin akasarudza kubuda paakafunga kuti akanga aita basa rake rokusunungura vanhu. Mumwedzi waOctober wegore ra1822 akasvika muChile uye muzhizha regore ra1823 akayambuka Andes, achipfuura neMendoza, aine pfungwa dzekugara munharaunda iyi yakanga iri kunze kwehupenyu hwevanhu.
Nekudaro, nekuda kwekutaura kwakawanda kwakashata kwaimupomera mhosva yekuve nehutungamiriri, pamwe nerufu rwemukadzi wake muna Kukadzi, zvakamuita kuti atore Europe sekwaaienda, achiperekedzwa nemwanasikana wake Mercedes, uyo Aingova nemakore manomwe nguva.
Akararama kwenguva yakati muGreat Britain, uye ipapo akaenda kuBrussels, Belgium, kwaaigara zvine mwero; Nekuda kwemari yaaitambira, aitofanira kubhadhara mari yezvidzidzo zveMercedes.
Kwegore ra1827, hutano hwake hwakaputsika, nekuda kwerheumatism uye chikamu chayo chehupfumi: mari yaiwana yakanga isingakwani pakudya kwake. Mumakore iwayo aakanga ari kuEurope, akanzwa chido chakasimba nokuda kwenyika yake.
Kuedza kwake kwekupedzisira kudzoka kwakaitwa muna 1829, makore maviri apfuura, akapa mabasa ake kune zviremera zveArgentina, uye neruzivo rwake rwehondo kutarisana neHumambo hweBrazil. Panguva ino, akananga kuBuenos Aires, kuitira kuti ayananise muhutano hunoparadza hwakachengetwa neve federal uye centralists.
Asi, paakasvika, chaakawana chaive nyika yake mukuparara nekuda kwehondo dzechisimba idzo chinangwa chake chakasiya, pasinei nekukumbira kweshamwari dzakawanda, hazvina kumutungamirira kuti aise tsoka yake pamhenderekedzo yeArgentina yakamirirwa kwenguva refu.
Akadzokera kuBelgium uye muna 1831 akapfuura nemuParis, kwaaigara pedyo neSeine, munzvimbo yeGrand-Bourg, yaanotenda shamwari yake yerupo Don Alejandro Aguado, uyo akanga ari shamwari yake-mu-maoko muSpain. Mugore ra1848, hugaro hwake hwechigarire hwakatangwa muBoulogne-sur-Mer, France, achigumisa hupenyu hwake nekuda kwerufu musi waNyamavhuvhu 17, 1850, aine makore makumi manomwe nemaviri. Akavigwa muKathedral yeBuenos Aires, muna Chivabvu 72, 28.
José de San Martín naSimón Bolívar, vanoonekwa sevaviri vasununguri vakuru veSouth America muSpain colonization.
MuArgentina anoonekwa sababa veNyika, anobhadharwa mutero wemumiriri uye anokosheswa segamba guru uye gamba renyika. MuPeru, anozivikanwa semusununguri wenyika, achimupa mazita ekuti "Muvambi weRusununguko rwePeru", "Muvambi weRepublic", uye "Generalissimo of Arms". Mauto ekuChile anomuziva aine chinzvimbo cheCaptain General.