Kuti unzwisise kuti zvaigoneka sei kuti maGermany (pamwe naHitler), pakupera kwa1944, akaronga kupikisa kwakadaro uye akazviita, zvakakosha kuti titaure muchidimbu mamiriro ezvinhu mumusasa weAllied.
Kudzvinyirirwa naJoseph Stalin, anga achidana kuti kuvhurwa kwechipiri kumberi kwenguva yakati, veAllies vakasvika muNormandy kuchamhembe kweFrance muna June 1944. Kufambira mberi kwaive kwakakurumidza uye kwakasimba: the Nyamavhuvhu 25, Paris yakasunungurwa, ndichiri mu hondo yehomwe yeFalaise, vokuGermany vakanga vachidzokera vakasiya 10.000 50.000 vafa uye vanenge vasungwa XNUMX XNUMX. Zvichakadaro, vanobatana vasvikawo kumaodzanyemba.
I "Winner Syndrome": mamiriro eAllies kurwisa Hitler
Pakupera kwezhizha, France yakanga yakasununguka. Kutakurwa kukunda euphoria, munaGunyana, maAnglo-America (kune mamwe mauto eCanada, French nePolish anofanirwa kuwedzerwa) vanotanga kurwisa kusingafungi nemauto anofamba nendege muHolland, mhiri kwemuromo weRhine (Operation Market Garden), asi kurwisa kunogadziriswa mukusagadzikana uye kurasikirwa kukuru.
MaGerman anodzokera kumashure zvakanaka uye anobata mukati mese. Westwall, mutsetse wakasimba unobva kuNetherlands uchienda kuSwitzerland. Hondo inokurumidza kufamba nokukurumidza inoshanduka kuita a war of attrition, kwete kusiyana neyakarwiwa, zvakare pakati pevaAmerica neGermany, pakati pa1917 na1918. Mitsetse yepamberi nenzvimbo dzehondo, zvinoshamisa, zvakafanana.
Kana matsutso asvika kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana kwekuputsika, kwakaitwa nevabatsiri, kunopesana nekupokana kwe wehrmacht uye mhedzisiro yekurasikirwa kwakawanda inotanga kunzwika: mu hurtgen forest, chiitiko chehondo dzakaoma kwazvo, semuenzaniso, maAmerica anozopedzisira arasikirwa nevarume vanopfuura zviuru makumi matatu. Muna Zvita, sezvo mazaya echando ekutanga anotanga kudonha, zvave pachena kuti, zvinopesana nezvaitarisirwa uye kufanotaura nevakuru vemauto anopikisa Hitler, hondo haipere pakisimusi.
Vanobatana naHitler vane chivimbo
Kunyange zvakadaro, vanobatana vakanyatsogutsikana kuti ikozvino vatora nhanho imwe kubva mukukunda uye vanodyisa kutenda uku nekunyanyisa kwekuzvikudza uye kumwe kuzvikudza, zvinotemerwa nehukuru hwakajeka maererano nevarume, nzira uye zviwanikwa zvavanazvo.
Ndizvo chaizvo iyi pfungwa isina kuvanzwa yekuchengeteka inotungamira maAllies kuenda tarisira pasi zvinangwa zvemuvengi uye kwete kubva kune chero muvengi: Adolf Hitler ari patambo, ichokwadi, asi mutambi wetsiva ari mukona anotonyanya kutyisa, sezvo achida kutamba zvese kune zvese. Germany zvakare, kunyangwe paine matambudziko, muna 1944 ichine hondo inotyisa.
Mafambiro echiGerman pakupera kwaMbudzi, kunyangwe asingaendi asina kucherechedzwa zvachose, akadzikiswa nemukuru wesangano. njere ally, Major General Kenneth Strong, senzira dzakareruka dzekudzivirira. Zvisinei, Strong haasi iye oga ane mhosva. LRuzhinji rwevakuru veBritish neAmerica vanotenda kuti vane hutongi hwakadai pamusoro pemushandirapamwe uripo zvekuti havatombofungi nezve mukana wekupokana kweGerman..
Nyaya dzeMauto: Zvekana Hitler?
Kune izvi zvakacherechedzwa zvemaitiro ehurongwa tinofanira kuwedzera mibvunzo yezvechiuto. Kutanga, tinofanira kufunga nezve kuomerwa kweakabatana Logistics muchina kupa uto rakakura uye rakanyanya hunyanzvi, inoda chikafu chakakura, zvinhu zvekunyaradza, zvombo, nzira dzemotori, masipini.
Pasina chifukidziro chikuru chezvombo uye mauto ehondo, maAmerican haarwise, maBritish (anogara kuchamhembe, muHolland) anoramba akanyanya kusashanda uye haafambire mberi. Kukundwa kweAntwerp, nechiteshi chayo chikuru, pasina mubvunzo kwakabatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko racho., asi akatadza kudzorera simba rekurwisa Germany. Nokudaro, pane chido chechokwadi chekumira, kunyanya munguva yechando, kurongazve uye kuzadza mauto ekupedzisira kunogumbura.
Ipapo pane chikonzero chemunhu chekufunga nezvacho: ruzhinji rwemauto akabatana anga ari kumberi kubva munaJune uye madhipatimendi mazhinji ari munjodzi.. Kutsiva kwaizodikanwa, asi Zvikwata zveAmerica zvinosvika kuEurope zvinoumbwa nevadiki vanotora, vasati vaziva, nepo maBritish, atove muhondo kwemakore mashanu, achifanira kukwenya pasi pedhiramu.
Mumamiriro okunze akaipa…chiso chakashata
Mamiriro okunze akaipa anowedzera kukanganisa tsika. Chekutanga mvura, tevere chando nechando, zvinogadzira migero namakomba zvisingagariki. Uye zvakare, mamiriro ekunze akaipa anodzivirira mota, dzakanamira mu barro, fambai nokukurumidza, ndisingatauri nezve mhute , que mauto eRAF neUSAF varwi nemabhomba, ane huremu mukurwa kwakakosha, kusvika pasi.
Musi waNovember 11, General Eisenhower, Mutungamiriri Mukuru weAllied Forces muEurope, akanyorera General Marshall kubva kunyaradzo yemuzinda wake: » Mudiwa mukuru, ndiri kuwedzera kuneta nemvura iyi ".
Fungidzira zvino kuti varwi vangapfuura sei mumakomba ane matope: akanyorova kusvika pakati, asina zvipfeko zvakaoma kwemavhiki. mugero tsoka, mugariro wokuremara unoitwa kuti uipire zvikuru noutsanana husina kunaka, zvino wapararira, sezvazvakaita manyoka. Nenguva yechando, vakafa (kana avo vacharasikirwa nenhengo) by chando vachava vazhinji. Aya mamiriro sezviri pachena akajairwawo pakati pevarwi veGerman, avo, maererano nechikafu, pekugara uye zvipfeko, zvinotonyanya kuipa.
Pakati paDecember, ndisingazivi zvachose nezvechiito cheGermany chiri kuuya, Bernard montgomery, mukuru wemauto eBritain neCanada, uye Eisenhower Vanochengeta nhaurirano yemashoko epistolary umo mukuru weBritish anoyeuchidza mukuru wake wekuAmerica nezvekubheja kwaakaita nguva yadarika nezvekupera kwehondo mukati meKisimusi. Montgomery anovharira katsamba kashanu netsamba yake, asi "Ike" anopindura nehasha:
"Ndichiri nemazuva mapfumbamwe, uye kunyange zvichiita sechokwadi kuti iwe uchava nemamwe mapaundi mashanu paKisimusi, ndezvechokwadi kuti hauzove nawo zuva risati rasvika."
Eisenhower uye Monty
Hukama pakati peEisenhower ne "Monty" uye pakati pekupedzisira nevamwe vakuru veUS hahusi hwakanakisa. Kazhinji, maBritish neAmerica, kunyange zvazvo mumamiriro ekunze ane runyararo, havasi vanhu vasingazivi kune makakatanwa uye magumbu.
Vatove vasiya zano rekutangazve kugumbura mushure mezororo ra1944, maAllies akatanga kugadzirira mauto avo kunzvimbo dzekusvika nyore kuGermany. MuArdennes, nzvimbo isingapindiki, inoumbwa nemasango akasvibira uye anenge asingapindiki, chete. Iyo US 1st Army, yakarairwa na General Courtney Hodges, uye inoumbwa neakasiya basa kana achangogadzwa zvikamu. Kune rumwe rutivi, hazvibviri kufunga nezvekumwe kufambira mberi muchikamu ichi.
Nokuda kweAllied high command zviri nani kutarisa kuCologne, mberi kuchamhembe, uye nharaunda yeRuhr, mberi kwekumaodzanyemba, uye iri mumitsara miviri iyi iyo vanoisa pfungwa huru yemauto avo.. Uyezve, vanofunga, kana maGermany akamborwisa-kurwisa, vaizoita izvi pamutsara wambotaurwa uye zvechokwadi kwete munharaunda yeArdennes: kutanga, zvingave zvisingabatsiri, chechipiri, zvingabatanidza kuedza kwakadaro kuti hazvizoendi. vasingaonekwi.
usamborerutsa muvengi
Kutaura zvazviri, Vakabatana vachirwisana naHitler vakadzokorora chikanganiso chimwe chetecho chakavakanganisa zvikuru muna Chivabvu 1940. Kurerutsa maGermany uye kurerutsa chikamu cheArdennes pachacho, apo makore mana akanga apfuura mapoka ezvombo zveWehrmacht akanga anyura sebanga muhondo. Ruomba.
Munguva yose yekudonha, Hodges's 1st Army intelligence masevhisi akafuratira zviratidzo zvese zvekugumbura kwaiuya. MaGerman mazhinji akabatwa mumavhiki iwayo, pavakabvunzwa, vanotaura nezvekurwisa kukuru kwakarongwa pamberi peKisimusi, asi ruzivo urwu runorambwa sechinhuwo zvacho alarmism. Kuita kuti mamiriro acho anyanye kuvhiringa kunouya Operation Griffin yambotaurwa, yakaitwa nemauto eGerman akazviita maAmerican.
Kunyanya kubatikana kudzingirira masaboteurs, anonzi asipo ma commandos akatumirwa kuseri kwemitsara nemaGerman kuuraya Eisenhower, US njere nevakuru vakuru vanotadza kuona zviri kuitika chaizvo: njodzi yenjodzi chaiyo iri kuseri kwekona.
Hondo yeArdennes ”: mukaha mumubatanidzwa waHitler
Kana ava manheru December 15 we1944, chikamu cheArdennes ndicho chikamu chakadzikama chepamberi pese. Husiku huri kutonhora. Miti uye matenga emisha yeBelgian yakafukidzwa nehupamhi hwe nieve. Masango akanyarara zvisingaite. Ndiko kudzikama pamberi pedutu.
Mangwanani-ngwanani emusi waDecember 16, 1944, pfuti huru yakatangira mauto eGermany mberi kweanenge makiromita 100.. Zvichakadaro, maAmerican maofficial, Hodges naGeneral Bradley (sector commander), vari kurara zviri nyore: vanotenda kuti iyi ibhomba rinodzivirira, kwete kurwisa kwakazara.
Chirongwa cheGerman chinopa kufambira mberi munzira nhatu: kwaari mawodzanyemba, the 6th SS Armored Army Del General 'Sepp' Dietrich kupiwa basa guru, kureva, kuputsa mitsetse yeAmerica uye kurumidza kunanga paMeuse, uchiyambuka paLiège uye kubva ipapo uchitendeukira kuchamhembe kuenda kuAntwerp. pamwe 4 mapoka ezvombo zve Waffen-SS uye vamwe vashanu vacheche, Dietrich anotarisana ne US 99th Infantry Division, yakaiswa pamwe ne30 km kumberi: yakawandisa kune imwechete unit.
kana wabatwa nekushamisika
Kubatwa nekushamisika, kusakwana (nevanhu vangangosvika chiuru vakafa kubva munaNovember), uye yakagadzirwa nevakuru nevanyoreri, iyo 99th, yakasimbiswa nevasara veGeneral Gerow's V Corps kubva kuchamhembe, vasingatarisiri vakamisa kupikisa kunotyisa kune vanorwisa. MaGerman. Zvakakwana kunonoka kufambira mberi uye kudzivirira kubudirira mune yakakosha chikamu. Kune veSS, vanoonekwa sevakuru vemauto eGerman, idambudziko rakaoma kwazvo. Atova December 20, akaodzwa mwoyo nezvikamu zvake zvakanakisisa, Hitler akatamisa basa guru rekushanda kuuto raManteuffel, rakaiswa pakati.
Nezve chikamu ichi, chiri mu Schnee Eifel nharaunda (mutsetse wemipata ine chando, yakafukidzwa nesango rakaoma), yakadzivirirwa ne 106th chikamu and the XNUMX boka revatasvi vemabhiza, akawira General Hasso von Manteuffel's 5th Panzer Army, iyo yakakwanisa kupaza nekupinda zvakadzika.. Iwo maAmerican units akaremerwa uye anodzokera kumashure, asi anorwa nesimba, nepo maGerman zvakare achirasikirwa nevarume vazhinji:
“Kurasikirwa kweGermany kwaiva nengwavaira. […] mauto eGerman akafamba achienda mberi, achifora pakati pemugwagwa […] pasina tsigiro yezvombo. Mauto eGermany aisakwanisa kufora kana kupfura uye hapana chaaiziva nezvemaitiro evacheche […] Mapoka eVolksgrenadier akanga asingakwanisi kuita zvinobudirira […] Asi vakazviona vorwisa vanhu vekuAmerica vakadzidziswa vane makore gumi nemasere kusvika nepavaigona napo» .
Hondo Huru dzaHitler
Chinangwa chaManteuffel ndiwo makutano emigwagwa eSt. Vith neBastogne. Hondo inobva yanyanya. Kurudyi, Zvikamu zvina zveGerman zvakatenderedza regiments maviri eUS 106th Division, vachibata varwi vanopfuura 8.000 XNUMX, mune izvo vaAmerica vamene vanoziva se kukundwa kukuru kwakatambura munhandare yeEurope mukati meHondo Yenyika II. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuruboshwe rworuboshwe, the LVII Panzer Corps anoyambuka Rwizi Rwedu onanga kuHouffalize, takananga kuMeuse, ndichiri kumaodzanyemba, XLVII Panzer Corps inonanga kuBastogne.
In the chikamu chechitatu uye chekupedzisira chekugumbura, yezasi, yakanga yakaiswa panzvimbo panzvimbo iyo General Brandenberger's 7th Army, nebasa rekuvhara rutivi rworuboshwe rwaManteuffel. Mushure mekuyambuka Rwizi rwedu, Zvikamu zvevacheche zveGerman zvinofambira mberi makiromita mashoma uye munguva pfupi inosangana nekupokana kwakanyanya kubva kuUS 9th Armored Division uye 4th Infantry Division. Nechekare muna Zvita 19, kurwiswa munharaunda iyi kwakakanganiswa: de Muchokwadi, General George Patton's 3rd Army yaiuya ichibva kumaodzanyemba, yakatumirwa kuvhara gaka muArdennes..
Zvichakadaro, muna Zvita 17, nemauto eAmerica achiri mukutya, iyo yekutanga SS Armored Division akazvikanda mugomba rakanga ravhurwa nemuvengi. Varume vanopfuura zviuru makumi maviri nematangi akasimba mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu, kusanganisira mazhinji tiger I y IIVakatungamira kupamba kubva pachikamu chaLieutenant Colonel Joachim Peiper. Wekupedzisira, uyo anoraira pachezvake anenge 100 matangi, anoronga kusvika kuHuy asina kushungurudzwa uye kubva ipapo kuyambuka Meuse, asi aine 70 km kuenda, padhuze neStavelot, maAmerican reinforcements anokwanisa kuvhara nekuzviparadzanisa.
Mhosva dzaPeiper
Peiper's SS, pakufamba kwavo kuenda kuMeuse, vachange vaine mhosva mhosva dzakawanda kurwisa vasungwa veAmerica uye nevagari veBelgian, asi havazobudiriri mukuedza kwavo kusvika kuMeuse: pasina mafuta, vakasiya mota dzehondo, mukati meDecember 26 Peiper nevarume vake vachamanikidzwa kubuda netsoka.
Saka, mazuva ekutanga ekugumbura akaratidzira budiriro yehunyanzvi hwevaGerman.: kuwedzera pakubudirira kwaPeiper, kunyanya pakati, kufambira mberi kwakaenderera mberi uye maAmerica akabuda mukuvhiringidzika kukuru. Zvisinei, kusiyana nezvakaitika muna 1940, apo vaFrance vakakanda mapfumo pasi pasina kuramba German Blitzkrieg ("blitzkrieg"), panguva ino nhamba nenguva dzakaridzwa dzichifarira maAllies.
Nechekare muna Zvita 17, marori anopfuura zviuru gumi anotakura varume vanopfuura zviuru makumi matanhatu muArdennes uye muvhiki Eisenhower inokwanisa kuunza varwi vanopfuura zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu kunzvimbo yemitambo.. Uyezve, sezvinofungidzirwa zvakanyanya nevakuru vakuru, von Rundstedt naModel pamusoro pezvose, maGermany haana zviwanikwa zvakakwana kuti vaite basa ravo rinogumbura, izvo zvinosungirwa kuparara. Zvisinei, Hitler haana kukanda mapfumo pasi uye kunyange varwi vakawanda havana kukanda mapfumo pasi. The Führer's order inongova "advance, advance, advance."