Dzidza nesu kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza zvese zvine chekuita ne Nhoroondo yeunyanzvi izvo zvinokutendera kuti uzive zvishoma nezve shanduko yehunyanzvi kubva kune akasiyana zviitiko zvinoitwa nevanhu vane aesthetic kana yekutaurirana chinangwa. Usarega kuiverenga!
Chii chinonzi nhoroondo yehunyanzvi?
Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kekutanga kuti nhoroondo yehunyanzvi chirango chinotungamira chidzidzo chehunyanzvi uye shanduko yayo munhoroondo yevanhu kubvira isu tichiziva.
Chimwe chinhu chaunofanirwa kufunga nezvacho ndechekuti nhoroondo yehunyanzvi haisi iyo ine chekuita nekudzidza zvese zvehunyanzvi asi inosimbisa hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwakadai sekupenda, kuveza, zvivakwa, mabhuku uye kutamba, inozivikanwa zvakare neshoko rehunyanzvi. Arts.
Nokudaro, mavambo eunyanzvi haana chokwadi, asi maererano nekuongorora kwakaitwa, zvinonzi nhoroondo yeunyanzvi inotanga muChauvet Cave.
Iri munzvimbo ino iyo yekare pendi yebako iyo yakacherechedzwa kusvika panguva iyoyo yakaratidzwa, maererano nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa, kubva ku30.000 makore apfuura.
Zvakare, vanyori vezvakaitika kare, kuitira kuti vatsanangure nhoroondo yehunyanzvi, vakasarudza kuiparadzanisa nenguva uye izvi zvakare zvinorongedzerwa nemaitiro, nhasi izvi zvinozivikanwa sezvikoro zvehunyanzvi kana artic currents.
Nekuda kweizvi, ibasa rebako rinotanga nhoroondo yehunyanzvi uye zvinoenderana nebudiriro yanga ichikura isati yadonha Humambo hweRoma, izvo zvakaitika maererano nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa mugore 476 Kristu asati asvika.
Pakati peaya budiriro iwe uchave wakanzwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi nezve Egypt, India, Armenia, China, Ancient Greece neRoma pakati pevamwe, saka usazeza kuenderera mberi nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza apo isu tichadzidza iyi inonakidza musoro pamwe chete.
Muchiitiko chekutanga, tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze nezve nhanho yeprehistory uye kupatsanurwa kwayo zvinoenderana nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi kuti unzwisise kuti vanhu vakaita sei chiratidzo chavo maererano neruzivo rwavo:
Nhoroondo yeunyanzvi uye prehistory
Sezvaunonyatsoziva, prehistory inoenderana nehunyanzvi hwakagadzirwa nemunhu kubva kune yekare, nhanho iyi inosanganiswa muDombo Age, iyo inoumbwa neUpper Paleolithic, Mesolithic uye Neolithic.
Zvino inozoteverwa neMetal Age sezvatichatsanangura muchinyorwa chino chinonakidza pane nhoroondo yehunyanzvi, saka usazeza kuenderera mberi nekuverenga pane iyi nyaya.
Kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekuratidzwa kweHomo Sapiens izvi zvinocherechedzwa kuburikidza nezvakawanikwa zvakaratidzwa kusvika zvino kubva 25.000 kusvika 8.000 makore Kristu asati auya.
Panguva iyi ndipo apo vanhu vanorarama kuburikidza nekuvhima, kubata hove nekuunganidza zvekudya pamwe nekugara mumapako.
Paleolithic
Kuve idzi nzvimbo dzinocherechedzwa mapendi emapako uye anobva apo munhu aive homo Neanderthalensis, inotangira makore angangoita zviuru makumi matanhatu neshanu apfuura zvichienderana nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa izvo zvinogona kusimbisa izvo Maltravieso mapako. sezvakaita muguta reCaceres.
Sezvakangoita nhoroondo yehunyanzvi inocherechedzwa mubako reArdales riri muguta reMalaga pamwe nePasiega mudhorobha reCantabria.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti izvo zvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvine chekuita neiyi nyaya inonakidza ndezveKumusoro Paleolithic uye hunhu hweHomo Sapiens makore zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu pamberi paKristu.
Kuve maererano nekuferefeta kukuru kunowanikwa munguva yeMagdalenian makore akapoteredza 15.000 8.000 kusvika XNUMX XNUMX Kristu asati asvika uye zvinhu zvekutanga zvakaitwa nemunhu zvinoonekwa kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica kuWestern Mediterranean, pamwe neEurope. Pakati uye kumabvazuva kweAdriatic Sea .
Saizvozvowo, muLake Baikal muSiberia, pamwe chete neIndia neAustralia, inoonekwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, zviridzwa zvakagadzirwa nematombo, kana dombo kana obsidian, zvakaitwawo nemapfupa nehuni.
Pamusoro pezvo, vakaapenda vachishandisa pendi, iwo anotevera mavara ari matsvuku zvichienderana nesimbi oxide, dema vachishandisa manganese oxide uye zvakare ruvara rweocher vachishandisa ivhu.
Naizvozvo, nhoroondo yehunyanzvi inotanga munguva ino kuburikidza nekupenda kwebako uye yave kuwanikwa mudunhu reFranco-Cantabrian kwaunogona kuona mamwe mapendi ane chekuita nemashiripiti nechitendero nenzira yechisikigo uchishandisa madziro emapako.kumiririra mhuka. .
Pakati pemapako anomira pachena munhoroondo yehunyanzvi ane chekuita nemifananidzo yemapako pane mapako aTito Bustillo, Altamira, Chauvet, Trois Frères naLascaux.
Saizvozvo, zvivezwa zvakaita seVenus zvinogona kucherechedzwa munguva ino, iyo inozivikanwa kwazvo, iwe unenge waona mifananidzo yayo mumabhuku nemavhidhiyo, ichiva chiratidzo chechikadzi mukukudza kubereka, Venus yeWillendorf inomiririrawo nguva ino. .
Murume anobva kuBrno, Mukadzi weBrassempouy, pamwe chete neMammoth yeVogelherd, anozivikanwawo zvikuru. Iri panguva ino umo zviratidzo zvekutanga zvine chekuita nekutamba nemimhanzi zvinotanga.
Naizvozvo, munhu wekare akaziva imwe tsinhirano muinzwi rake amene iyo yaipfuudza mirangariro inofadza kuvanhu ndokubvumira nhau younyanzvi kuti iitwe muiyi manzwi ayo iye akabudisa nokusiyanisa.
Sezvo mimhanzi iri nzira yekufambisa kuburikidza nemuviri, inotaurirana nechinangwa chekukwanisa kuratidza manzwiro pamwe nekugoverana tsika dzakaita sewanano, kuberekwa kana mariro.
Kubva munhoroondo yehunyanzvi, munhu wekare anoshandisa mateko, mapfupa, hunde, tsanga nematombo kuita mimhanzi kuburikidza nekurova kwemoyo ichipa kumwe kuwirirana kune kutamba kana kutamba.
Neolithic
Zvino, nguva iyi inoitika kubva mugore re8.000 Kristu asati auya uye humbowo hunoratidzwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi muNear East nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwekutama-tama hunoshandurwa kuita munhu anogara.
Kudzidzira kurima munda kuti awane pundutso pamusoro pokupfuya dzimwe mhuka dzaimupa zvokudya nezvokupfeka zvakaita semombe nechitendero zvinokudziridzwa.
Iyo pendi inozivikanwa seLevanten inoonekwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi uye ndeyeMesolithic neNeolithic nguva inocherechedzwa vanhu vakagadzirwa nenzira yekuronga.
Pano inogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzakaita seEl Cogul, Valltorta, Minada neAlpera uye dzinoonekwawo kune dzimwe nzvimbo kuNorth Africa, kunyanya muSahara neAtlas, semune inozivikanwa nhasi seZimbabwe.
Zvinoonekwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi kuti rudzi urwu rwekupenda rune hunhu hwekuti hurongwa, saka mitsetse yakakosha inoonekwa inomiririra murume semuchinjikwa uye mukadzi ari katatu.
Mukuwedzera, muAmerica, iyi fomu yekupenda inoonekwawo muguta reArgentina muRwizi rwePinturas mubako rinozivikanwa seCueva de las Manos.
Cardial ceramics yakashongedzwa kuburikidza nekuonekwa kwehombodo inoonekwa pano munhoroondo yeunyanzvi uye kunyange textile art inoratidzwa uye zvinhu zvitsva zvakaita seamber, dombo senge quartz uye jasper, kuwedzera kune girazi, pinda.
Sezvatakanga tataura munyaya ino inofadza, munhu akanga ava kutanga kuita zvokungogara uye kune umboo hwezvakawanikwa muTell as-Sultan iri muJeriko uyewo munyika yeIraq muJarmo uye munyika inozivikanwa seAnatolia muguta re Catalhövük.
Zera resimbi
Kuti tipedze nguva inozivikanwa sePrehistory tichataura nezveZera resimbi munhoroondo yeunyanzvi apo kubatsira kwezvimwe zvinhu nevanhu kwakashandiswa, semhangura, mhangura.
Kuwedzera kune simbi, iyo inocherechedzwa muChalcolithic, iyo Megalithic yakaitwa uko zviyeuchidzo zvemariro zvakaitirwa kuoneka kune vadiwa, iyo dolmen ichizivikanwa kuwedzera kune menhir.
Tisingakanganwi cromlech yeChirungu yakatsanangurwa pa Stonehenge. Munyika yeSpain, tsika inozivikanwa seMillares inogona kuratidzwa, uko hunhu hwakafanana nebhero ceramic uye zvimiro zvinomiririra vanhu zvinopihwa nemeso akakura.
Mutaundi reMalta, maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, kune humbowo hwenzvimbo dzakati wandei muMudajdra, Tarxien neGgantija, pamwe neBalearic Islands, uko tsika yemegalithic ine akawanda mamonuments inoonekwa zvakare.
Imwe yacho i naveta, rinova guva rine chimiro chepiramidi chakachekwa kwaunogona kuwana kamuri yekuvigwa iri muchimiro chakareba, kuwedzera kune taula, ari matombo makuru maviri akaiswa vertically, kozoita matombo maviri akachinjika.
Pasina kukanganwa talabot, inova shongwe mukati, kune kamuri ine tambo yakafanana neyenhema dome. Iyo Iron Age inomira pachena munhoroondo yehunyanzvi, inoratidzwa mutsika dzeHallstatt munyika yeAustralia inoenderana neXNUMXth century BC. C., uye La Tené kuSwitzerland muzana remakore reV BC. zveC
Kune izvo zvinocherechedzwa sehunhu hwenguva iyi ma necropolis ari makuva efuremu umo imba yekuvigwa inogadzirwa nematanda senge imba uye vakatoisa ngoro ine mavhiri ayo mana.
Nezve ceramics yenguva ino munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, inoonekwa kuti iri polychrome, mifananidzo yejometri inocherechedzwa kuwedzera kune mamwe maapplication anoshanda sekushongedza kunoitwa nekushandiswa kwesimbi.
Nezve taundi reTène, rakatanga pakati peXNUMXth uye XNUMXst mazana emakore Kristu asati asvika, kwaakabatanidzwa netsika dzeCeltic. Nekuda kwavo, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi zvinoonekwa, zvakaita semapfumo, nhoo, fibula neminondo zvakaitwa maererano nekushanduka kwetsika.
Munzvimbo idzodzo pakati peI, II uye III mazana emakore asi gare gare vakagamuchira pesvedzero kubva kune dzimwe tsika dzakadai seEtruscan Greek pamwe nehunyanzvi hwematehwe.
Nhoroondo yehunyanzvi munguva dzekare
Pano iwe unogona kuona zvekutanga zvisikwa zvehunyanzvi munhoroondo yehunyanzvi kubva mukushandiswa kwekunyora uye panguva ino ndipo panoonekwa budiriro yebudiriro huru muNear East.
Pakati pavo, Mesopotamia neEgypt, asi isu tinofanirawo kufunga nezvekuratidzwa kweunyanzvi mune mamwe makondinendi, sezvo kugadziriswa kwemaguta makuru kunowanikwa munhoroondo.
Sezvakaitika kune mamwe maguta akaganhurwa nedzimwe nzizi huru dzinonyatsozivikanwa munhoroondo yepasi rose seNairi, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus uye Yellow River, ayo akakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yehunyanzvi.
Kuve kufambira mberi kukuru kweiyi nguva kunyora kwakaitwa pakutanga kuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvehupfumi uye kutengesa kwekutengesa, saka yekutanga yeaya marekodhi anobva pakunyora kwecuneiform muguta reMesopotamia kwegore 3500 BC. zveC
Kunyorwa uku kwakaitwa netsika iyi mumahwendefa akagadzirwa kubva muvhu uye yaisanganisira pictographic uye ideographic data uyezve imwe tsika inozivikanwa sevaSumerians yaitungamira kugadzira syllabic annex iyo inobvumira phonology uye syntax kumutauro weSumerian.
Egypt yakavewo nechikamu chayo munhoroondo yehunyanzvi kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwekunyora kwehieroglyphic uye zvinoratidzwa neNarmer Palette muna 3.100 BC. zveC
Tsika dzechiHeberu dzakavewo nekupindira kwadzo kuburikidza nemavara akagadzirwa mugore re1.800 BC. yeC., inozivikanwa seabbad uye chiratidzo chinoratidzwa chefonimu yega yega chinobva mumutauro uyu unobuda maarufabheti maviri anozivikanwa sechiGiriki nechiLatin.
Mesopotamia
Inoenderana neinozivikanwa nhasi seSyria neIraq kubva muzana ramakore rechina BC. yaC. pano kupindira kwetsika dzinoverengeka pakati padzo dzinoti vaSumerian, vaAmorritas, vaAkkad, vaKardhea nevaAsiria vari pachena.
Pano zvivakwa zvinoratidzwa sechikamu chenhoroondo yeunyanzvi, kushandiswa kwezvidhinha kunoshandiswa kuwedzera pakusikwa kwehurongwa hunozivikanwa se lintels.
Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakabvumira kuvaka senge arch kuwedzera kune vault. Kuti ugadzire ziggurats, idzo nzvimbo tsvene dzakakura dzine chimiro chepiramidi maererano nemasara akawanikwa.
Saka nhoroondo yemifananidzo inoratidza makuva akagadzirwa nemukoridho waive nekamuri yaive yakakomberedzwa nekavharo kekunyepedzera uye aya anocherechedzwa mutaundi reUri.
Ivo vakamirawo pachena mukukwenenzverwa kwemizinda ine mudhuri wakakura muchimiro chemateru ane mapindu akakura, mumwe wemienzaniso mikuru iri Magadheni eBabironi, chiri chimwe chezvishamiso zvinomwe zviri chikamu cheNyika Yekare.
Humwe hunhu hwenhoroondo yehunyanzvi panguva ino hunoratidzwa mukuveza kana zvivezwa zvekuyamura uko iwe unogona kuona zvimiro zvechitendero, mauto kana kuvhima kutarisana uko vanhu, mhuka kana zvisikwa zvengano zvinogona kumiririrwa.
Mune izvo zvinoenderana nenguva yeSumerian, zvidhori zvidiki zvaive zvakanyanya mumhando dzadzo dzemakona zvinocherechedzwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, mukuwedzera pakuitwa kwedombo remavara kana pepa rekugadzira maziso aive asina bvudzi nemaoko akaiswa. pakukwirira kwechipfuva.
Ndichiri mutsika yeAkkadian vanopfeka vhudzi mukuwedzera kune ndebvu dzakakura muhuwandu hwechirume, imwe yeanonyanya kukosha inomiririra ndiNaram-Sin.
Kana iri danho remorrita, zviratidzo zvakakomberedza mambo weGudea de Lagash zvinocherechedzwa kwaanopfeka ngowani mukuwedzera kune jasi uye nekuremekedza maoko akaiswa pachifuva chake maererano nehutongi hweBhabhironi, dombo raHammurabi rinogona kutaurwa.
Imwe yezvivezwa ndeyemuAsiria apo maanthropomorphic manhamba anotsanangurwa apo nzombe kana nyanzvi dzine mapapiro zvinofananidzirwa, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa pamagonhi edzimba dzemadzimambo uye zvakafanana muzvinyorwa apo kune zviitiko zvekuvhima kana kurwisana kwemauto, muenzaniso wakajeka we dema Obelisk yeShalmaneser III.
Tsanangudzo yakajeka yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi ndeyekuti nekugadzirwa kwekunyora, zvinyorwa zvinoonekwa senzira yekuratidza kugona kwemunhu uye muzvinyorwa zveSumerian nhetembo yainzi Gilgamesh kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC inomira pachena. zveC
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinyorwa zvakati wandei zvakaitwa zvingangoita makumi matatu ngano pamusoro pevamwari veSumerian uye budiriro yeAkkadian, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kuve Inanna's Descent muGehena pamwe nedzimwe ngano dzine chekuita nevamwari Enki naTamuzi.
Imwe nhetembo inomira pachena inozivikanwa ine zita rekuti Mabasa aNinurta apo zviito zvetsika uye zvekudzidzisa zvinotsanangurwa maererano netsika yeAkkadian, iyo Atrahasis ine chekuita nemafashama inova yakakosha uye mutsika yeBabironi nhetembo Enúma Elish ine chekuita nekusikwa kwe nyika inotora pfungwa..
Mimhanzi chikamu chenhoroondo yehunyanzvi uye mudunhu rino pakati pechiuru chechina nechitatu BC kuburikidza nemitambo munzvimbo tsvene dzeSumerian uko nziyo dzinozivikanwa senziyo kana mapisarema dzinozivikanwa neshoko rekuti ersemma rakanangana kuvamwari.
Naizvozvo, nziyo dzechitendero dzaiimbwa apo mhinduro dzinoumbwa, runova rwiyo apo vaprista nekwaya vanochinjana, pamwe chete neantifoni, runova rwiyo runoitwa nekwaya mbiri.
Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezviridzwa zvakawanda senge tigi kana nyere, bharagi, inova ngoma, maruva, archaic fomu yekettledrum, algar, yaive rudzi rwembira, zagsal, chiri rudimbwa; uye pakupedzisira ngoma inonzi adapa.
Ijipiti
Ndiyo imwe yebudiriro huru yakaratidza kufarira kukuru munhoroondo yeunyanzvi kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwayo kwakaoma nenyanzvi dzayo.
Yakanga ine hukama nehuchenjeri uye chitendero, icho chaive chekufananidzira uye chirevo chezvematongerwo enyika chakakunda kuburikidza nehutungamiri hwefaro uyo akanga asingafi uye nekuda kweizvi, mabasa ehukuru hukuru anovakwa, ayo anoonekwa kuti akaitwa kubva mugore. 3.000 BC.
Izvo zvakakosha kusimbisa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi kuti pesvedzero yeEgipita yakasvika panguva yeCharlemagne ichibvumira hutongi hwayo muCoptic neByzantine art. Kana iri yezvivakwa, dombo raishandiswa mumatombo makuru uye chivakwa chacho chaishandiswa muchimiro chepamusoro pamwe nemakoramu makuru.
Muunyanzvi hweEgypt, mabasa emariro makuru anoonekwa, panocherechedzwa zvinotevera: Mastaba, guva rine rectangular, kozotiwo maPiramidhi, anotsikwa uye izwi rawo ndiSaggarah, zvivakwa zvine mativi akatsetseka anozivikanwa seGizeh. uyewo kumira kunze.
Pamusoro peHypogea, ari makuva akacherwa pasi kana mumadziro pedyo nenzvimbo dzakaita seMupata weMadzimambo.
Chimwe chezvivakwa zvakakura zvinoonekwa mubudiriro yeEjipitori uye chikamu chenhoroondo yehunyanzvi inzvimbo tsvene dzakatsaurirwa kune vamwari vayo vazhinji izvo zvakatangirwa nehombe sphinxes pamwe nemaobelisk maviri.
Kumusuwo kune maviri trapezoidal madziro uye patio iyo isina denga uye inoteverwa nekamuri inonzi hypostyle uko kune nhamba huru yemakoramu ane denga rakadzika uye pakupedzisira nzvimbo tsvene yakatsaurirwa kuna vamwari.
Tsika dzeIjipita dzinoratidza vamwari vakati wandei vakaita saKarnak, Edfu naLuxor, mumwe nemumwe wavo aive nenzvimbo yake, uye kwaive nedzimwe temberi dzemariro dzaizivikanwa nezita rekuti speos, idzo dzimba dzepasi pevhu mumapako.
Inonzi hypogeum inzvimbo dzepasi pevhu uye inosimbisa Abu Simbel inova nzvimbo yekuchera matongo muNubia kumaodzanyemba kweEgypt pamwe neDeir el-Bahari zvinoreva kuti convent yekuchamhembe uye kune seti yenzvimbo tsvene nemakuva emariro kumahombekombe ekumadokero kwegungwa. Nile river.
Nhoroondo yeunyanzvi inoratidzwa kuburikidza nekupenda uye chivezwa apo pane zvinomiririra zvinomiririra apo kuoma uye schematization zvinoonekwa mumabasa avo. Kuburikidza nechivezwa, kumiririrwa kwavanafarao vakasiyana-siyana nevamwari kwakatanga kubva kumadzinza ekutanga ebudiriro iyi.
Kusimuka kukuru kwebudiriro yeEjipita maererano nezvivezwa zvinoratidzwa mudzinza reIV umo zvidhori zvinoyevedza zvakapedzwa nekupenya kwavo zvinoratidzwa uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa igranite kuwedzera kune diorite.
Mutemo wepamberi wakadai sehieraticism unoonekwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwetsika iyi, pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemifananidzo yejometri yaive zviratidzo zvaimiririra hupenyu mushure merufu.
Zvakare zvinosimbiswa muiyi budiriro ndezvimwe zviumbwa zviduku zvakagadzirwa nevhu rakabikwa kana kuti matanda zvairatidzira uchokwadi hukuru mumativi azvo ane chokuita nezvivezwa pamariro.
Vaifananidzira zviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwenguva iyoyo yezvakaitika kare, ivo vanozivikanwa nezita rekuti ushabti uye vakaiswa mukati memapako emariro, iyo inonyanya kukosha yakavezwa mu lapis lazuli.
Kana iri pendi munhoroondo yehunyanzvi mubudiriro yeEgypt, ine mhando yekumiririra manhamba akasarudzika pandege dzakasimudzwa.
Iyi mifananidzo inomiririrwa kumadziro inoiswa zvinoenderana nehumambo sezvo farao aive muhombe maererano neaimutevera kana vavengi vaive parutivi pake.
Zvinocherechedzwa kuti mifananidzo iyi yakadhirowewa ikaiswa muchimiro asi mapendekete nemaziso evatambi zvakaiswa pamberi.
Mubudiriro iyi, kugadzira makabati uye kugadzira goridhe zvakavapo, vanomira pachena mufenicha yakagadzirwa nematanda inonzi misidhari, inotungamira inlays dzeebony nenyanga dzenzou dzakaiswa mumakuva aYuya neTuyu.
Kuti zvimwe zvidimbu zvemukurumbira mukuru zvinogona kuonekwa muCairo Museum ndeyeguva raFarao Tutan Khamen.Zvakakoshawo kusimbisa zvinyorwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi hwetsika iyi.
Zvakanaka, ivo vaive mapiyona mukugadzira manyorerwo atinoziva iye zvino kuve bhuku uye maEjipitori aive nebasa rekusikwa kwaro.
Pakati penyaya dzakanakisa kana ngano pane yaSinuhé aive muranda waOsiris I uye ngano iyi inotangira pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX Kristu asati auya. Ipapo anosimbisa imwe nyanzvi inozivikanwa sebhuku revakafa iyo yakatsanangurwa muPapyrus yeAni uye inoenderana nezana ramakore regumi nematatu BC. zveC
Mimhanzi yakakoshawo mune iyi tsika yeIjipita yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, kunyanya munharaunda yechitendero, uye chiito chezwi chinotsanangurwa, saka gore negore vaipemberera mhemberero apo nziyo idzi dzaimiririrwa, dzaive chikamu chechitendero chechiJudha nerechiKristu.
Vanosimbisa mutsika dzavo kushandisa zviridzwa zvakadai se<em>sistrum, icho chakanga chiri chiridzwa chekare zvikuru chakafanana neshangu yebhiza yaichinjikwa netsvimbo uye mukati mayo maiva nendiro dzesimbi dzaiti kana dzichifambiswa, ruzha rwenziyo rwaibva.
Mimwe midziyo yainzi sere iyo yaiva rudzi rwekuridza ngoma, bheneri raiva rudimbwa, nyere inozivikanwa nezita rekuti sebha, hwamanda nezita rekuti sneb.
Mukuwedzera kune clarinet yaizivikanwa nezita rekuti met, vakatogadzira nhengo ye hydraulic uye muguva reTutankhamun mabhosvo maviri esirivha akawanikwa.
America
Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti muAmerican kondinendi, kushanduka kwevagari vemo avo, vachiva vafambi, vakava vanongogara pasi ndokutanga kurima ivhu, chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chiri chibage, chakaitwa panguva imwe chete yakapoteredza mireniyumu yechinomwe BC. zveC
Kubudirira kwekutanga kwakagadzirwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzerudzi rwatinoziva nhasi seMexico, munharaunda iyi boka rehupirisita rakakosha rakagadzirwa, vaive vane ruzivo rwemasvomhu uye rwenyeredzi.
Kutanga kwayo munhoroondo yeunyanzvi kunoratidzwa mugore re1300 BC muguta reXochipala, iro rinozivikanwa seNyika yeGuerrero.
Munharaunda iyi, mifananidzo yakaitwa nevhu yairatidza unyanzvi hukuru mukugadzirwa kwayo yakaratidzwa. Panyaya yebudiriro, yekutanga yaive Olmec, yaive munzvimbo yenzvimbo iyo nhasi inoenderana nenyika dzeMexico dzinonzi Veracruz neTabasco.
Kuve humwe hunhu hwayo zvivezwa zvematombo apo hukuru hwechisikigo hunoonekwa sezvinoratidzwa nemumwe wavo anozivikanwa nezita reLuchador iyo yakawanikwa muguta reSanta María Uxpanapa, zvimwe zvezvivezwa zvaro zvinoshamisa ndeye monolithic misoro inoyera kutenderedza 3,5. XNUMX metres kureba.
Mune inofanana nevaZapotec vakagara mutaundi reOaxaca, guta rematemberi riri chikamu chenhoroondo yeunyanzvi huri muMonte Albán uye kuchamhembe kweAmerica kwakaratidza dzimwe tsika dzinozivikanwa seHohokam. , Anasazi uye Mogollon .
Nekuremekedza nyika yePeruvia, matemberi makuru kana nzvimbo tsvene dzinocherechedzwa kusati kwagadzirwa maceramics mumireniyamu yechitatu BC. C. Inopindirana naSechín Alto naKuntur Wasi uye imwe yeakanyanya kusimba munguva ino ndeye Chavín de Huántar mugore re900 BC.
Inzvimbo tsvene hombe yakavakwa muzvikamu uye chimiro chechinamato ichi chiri muchimiro cheU, ine sikweya inoiswa mataira kuburikidza nematairi ekuyamura uko majaguar akanaka uye dzimwe mhuka kubva mungano dzebudiriro iyi inogona kuonekwa.
Nzvimbo tsvene yakavakwa kubva panhurikidzwa nhatu paunogona kuona maberere pamwe nemonolith iri pakati yakagadzirwa negraniti chena ine hurefu hwemamita 4,5.
Saizvozvo, shanduko huru mukuruka inoonekwa, iri yekutanga munyika, sezvo mazana maviri emavara akarukwa pachirukwa uye machira emvere dzeParacas anomira pachena, iri kambani huru yemachira.
Izvo zvinodiwawo kudoma dzimwe tsika dziri mudunhu reAmerica, senge Moche neNazca, kubva panocherechedzwa maNazca geoglyphs aungave wakaona mumavhidhiyo nemifananidzo.
Munharaunda yeAmazon, tsika inozivikanwa seBarrancoide inomira pachena, iyo yakaratidza maceramics ane incised dhizaini, pamwe netsika yeSan Agustín, uko kunoonekwa nhamba huru yezvivezwa zvemonolithic yedunhu reColombia.
Africa
Iwe unofanirwa kufunga nezvemashiripiti echitendero chikamu chinoremedza nhoroondo yehunyanzvi ine chekuita neAfrica nekuda kwetsika dzakasiyana siyana pamwe nemhemberero dzinoratidza huwandu hukuru hwevamwari pasina chero chinangwa chekushongedza asi huwandu hukuru hwezvigadzirwa zvekushongedza zvinocherechedzwa.
Nokuda kwekuziva kwezvivezwa zvavo vakashandisa huni, nyanga dzenzou uye dombo pakuzadzikiswa kwemasikisi anthropomorphic apo unhu huri musoro mukuru unotsigirwa pamuviri wakatwasuka uye mitezo ipfupi.
Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi zvishongo, makeramiki uye machira uye kunyangwe zvimwe zvinhu zvakaitwa kuburikidza nesimbi sezvo simbi yaizivikanwa kubva muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC.
Imwe yezvivezwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvetsika iyi ndeyeNok muXNUMX mireniyamu BC. C. maiva mune yava kunzi Nigeria uko kwakawanikwa zvivezwa zvakagadzirwa neterracotta.
Kuratidza nhamba dzevanhu mune dzakawanda dzazvo, musoro chete unoonekwa, semhuka dzakadai senyoka, tsoko uye nzou, saka pfungwa yezvisikwa inooneka.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvivezwa zvine vhudzi razvo uye zvimiro zvinocherechedzwa, zvinosanganisira maketani nezvishongo, nepo kuSudan, uko kune dzimwe tsika dzinonzi Kerma naMeroe dzinocherechedzwa, izvo zvinopa zvivezwa zvakakura zvakagadzirwa nevhu semhando, kuwedzera kune dhaka razvo uye zvombo zvavaishandisa.
NezveEthiopia, rimwe remaguta akakwevera ngwariro munhau yemifananidzo iAksum, iyo yakasvika pakakwirira muzana ramakore rechina, ichiratidza runyoro mumutauro unozivikanwa se ge'es uye hurongwa hwemari, inoratidzira monolithic pillar stelae. iyo inomiririra nzvimbo yemariro yakareba mamita makumi maviri.
Asia uye Art
Iyi kondinendi huru inogona kuratidzwa netsika dzakakura dzakagadzira uye kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza isu tiri kuzozvitsanangura kuitira kuti iwe ugone kuziviswa nezve shanduko yayo munguva ino munhoroondo yehunyanzvi.
India
Mutsika iyi chikamu chechitendero ndicho chikuru uye chakabvumira mavambo ezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanozivikanwa nhasi seHinduism, Islam, Buddhism, uye chiKristu. Humwe hunhu hwayo kubatanidzwa kwechisikigo munhoroondo yeunyanzvi sechikamu chekugadzirisa kune zvakasikwa.
Zvisikwa zvechisikigo tsigiro yakakosha mutsika iyi sezvakaita nzizi, makomo, miti inoera kune iyi budiriro.
Inotanga mutsika yeIndus, budiriro yekutanga yakatanga mu1920th uye XNUMXth mazana emakore Kristu asati asvika kuburikidza nekuchera kwakaitwa nevanochera matongo kubva mugore reXNUMX.
Zvadaro zvinotevera nguva yeVedic pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX neXNUMX BC, pamwe chete netsika dzekare dzeKarian dzinoenderana neXNUMXth kusvika kuXNUMXrd mazana emakore BC. C. uko vanhu veAryan vakapinda mutsika dzechitendero dzetsika dzeAsia.
Zvinotaurwa munhoroondo yezvounyanzvi kuti chiBuddha nechiJain zvakatanga muzana remakore rechitanhatu Kristu asati auya, mukuwedzera kupesvedzero yePersia, uye Alexander Mukuru ndiye akabvumira kurukurirano pakati pounyanzvi hwechiGiriki hweGreece nezvimiro zvechiGiriki nechiBuddha zvinowanwa mu. nzvimbo dzeArchaeological.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti titaure nezveMaurya dzinza redzidziso yechiBhudha apo zvidhinha zvinotsiva dombo, sezvakaita nyaya yemuzinda waA'soka uri muPātaliputra uye zvakare inoratidzira zviitiko zvehupenyu hwaBuddha munhoroondo yehunyanzvi muStüpa yeSänchi.
Nezve hunyanzvi hweGandhära, musanganiswa weGreco-Buddhist unoonekwa mumifananidzo yaBuddha, ichishandura stupa pakati peXNUMXnd uye XNUMXst mazana emakore Kristu asati auya.
Inoteverwa nehunyanzvi hweMathura, uko tsika dzeGreco-Roman dzakasanganiswa, asi kune mashoma anomiririra anogona kuwanikwa nekuda kwekupinda kwechiIslam.
Mabhuku akagadzirwa mutsika iyi kubva mugore re25.000 BC uye kunyorwa kwaro ndekweSanskrit, ine mavambo anozivikanwa seVeda uye anonongedza kuchokwadi sekutaurwa kwazvinoitwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi. Madingindira akadai sechitendero nehondo anomutswa mumashiripiti.
Vakashandisawo bhuku rinoera mutsika iyi raibvumira kusimudzirwa kwemitambo yemitambo mukuwedzera pakuimba, mimhanzi uye kutevedzera zvine chekuita nengano dzinoreva vamwari. Kana dziri mimhanzi yebudiriro iyi, inoratidza chinangwa chakasiyana nekuda kwekusiyana kwemadzinza ayo nyika ino inosanganisira.
China
Kana iri nyika yeChinese, kushanduka kwayo maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi kwave kwakafanana zvakanyanya maererano nemadzishe aive achitonga munguva dzakasiyana dzenguva.
Saizvozvowo, mutoro wechitendero unocherechedzwa mudzidziso dzeBuddhism, Taoism uye Confucianism, mukuwedzera kune kufarira hukama nemasikirwo.
Izvo zvakaonekwa mune yake calligraphy, ceramics, sirika uye porcelain pamwe neake mavakirwo, zvivezwa uye pendi sehuzivi hwehupenyu. Humambo hweShang hwakaitika pakati pemakore 1600 kusvika 1046 Kristu asati auya anoonekwa pakutanga.
Inoonekwa munguva ino munhoroondo yeunyanzvi midziyo yayo uye zvivezwa zvakaitwa mubhuronzi apo anthropomorphic manhamba anoratidzwa mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kwejade nenyanga dzenzou munzvimbo dzekuviga dzakawanikwa munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo.
Kana iri yeZhou Dynasty iyo yakatanga mugore ra1045 kusvika 256 Kristu asati asvika, manyorerwo akaitwa zvimiro zvemhando yepamusoro anocherechedzwa pamwe chete neane simba sezvinoonekwa munguva ino yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi.
Mukuwedzera kune kupinda kweTaoism neConfucius iyo yakapesvedzera mabasa akasiyana-siyana ane chokuita neunyanzvi, kuratidza basa nejade pamwe chete nokushongedza kwokuyamura uye kuoneka kwelacquer nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokunakisa.
Imwe yedzinza iOin pakati pe221 na206 BC munguva iyi China yaive yakabatana uye yaunoziva seGreat Wall yakavakwa kudzivirira kupinda nekunze kwenyika, yakareba makiromita 2400 uye ine hurefu hwemamita mapfumbamwe kuwedzera kune shongwe dzevarindi dzinoyera. mamita gumi nemaviri kureba.
Munguva ino, mauto eterracotta anowanikwa muMausoleum yeQin Shi Huang akakosha zvikuru kunhoroondo yeunyanzvi, hwakaitwa muchiyero chechisikigo pamwe nemabhiza nengoro umo hukuru hukuru hunoratidzwa mukuwedzera kune yakanakisa physiognomy. uye kutarisa kune zvakadzama.
Kune zvakare Humambo hweHan mumakore 206 kusvika 220 mushure meKristu, yaive nguva iyo rugare nebudiriro zvaitonga murudzi urwu.
Chitendero cheBhudha chakaunzwa zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvakanyanya kukwira, zvichigadzira nhamba huru yemafaro machapel umo ngano dzemhuka dzine mapapiro dzakadai setiger, shumba nemabhiza zvinogona kuonekwa.
Nezvekupenda munguva ino yenhoroondo yeunyanzvi, kufarira mudare rehumambo kunoonekwa, kusanganisira vakuru vakuru nevakuru, mukuwedzera pakushandisa nzira yekuyamura munzvimbo tsvene nemakamuri ezvipiriso zvine motifs hunhu hweConfucianism nenzira iri nyore. uye mutsara.
Imwe yenguva iDzinasti Nhanhatu dzinoenderana nemakore 220 kusvika 618 shure kwaKristu uko Buddhism yakatonga uye nzvimbo tsvene dzakakura dzakagadzirwa nezvivezwa zvakakura zvaBuddha uye zvakare Silk Road yakapesvedzerwa neinozivikanwa seWest.
Iyo pendi munhoroondo yehunyanzvi inocherechedzwa kuumbwa kwemisimboti mitanhatu iyo Xie He akadudza iyo yakagadziridzwa muzana ramakore rechitanhatu uye calligraphy inotanga nenzira yehunyanzvi kuburikidza neane mukurumbira mufananidzo waWang Xianzhi.
Kana ari mabhuku ebudiriro iyi, akagadziridzwa kuburikidza nedzidziso dzechitendero kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX nerechishanu BC uye inozivikanwa seMashanu Classics munhoroondo yehunyanzvi.
Kune zvakare mimhanzi ine pentatonic mhando kubvira mashanu emimhanzi yakashandiswa, kusiyana neyekumadokero uko kunoshandiswa manotsi manomwe emimhanzi.
Nezvenguva yepredynastic, kushandiswa kwezviridzwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemimhanzi kunoonekwa, senge ch'ing, iro raive dombo rinonzwika, nyere, iro raive hsüan, ngoma ine zita rekuti ku, kuwedzera kune bhero rine zita re chun..
Japan
Tsika iyi yakapesvedzerwawo nemamwe magariro sezvakaburitswa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi, kunyanya China neKorea. Huzhinji hwounyanzvi hwavo hunosimbisa rutivi rworudzidziso rwechiShinto rwakaumbwa muzana rokutanga ramakore uye ruchiri kupfuurira muurwu rudzi.
Iyo Jömon Period inocherechedzwa murudzi urwu pakati pemakore 5000 kusvika 200 Kristu asati auya uye inocherechedzwa kubva kuMesolithic kuwedzera kune Neolithic, zviridzwa zvakagadzirwa kubva pamapfupa nematombo akakwenenzverwa pamwe nemakeramiki panoonekwa anthropomorphic manhamba.
Nyika iyi yakaramba yakaparadzaniswa nekondinendi, saka zvigadzirwa zvayo ndezvayo asi zvine basa shoma. Iwe unofanirwa kuziva nezve ceramics yenguva ino, ndiyo yekare kwazvo pasirese, yakagadzirwa nemaoko uye incision kana maratidziro akaonekwa kuburikidza netambo.
Zvino inotevera nguva inozivikanwa seYavoi pakati pa200 B.C. kubva kuna Kristu kusvika ku200 mushure maKristu uko budiriro yenyika yakapinda munyika yechitsuwa kuburikidza nehukama hwakaitwa neChina neKorea.
Naizvozvo, yaishandiswa kushandisa makuva akakura panocherechedzwa kamera uye mheremhere yakashongedzwa neterracotta-based cylinders.
Imwe yenguva yaive Kofun pakati pemakore 200 kusvika 600 makore shure kwaKristu uye panguva ino makuva emadzimambo eOun kubva kumakore 200 kusvika 310 uye Nintoku pakati pemakore 310 kusvika 399 anomira pachena.
Mukuwedzera, kugadzirwa kwezvishongo, zvombo, ceramics pamwe chete nemifananidzo yeterracotta inozivikanwa se haniwa inomuka. Iri panguva ino iyo zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekupenda mumakuva eKyüshü zvinoonekwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi uye mune izvo zvinoenderana neXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore shure kwaKristu.
Kuvigwa kwehumambo kweOtsuka kunoratidzwa uye Isa shrine inomira pachena mukuvaka. Nezve zvinyorwa, zvinopesvedzerwa netsika dzeChinese nekuda kwekutanga kutorwa kwekunyora kweChinese.
MuKojiki, inova nyaya yezvinhu zvekare maererano nemimhanzi mubudiriro iyi, kuratidzwa kwayo kwekutanga kunowanikwa muhonkyoku, inofananidzira yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX Kristu asati auya.
Saizvozvowo, nziyo dzechivanhu dzinocherechedzwa uye maererano nemativi echitendero, kagura inowanikwa uye ine chokuita nengano inotaura nezvaAmaterasu, aiva mwarikadzi wezuva, uye pakati pezviridzwa zvenziyo, oboe, inozivikanwawo sehichiriki. sengoma dzinonzi o-kakki uye o-daiko.
Oceania
Zvichienderana nehunyanzvi uhu, zvinoonekwa kuti ndiko kusiyana kwenzvimbo dzezvitsuwa dzakawanda dzinotora chikamu chePacific Ocean, pakati pavo Australia inomira kunze kweNew Zealand pasina kukanganwa zvitsuwa zvakaita sePolynesia, Melanesia neMicronesia.
Tsika inozivikanwa seLapita inomira pakati pemakore 1500 kusvika 500 BC, ndeveNew Caledonia uye inogonawo kuonekwa muNew Guinea uye muSolomon Islands, Tonga, Fivi neSamosa izvo ndezveWestern Polynesia.
Hunhu hwayo hukuru ndeye ceramics yakashongedzwa nemazino motifs akagadzirwa nemizinga kana spikes, pamwe nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa neobsidian uye mabhomba. Nekuremekedza kuAustralia, mapendi emapako ari pachena, ayo ari schematic uye anoratidza kurerutswa kwejometri.
classical art
Zvichienderana nehunyanzvi hwechinyakare, hune hukama neGreece neRoma yekare, zvinoenderana nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi kuburikidza nemasikirwo uye munhu senyika inowirirana uye yakadzikama pamwe nekunzwisisa kwezvimiro uye mavhoriyamu uye isu tichazvitsanangura mu. chinyorwa chinofadza ichi.
Greece
Nezve dunhu iri, nguva yekirasi inowirirana neV uye VI mazana emakore Kristu asati asvika, anozivikanwa sezana ramakore rePericles, uye kuumbwa kwehungwaru kunoonekwa.
Iko maGreek classics sedzidzo huru ine chekuita nehunhu uye yaive yakapfuma mutsika, hupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika zvichiita kubwinya kukuru kweguta rayo reAtene.
Zvakanaka, uyu mukuru wezvematongerwo enyika ndiye aive mutungamiri wekutora Girisi kuzera rayo regoridhe maererano netsika sezvinoonekwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi uye mumunda wezvematongerwo enyika uye nekuda kwetsika iyi mavambo ehupenyu hwedu huripo.
Kubwinya kukuru kunoonekwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana senge zvinyorwa apo Sophocles, Aeschylus uye Euripides anomira. Mukuwedzera, Phidias akamira kunze muunyanzvi hwepurasitiki neParthenon.
Saka pesvedzero yaro inocherechedzwa kudzidza simba guru rekutaura kubva kuna Socrates aive mudzidzisi waPlato akazove mudzidzisi waSocrates kubva kunocherechedzwa pfungwa yenyika dzekuMadokero.
Imwe yenheyo dzakasimba dzeGreece kwaive kutanga kwenhoroondo sezvo ivo vane basa rekunyora nekurondedzera zviitiko zvenhoroondo naHerodotus aive mudzidzi waSocrates.
Nezvezvivakwa sechikamu chenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, zvakanangana nekuvakwa kwematemberi uye zvivakwa zvechivanhu, sezvakaita nhandare dzemitambo yeGreece, iyo inonyanya kukosha yeEpidaurus.
Kana riri dariro rinozivikanwa saDoric, chiratidziro chayo chikurusa itembere yakaitwa mukukudza mwari Athena Parthenos muguta guru reAtene, uko chivezwa chakaitwa naPhidias amene mundarama nenyanga dzenzou.
Ndiani aitungamirirawo kufiriza zvimwe zvidhori zvaimiririra kuberekwa kwaAthena uye kurwa kwemacentaurs. Kana iri iyo inonzi inonzi Ionic style, inocherechedzwa mutemberi yaAtemisi muEfeso.
Inomirira chimwe chezvishamiso zvinomwe zvenyika izvo zvichine mamwe matongo pasina kukanganwa temberi yaAthena muguta reAtene.
Nezve manyorerwo evaKorinde, ndipo panoonekwa kushandiswa kwemakoramu akashongedzwa akashongedzwa nemashizha eacanthus, muenzaniso weiyi ndiyo Lantern yeLisícrates yakatanga mugore ra335 Kristu asati auya, ndiyo iyi nzira inozoshandiswa na tsika dzechiRoma.
Pachivezwa chechiGiriki chinozivikanwa netsika dzechiRoma nekuti zvizhinji zvezvivezwa izvi zvakarasika nemuono wechiKristu nechinangwa chokudzvinyirira chipegani.
Naturalism inoratidzwa muGreek art kuti iende nayo kumusoro kwezvematongerwo enyika uye inobvumira kusakwana kushandura nguva yeHellenistic, kuve chiratidzo chenyika dzekuMadokero. Maererano netsika dzechiGiriki, munhu ndiye musimboti wechinhu chiri chose, naizvozvo guta racho rinofanira kuva rakapoteredza vanhu vanozogara imomo.
tsika dzechiRoma
Yakagamuchira pesvedzero huru kubva kuhunyanzvi hwechiGiriki nekuda kwekuwedzera kweHumambo hweRoma, yakasvika kumatunhu mazhinji ekondinendi yeEurope pamwe neNorth Africa neNear East.
Nezve mavakirwo ehunyanzvi hwechiRoma, maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, yaive yerudzi rwekushandisa, saka vaive mainjiniya akanakisa maererano nekuvaka munharaunda, sekugadzira mabhiriji, migero yekukwanisa kutakura. chinhu cheMvura chakakosha kunharaunda.
Vakagadzirawo nzvimbo tsvene, dzimba dzehumambo, nhandare dzemitambo, nhandare dzemitambo, masekesi, nzvimbo dzekukunda uye dzekugezera dzavakawedzera kune zvivakwa zveGreece kushandiswa kwemakamuri uye arches pamwe nekugadzira masonry, ashlar masonry uye zvidhinha.
Kuve pakati pemabasa ake anoshamisa Colosseum, the Pantheon of Agrippa, mugero weSegovia, mabhati eCaracalla, shongwe yeHercules, pakati pevamwe.
Nekuda kwechivezwa neruremekedzo kutsika dzechiRoma maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwaive hwakawanda hwevanhu ivo vaive vasina hanya nekuratidzira kukanganisa kana kukanganisa kwaivigwa netsika dzechiGiriki.
Mufananidzo wacho unogona kuratidzwa semhando yakakurumbira muHumambo hweRoma yakaratidza kumwe kutendeka pakati pemufananidzo uye munhu akange adhonzwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwechiaroscuro.
Uye zvakare, vadzidzi vanomira pachena mumifananidzo yake uye inonyanya kukosha ndeye mapikicha akagadzirwa nemaemperor enguva ino zvichienderana neshanduro nhatu, yekutanga yavo togata muchimiro chaPatrick.
Thoracata samambo anoonekwa semurume mukuru wemauto uye strategist uye Apotheosis sezvo akakweverwa semwari uyo kusunungurwa mumabasa ake kwaive kwakakosha zvakanyanya mune zvese zvechitendero uye zvenhoroondo madingindira uye pakati pavo pane Column yaTrajan, Ara Pacis. yaAugusto uye Arch yaTito.
Kana kuri kupenda, maererano nezvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo, zvitayera zvina zvinoonekwa muPompeii, imwe yacho ichiva inlay panogadzirwa chimwe chinhu chakafanana nejira remarble.
Imwe dhizaini inonzi Architectural, uko kufananidzirwa kwezvivakwa kwaiitwa, kozouya chimiro chekushongedza, uko zvivakwa zvekunyepedzera kwaishandiswa maruva nemakapu, zvaionekwa.
Chekupedzisira, iyo Yakanakisa, yaive musanganiswa weaya maviri ekare masitaera, enigmatic nzvimbo dzakagadzirwa neakasiyana ezvivakwa zvibvumirano uye zvinhu zvengano.
Mutsika dzechiRoma, iyo mosaic yaive yakakosha zvikuru kushandisa manhamba ejometri uye inocherechedzwa mukubaira kweIphigenia muAmpurias, nekuwedzera, zvinyorwa zvechiRoma zvakapesvedzerwawo netsika dzechiGiriki.
Kubva mazviri vakatora hunyanzvi pamwe nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhando, hunyanzvi hwavo huri chimiro uye kubva mairi kunodzika tsika dzechiKristu uye iyo inozocherechedzwa mutsika dzekare sezvo chiLatin chiri mutauro uchataurwa munzvimbo dzakawanda kuEurope. kondinendi. Vakakunda munhetembo, prose, oratory, uye nhoroondo.
Zvisinei, nhandare yemitambo yeRoma yakapesvedzerwawo neunyanzvi hwechiGiriki, kunyange zvazvo pakutanga yakabva kumitambo yeEtruscan apo unyanzvi hwakaisvonaka hwakanga hwakasanganiswa nenziyo nokutamba.
Ipapo vakashandisa vocalizations uye maimikisi kugadzira satires maererano nemimhanzi, zvakafanana zvakashandiswa mukereke yekutanga yechiKristu.
medieval art
Kana iri nhoroondo yehunyanzvi panguva ino, zviri pachena zvechitendero uye nhaka yaro inobva kutsika dzechiRoma, saka inobatana nechitendero chechiKristu muchimiro chayo chekare maererano neshoko reRomanesque neGothic, unofanirwa kuziva kuti vakapihwa gare gare. uye hadzina kushandiswa panguva ino.
Inopindirana nenguva kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX shure kwaKristu, sekureva kwenyanzvi, yakakamurwa kuita nhanho mbiri dzeRomanesque, dzakatanga muWestern Europe, humwe hunhu hwayo inzira yekumaruwa, uye yakaitwa ne vaKristu vokutanga muRoma.
Kana ari maGothic akatanga mumaguta uye zita rayo rinoenderana nehunhu hwayo hwekare munguva mbiri idzi pesvedzero yechitendero inoonekwa mune inofanana nemupfuri wegoridhe, zvivezwa, pendi, mosaics, zvivakwa uye kunyanya mafrescoes.
Hupfumi hukuru hwenhoroondo yehunyanzvi hunoratidzwa munzvimbo tsvene dzakasiyana dzakavakwa munguva ino apo kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi kwaive rudzi rwemurevereri pakati pevanhu nenyika yemweya, izvo zvinopihwa mukutenda kwechiKristu.
Zvinoenderana neRomanesque Period, inocherechedzwa maererano nekuferefeta kuti huwandu hwevanhu, kunyanya vekuEurope, hunowedzera sei uye chechi inosvika pakukwirira kwayo nekuti ndiyo yega sangano rakarongeka.
Uye nevakuru vakuru, naizvozvo, vanowedzera kuwedzera kwekuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzechitendero sezvo vachiwedzera nhamba yevatendi mukuwedzera pakugadzirisa mamongi aripo.
Munguva yeGothic Period, pesvedzero yehondo dzakaitwa nemaKristu kana vakatarisana nevaMuslim neSaracens nechinangwa chekuwedzera kutenda kwechiKristu kunoonekwa, kuvakwa kwematemberi matatu makuru munhoroondo yehunyanzvi senge chechi yeabbey inocherechedzwa. yeSaint Dionysius naAbbot Suger.
Dhizaini yeCathedral yeNotre Dame muParis neCathedral yeChartres, saka mavakirwo enguva iyi aive akakosha zvikuru, sezvatinoona muchinyorwa chino chinonakidza.
Pakutanga, zvivakwa zveRomanesque zvinoonekwa nekuvakwa kwenzvimbo tsvene, dzimba dzemamongi, machechi ezviyero zvakakura zvinozogara nekufamba kwenguva, humwe hunhu hwayo hwaive madziro ayo makuru uye zvitsigiro zvaro zvaizivikanwa seFortress of God.
Kuita kuti zvive zvakanyanya kushamisa, mavhavha uye semicircles akashandiswa mukuwedzera pakushongedza nematombo uye shongwe zvakatoitwa mukuwedzera kumadziro ezviyero zvakakura izvo zvaive nekuvhurwa kushoma.
Nezvezvivezwa zvenguva iyi, zvinomirirwa muBhaibheri, sezvo vagari vakawanda vepanguva ino vakanga vasingazivi kurava kana kuti kunyora uye nongedzero yeBhaibheri yeDombo yakashandiswa kuzivisa zviitiko zvakaenzanisirwa. bhuku dzvene.kuburikidza nemifananidzo yakaitwa zvivezwa.
Saka nhamba idzi dzinorasikirwa nehunhu hwadzo sezvo maererano nenzvimbo yadziizoiswa dzaive dzakarebesa kana kuti dzakatetepa saka bhiza raigona kuva diki pane murume uye nekuda kweizvi paive nekushaikwa kwehuchokwadi pamifananidzo yaizovezwa kunze kwekuona. kuenzana nekuoma kwemabasa ake.
Pendi yeRomanesque ine pesvedzero yeByzantine maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi sezvo Kristu akaiswa munzvimbo huru yechechi kana nzvimbo tsvene uye inocherechedzwa kuti kudhirowa neiyo contour ye silhouettes kunotungamira sei mukuwedzera mukushandiswa kwemavara pasina kusanganiswa mundege. .
Iko hakuna kudzika mumifananidzo yenguva ino, kunze kwekusava nevhoriyamu, dingindira rechitendero ndiro tsime guru rekufemerwa, richiratidza kutaura kukuru mumifananidzo mikuru.
Nezve mavakirwo echimiro cheGothic, aive akareba kwazvo zvivakwa zvine chirevo chekufananidzira uye muenzaniso wakanakisa weiyi macathedrals, ayo aaifanira kuita, maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, mavhavha uko maviri arches akayambuka diagonally, arch akanongedza. nemabhureki anobhururuka.
Mukuwedzera kune kusunungurwa kwemasvingo kuti aise mahwindo egirazi ane mavara munzvimbo yavo, kuwedzera chiedza pasina kukanganwa zvivezwa zvinofadza apo zvinoonekwa kuti chokwadi chinokunda mumabasa ake.
Vatsvene, ngirozi uye zvimiro zvebhaibheri zvinoratidzira hukuru hwezvakasikwa mumabhura, dombo, matanda nenyanga dzenzou, zvichiratidza hukuru hukuru mumabasa avo akavezwa kana akavezwa.
Mafafitera egirazi ane mavara akatanhamara panguva iyi, pamwe chete nemifananidzo uye mapaneru airatidza zvakaitika mubhuku rinoyera, sezvo kunamatwa kwaMwari ndiko kwaiva kunaka kukuru kwekupenda kweGothic.
Humwe hunhu hwenguva iyi kutsvaga huchokwadi kuburikidza nekutaura kwemanzwiro uye nhamba huru yemavara inoshandiswa kupa mwenje wakawanda muchiitiko chegirazi rakasvibiswa.
Kufarira kuvapo kwaMwari kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwechiedza chepanyama kuburikidza nekristaro yakazara nemifananidzo yakaisvonaka inobva muBhaibheri.
Zvakanaka, zvese zviri zviviri zvivezwa zveGothic uye pendi zvinoratidza hunhu kuburikidza neruzivo, zvichibvumira chokwadi chikuru kuti chicherechedzwe nekuda kwemaitiro emumvuri.
Art of the Modern Age
Zvinoenderana nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, Nguva Yemazuvano inoenderana nenguva inoenderana nekupera kweMiddle Ages uko kumukira kunomuka, kusanganisira zvematongerwo enyika nezvehupfumi, pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX mushure maKristu.
Inguva munhoroondo yehunyanzvi umo shanduko dzehuzivi dzinocherechedzwa pamwe nedzezvematongerwo enyika dzinozvarwa kubva kuBaroque neRenaissance art.
Zvinocherechedzwa munguva ino kusimbiswa kwemunhu uye kukosha kwemunhu kunoburitswa nemukurumbira muvanyori venguva ino, kwete senge muMiddle Ages yairarama mukusazivikanwa zvachose.
Munguva ino, maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, inotsvakwa kudzoreredza runako maererano neRenaissance uye muBaroque, naturalism ichatsvakwa mumabasa ayo.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti titaure kuti muNguva Yemazuvano symmetry inotsvakwa muzvinyorwa zvichagadzirwa, seizvo chiyero chiri chivharo chakakosha zvikuru munguva ino yenguva.
Kunyangwe zvichicherechedzwa kuti tembere dzechitendero dziri kuramba dzichivakwa, hadzisisina chiyero chairatidza izvo zveMiddle Ages uye zvivakwa zvezvinangwa zveveruzhinji zvakaita sedzimba dzehumambo, zvipatara uye kunyange horo dzemataundi dzakatanga kuvakwa.
Pano zvinoonekwa munguva ino yenhoroondo yeunyanzvi kuti dhizaini inofanirwa kuitwa inoziva uye kuti iite vanofanirwa kushandisa chirongwa ichi nechinangwa chekukwanisa kumiririra nemifananidzo chokwadi chavanoda kutora kuburikidza nemaonero. .
Mushure meRenaissance apo zvaigoneka kudzoreredza tsika dzechinyakare muzana ramakore regumi nemana, mazana maviri emakore akapfuura uye muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu maitiro anoonekwa sechigadzirwa chekuneta kwemhando dzechinyakare pakati pevanyori, iyo pfungwa iyi inoshandurwa ichipa shanduko. kune imwe tsika munhoroondo yehunyanzvi inozivikanwa seBaroque.
Aya ndiwo manzwiro eiyi itsva art model iyo France inoshandura iyi art kuita imwe itsva inonzi Rococo uyezve muzana remakore rechiXNUMX vanodzokera kune neo-Gothic maitiro ayo haasisiri chikamu chemazuva ano.
Iyo nguva yeNguva Yemazuvano munhoroondo yehunyanzvi inoumbwa kubva muzana ramakore regumi neshanu kusvika kuzana ramakore regumi nemasere uye ndiyo panguva ino iyo hunhu hwevanhu vemazuva ano hunogadzirwa.
Inotanga kuburikidza nezvakawanikwa saka pekugara paifanira kuitwa maererano nehukama hwehupfumi hwenyika uko kutonga kwakawanikwa nebudiriro yekuMadokero.
Naizvozvo, panofanira kuva nerondedzero yenhoroondo pakutanga uye inoitirwa kubvisa dzidziso yekutenda kwechitendero kubva papfungwa ine musoro yemunhu.
Pano munguva ino yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi zvinoonekwa kuti munhu ndiye musimboti wezvese uye shanduko yemaindasitiri inoonekwa pakati pezana ramakore rechi 1789 pamwe neshanduko yeFrance muna XNUMX panocherechedzwa nharaunda panosimbiswa mufananidzo. .sekufamba kutsva kwekufunga.
Pamusoro pazvo, motto yechimurenga cheFrance yakasimbisa kuziviswa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uko kushandurwa kwechiono chezvematongerwo enyika kwakacherechedzwa kusvika panguva iyoyo, sirogani yechiFrench ichitevera:
“… kuenzana, hukama nerusununguko…”
Nekuda kwavo, hunhu hwakashandurwa muNguva Yemazuvano kuburikidza nepfungwa yeizwi kufambira mberi, izvo zvakaita kuti vagari vawanikwe mune sainzi, tekinoroji padanho remaindasitiri, zvine chekuita nehupfumi.
Mundima yesainzi
Nezvenyaya yesainzi, kuwanikwa kwekugona kuburitsa pachena zvakavanzika zvechisikigo mukuwedzera pakukwanisa kupindira uye kuwana zvimwe mhedzisiro maererano nekufarira kwemunhu kunoonekwa munguva iyi.
Pakati pavo, kutenderera kwepasi kunoonekwa nekushingaira kukuru nekuda kweheliocentric theory yeCopernicus pamwe nekutsanangurwa kweelliptical orbits yemamwe mapuraneti maererano naKepler, pakati peimwe data yesayenzi inofarira.
Ndiko kwaiva kushamiswa kwake neshanduko yesayenzi yakaguma nokutambudzwa nechechi yaavo vakarongwa savanyengeri nokuda kwokusanzwisisa chinjo itsva dzinovamba kupfurikidza nenyika inoshamisa yesayenzi.
Maererano nemaonero ezvematongerwo enyika
Kutenda kunguva yeNguva Yemazuvano munhoroondo, hunyanzvi hwakave nemhedzisiro pachiratidzo chezvematongerwo enyika, sezvo hutongi hwehumambo pamwe neveparamende uye neavo vanoteerera vatungamiriri uye vakashandurwa kuita imwe nzira nyowani zvichienderana nezviitiko zvenhoroondo zvavakasangana nazvo. nyika idzodzo.
Zvakanaka, mhando dzakadai seabsolutism dzakagadzirwa, mamwe akadai seakavhenekerwa despotism uye kunyange marepublic maererano nenguva yeNhasi Yemazuva ano kusvikira pfungwa yeNyika yeNyika yasvika, uko kune kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba ehurumende mukati mayo.
Nezvemamiriro ehupfumi
Iri muNguva Yemazuvano uko shanduko yehurongwa hwemafeudal yaive yakafanana neyeMedieval Age inocherechedzwa kuburikidza nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, ichishandurwa kuve kuzvarwa kweBourgeoisie. Zvakare pro-capitalism, mercantilism uye capitalism nekuda kwenguva yeindasitiri.
Saka muNguva Yemazuvano inocherechedzwa kuburikidza nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi kuti muimbi inyanzvi uye kwete mhizha inopa kusimuka kune neoclassicism uye romanticism pasina kukanganwa uzivi senge rationalism uko Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza.
Ipapo empiricism inoonekwa apo vamiriri vayo vakuru ndiHume naBerkeley, mukuwedzera kune Chiedza, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot uye Kant kushoropodzwa.
Contemporary art
Inoenderana neseti yezviratidziro zvehunyanzvi kubva muzana ramakore reXNUMX kusvika kuzana ramakore reXNUMX uye izwi rinoenderana nenguva yenhoroondo inoenderana nevairarama panguva iyoyo, semuenzaniso Leonardo Da Vinci akararama panguva yeavo vakararama muzana ramakore regumi nematanhatu.
Nokudaro, imwe yenzira dzinoshandiswa kukwanisa kushandisa izwi remazuva ano rinobva kuFrench Revolution yakatanga muna 1789 uye yakapera muna 1799. Naizvozvo, Contemporary Art inotanga nerudo apo munhu rusununguko, manzwiro uye subjectivity.
Izwi rekuti art yemazuva ano rinoratidza kuti rinosanganisira zvinopfuura izvo zvatinoziva senguva uye zvinotyora nekubatana kwehunyanzvi kwaimbozivikanwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi nekuda kwenhoroondo nemagariro evanhu umo muimbi anoshanda.
Iri panguva ino apo hurumende dzeabsolutist dzinomiswa uye hurumende dzedemokrasi dzinogamuchirwa.
Nezvezvivakwa, munguva ino yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, zvivako zvitsva zvemumaguta zvakagadziridzwa uko hutsanana uye hupenyu hwakasununguka hwevanhu hwakagadziridzwa, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwenzira nyowani dzekufambisa uye kuvhurwa kwenzvimbo dzakasvibira kuitira kuti vanhu vagare. anokoshesa nzvimbo yemahara.
Kudanana
Yakanga iri kuvandudzwa mumhando dzese dzenhoroondo yeunyanzvi, sezvo kutarisisa kwakatsaurirwa kune zvemweya, zvisikwa, uye kufungidzira, uko kwaikosheswa tsika dzakakurumbira. Iye zvino ruzivo rwevanhu runova rwakakosha kuwedzera kune mifananidzo yemamiriro uye matanda.
Mukupenda, mifananidzo inotaura nezverusununguko inotungamira vanhu yakashandiswa, iyo parizvino iri muLouvre Museum, uye maererano nemifananidzo, zvinoonekwa kuti neoclassical mafomu anotorwa kubva murudo akatanga kutonga panguva ino.
Nezvemabhuku, akasimbisa kuti hunyanzvi hunobva kumunhu ari pamusoro pese nyanzvi uye anoratidza manzwiro ake kuburikidza nekunyora uko kushuva nemutambo kunotungamira senge mumitambo nemimhanzi yenguva ino uye yakatogadzira zvinoshamisa opera.
Chokwadi
Art inomutswa nekucherechedza chokwadi chemurombo pamberi penguva yeindasitiri.Nguva iyi ndeyekushoropodzwa kwevanhu, sezvatinoona munhoroondo yehunyanzvi.Muenzaniso weizvi ndiAngelus, inova mufananidzo uri parizvino. muMusée d'Orsay muguta reParis.
Zvivezwa zvinoratidzwawo nevashandi uye varimi, mukuwedzera, hupenyu hwevasingaverengeki hunojekeswa uye muzvinyorwa zvinosimuka kubva kune inofungidzira nyika yerudo kuti isimbise chokwadi chakadzama nekusimba kukuru.
Maumbirwo aimiririrwa nawo sangano iri ibhuku rakanyorwa apo zviitiko zvairondedzerwa kubva pakuona kwechokwadi chevatambi.
Nezve theatre, panguva ino nekuda kwechiedza chemagetsi kuti vanhu vari munhandare vakavhenekerwa uye vataridzi vakasara murima, sezvinoratidzwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi.
Kana dziri mimhanzi, ngano yenyika yerudzi rumwe norumwe yakakosheswa uye inoonekawo munyika dzakawanda sezvikoro zvehurumende kuitira kuti vanhu vawane dzidzo.
Kuburikidza neballet, zvaigoneka kutaurira vataridzi nyaya kwaishandiswa zviito zvinosvika zvishanu kuitira kuti muoni anakidzwe nemimhanzi uye kutamba kwechinyakare, muenzaniso wazvo waive Kurara Kunaka muna 1889.
Impressionism
Yakanga iri imwe hurongwa hutsva hwakaputsika nehurongwa hwekare munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, yakafuridzirwa nemasikirwo uye inoonekwa mumifananidzo yekushandiswa kwemavara akasiyana-siyana apo chiedza chinosimbiswa, mifananidzo yekutanga yebohemian inooneka.
Kubva ipapo akaenda kune neo-impressionism uko kusimbiswa kuri pane optical phenomena Imwe yemaitiro enguva ino munhoroondo yehunyanzvi ndeye pointllism, kupatsanurwa kwakazopesvedzera Italy futurism.
Mushure mekufamba uku, post-impressionism inotangira pavakawana zvitsva maererano nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira pendi panocherechedzwa circus uye cabaret mifananidzo mukuwedzera pakushandisa manhamba ejometri sezvakaitika kuna Paul Cezanne.
Van Gogh uyo akaita mapendi ane dhirama rakasimba raikanganisa chokwadi. Kana toreva nezvemimhanzi, chinjo inoonekwa, sezvo kuwirirana kunotanhamara pamusoro pemutinhimira.
Mumifananidzo, ruvara runokunda pamusoro pemitsetse, zvichiita kuti muoni agadzirise zvakare rwiyo rwemimhanzi kuburikidza nekuenderana kwemanzwi.
Symbolism
Ndiyo mufananidzi wechisikigo uye kusimbiswa kunoiswa panyika yezviroto uko kunoonekwa mashiripiti uye kutya, kusvika pakutsveyamiswa, saka runako muchimiro ichi ndicho chinangwa chekupedzisira icho muimbi anoshuvira kuwana uye ndihwo hupenyu hwake. ye art.
Mabhuku ekufananidzira aive akakomberedzwa neaestheticism achitsvaga kufarira mune zvakaora uye nerima separanormal mamiriro apo mashiripiti aripo.
Mazuva ano
Chimwe chezvikoro zvaro zvikuru chaive muCatalonia, chakafuridzirwa nemamiriro ekunze asi asina kujeka, chaive chakarongedzwa mudhizaini nemufananidzo, kuvandudza nedhizaini yeposta serudzi rutsva rwekupenda munhoroondo yehunyanzvi, zvichipa mukana wekushambadzira.
Nokudaro, yakagadziridzwa nekugadzirisa kwevashandi kuti vazodzidzira kuita zvigadzirwa zvemitambo, vachitsanangura mukufunga kwavo kuti unyanzvi hunofanira kuva hwakanaka uye hunobatsira kuvanhu.
Kana ari mabhuku, mutauro unoyevedza unoonekwa nehupfumi hukuru mumutauro wepamutemo pamwe nekushongedzwa nezviratidzo.
Photography
Muzana ramakore reXNUMXth panoonekwa bhokisi remashiripiti dema rinobvumira kutora mifananidzo uye kutora mifananidzo kunoratidzika kunoonekwa munguva iyoyo yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi seratidziro yehunyanzvi kuburikidza nehungwaru uye hunyanzvi hwenyanzvi kugadzira chifananidzo chizere nekunzwisisa uye kugadzira. .
Kutora mifananidzo kwakave kwakakurumbira uye nhasi chave chinhu chakadaro zuva nezuva kune ruzhinji rwevanhu.Panguva iyoyo, masitudiyo emifananidzo akagadzirwa kwaigadzirwa mifananidzo, uye mafotomechanics akagadzirwawo.
Zvinyorwa zvine mifananidzo zvakatanga kuitwa, mukuwedzera, kutora mifananidzo kwakagadzirwa uye zvakakwanisika kutora kuburikidza nekutora mafoto kunetsana kwehondo senge Hondo yeCrimea neAmerican Civil War kutorwa mifananidzo nechiridzwa chitsva chetekinoroji.
Art yezana remakore rechiXNUMX
Nezve hunyanzvi hwazvino hweXNUMXth century, yakagadzirirwa kutsvaga zvinokurudzira muoni kana mushandisi, saka muimbi anoshandisa chero rudzi rwezvinhu, ingave tekinoroji, zvemagetsi, nyaya kana kubereka munzvimbo yemakanika, kugadzira. mabasa ake anogona kubatanidza zvitayera zveunyanzvi.
Kune izvo panguva ino yezana ramakore reXNUMX zvinotyora nemaitiro echinyakare, kutsoropodza uye kuedza kunoshandiswa munyika yehunyanzvi sezvakacherechedzwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi.
Mafambiro ehunyanzvi ekukosha kukuru anoonekwa, akadai seDadaism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Neoplasticism uye Surrealism.
Naizvozvo, kutanga kweinozivikanwa sepostmodernity inotorwa senzvimbo yekutanga, ichiiisa pakati pekupera kwemakumi matanhatu kana kupera kweHondo Yenyika II muna 1945.
Saka humwe hwehunhu hwenguva ino iwave yechipiri yeavant-garde maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi apo pop art, yechipiri French realism, conceptual art, pasina kukanganwa minimalism uye abstract expressionism yakatanga.
Pamusoro pezvo, hyperrealism, neo-configuration uye hunyanzvi hwemaguta zvinomira pachena panguva ino, zvichitsanangura kuti chiratidzo chenzanga maererano neruzivo rwetsika dzepano uye ikozvino maererano nekufarira kwevanhu. Muongorori wehunyanzvi Jacob Burckhardt anotora nhoroondo yehunyanzvi se:
"... Sechibatanidzo munhoroondo yetsika ... hunyanzvi hwenguva yega yega ndiyo ratidziro yakazara yemweya umo inogadzirwa, isingaenderani nechitendero, nyika kana zvido zvehupfumi..."
"... zvese zvinopesvedzera kuratidzwa kwayo, nekudaro kuva nemhosva yekushanduka kwenhoroondo..."
Unyanzvi hwezana remakore rechiXNUMX chiratidzo chezvinofungwa nenzanga yanhasi, ndicho chikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana maererano nezvido, kukakavara, chokwadi chinorarama muimbi wega wega, achiputsa nemagariro echinyakare.
avant-garde
Pano dzidziso dzesainzi, tekinoroji uye dzepfungwa dzinouya mukutariswa nenyika yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi uye panguva ino ndiyo nguva iyo kondinendi yeEurope.
Vanyori vayo vanogona kudzidza nezvehunyanzvi hwemadzinza kubva kune dzimwe nyika uko vakatora pfungwa nyowani kuti vataure ivo. Izvo zvakawana huwandu hukuru hwekufamba mumakore achangopfuura pamwe nekushandurwa kwevanyori.
Fauvism
Yakanga iri yekutanga avant-garde kufamba kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kuedza nemavara subjectively mumifananidzo yakagadzirwa kwaimiririra zvisikwa.
Kujekesa
Iri sangano rakabuda semufananidzi we impressionism, humwe hunhu hwayo hunhu uye intuitive zvinoenderana nechiratidzo chemukati chemugadziri, inova chirevo zvinoenderana nekuona kwechokwadi kuburikidza nezvinoratidzwa mumifananidzo. Muenzaniso weizvi ndiFrida Khalo.
Cubism
Muchikwata ichi, maererano nenhoroondo yeunyanzvi, chokwadi chinokanganiswa kuburikidza nemaonero enzvimbo iyo chibereko cheRenaissance era uye geometric plot inogadzirwa kuti ione zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mundege imwe chete.
Nekufamba uku kwehunyanzvi paradigm yezvakamboonekwa yakatyoka, iwo akanyanya mavara ane opaque uye ndewemhando yeanotonhora, collage yakawedzerwa, mumiriri wayo mukuru aive Picasso.
Futurism
Iri sangano maererano nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi rakazvarwa muItari uye, kusiyana nevamwe, rinopa manifesto yakanyorwa naFilippo Tommaso Marinetti, pano kukosha kwekufambira mberi uye tekinoroji zvakaziviswa kuburikidza nekuita, ndosaka iri pfungwa yekufungidzira. uye yaireva kudyidzana pakati pezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana.
Kune mamwe akawanda maitiro enhoroondo yehunyanzvi muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, saka ndinokukoka kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga kuti iwe ugone kuziva nezve iyi inonakidza musoro wakagadzira akawanda ehunyanzvi mafambiro.
Mafambiro ezvino munguva ino yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi
Saka pano, kupenda, chivezwa, uye zvivakwa zvinowedzerwa kune mamwe maitiro, senge tekinoroji inofarira nhoroondo yehunyanzvi, senge vhidhiyo, mufananidzo, collage, mafoto edhijitari, pakati pezvimwe, kuwana chiono chisina kujeka chezviri mukati.
Vamiriri venguva ino ine simba munhoroondo yehunyanzvi vanosanganisira Jeff Koons, Ai Weiwei, Yayoi Kusama, Yoko Ono, Damien Hirst, Dalí, Theaster Gates, Picasso, Andy Warhol, Van Gogh naMarcel Duchamp.
Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanotaura kuti ichiri unyanzvi, zvichida haisi yakanyanya kunaka semunguva dzakapfuura, sezvakaratidzwa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, sezvo zviratidzo zveunyanzvi imhando yemutauro wepasi rose, ndicho chikonzero ichishandurwa maererano nezvinodiwa. murume.
Hunyanzvi husinganzwisisike hunoita nguva zhinji hunokanganisa kuona kwemushandisi uye kutovhiringa mamwe manzwisisiro, ndosaka muiti wemifananidzo achibata nenzira yake itsva yekushandura chimiro chekupenda.
Art seyakadaro ndeyemahara uye nhasi tinoona huwandu hukuru hwemabasa zvekuti kune mashoma mamuseum ekuvaisa, kunyangwe paine maartist anoda kuita maitiro avo matsva, vanoona kuti mikana yakavharwa.
Zvakanaka, kudyidzana kwepasirese kwakabvumira kuziva mataurirwo emhando dzakasiyana-siyana semuAfrica, Asia kuburikidza nemitauro mitsva inoratidza kusanganiswa kutsva pamwe nehunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi symbioses.
Apo nhamba huru yemabasa inocherechedzwa asi isina kurongeka sezvakaratidzwa nedzimwe nguva dzenhoroondo yemifananidzo, saka shasha inonyangarika.
Pamusoro pezvo, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva kugadzira mabasa eunyanzvi kunoonekwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwetekinoroji uye maindasitiri uye kunyangwe kubatanidzwa kweakasiyana ehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano ayo aimbove akasiyana munhoroondo yehunyanzvi nechinangwa chekutsvaga kwekutanga mune iyi pfungwa nyowani yehunyanzvi. .
Zvakanaka, muunyanzvi hwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, kushanduka kwevanhu nenzira yekuda pfuma kunoonekwa, saka kufarira kwayo kudya, saka nhoroondo yeunyanzvi inotarisana nemanzwiro, pakuona uye kwete panjere.
Zvese zvinogovaniswa zvinoenderana nezvinoshandiswa nenzanga pane imwe nguva, ichizvitsanangura pachayo mumuenzaniso uchashandiswa. Pamusana pekubatana kwekutaurirana kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekombiyuta, avant-garde inobuda sechikwata chinobvumira unyanzvi kuti hubatanidzwe munharaunda yevatengi.
Kuitira kuti pave nekudyidzana pakati penyanzvi nemuoni anova uyo, maererano nemaonero ake, anonzwisisa nekududzira basa rakaitwa.
Kuwana chirevo icho pamwe muimbi akachigadzira haazive, nekuti chinosimbiswa muhunyanzvi hwekuita sezvo chichibvumira kuita mukusikwa kwayo sezvo iine zvimwe zvinobatsira kune muoni.
Mhedziso
Sezvauri kuona, huwandu hukuru hwekufamba kwehunyanzvi kana kuratidzwa kuriko nhasi kwakakura kwazvo nekuda kwekudyidzana kwepasi rose kwehunyanzvi kuburikidza neakawanda midhiya iyo nhasi inobvumidza iwe kwete kungoona chete asi kuti uteerere uye kunyange kupindirana nehunyanzvi.
Kuratidzwa kwakaitika kwakawanda, kwete mukupenda chete asiwo mumabhuku, mumitambo nekutamba, mukuwedzera kune huwandu hukuru hwegoridhe nekeramics inogona kuwanikwa, imwe neimwe nerunako rwayo inoita kuti ive yakasiyana uye imwe chete.
Pachine mafambiro ekutsvaga uye budiriro yekuenderera mberi nekudzidza maererano nezviuru zvenzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzinotibvumira kudzidza nezvemadzitateguru edu uye nzira yavakazviratidza nayo kuburikidza nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi.
Tisingakanganwe mimhanzi, kutamba, kutora mifananidzo, bhaisikopo, makomiki uye ephemeral art ine chekuita nefashoni inoshanduka kubva ipapo ine zita rayo nekuti maererano nedingindira rinotorwa kunenge kwaita bhomba rinobva radzikira kutanga kune imwe fashoni ye. kudyiwa kwevanhu vanhasi.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti imwe ephemeral art munhoroondo yehunyanzvi inoenderana nemafireworks pamwe chete nepefiyumu, kugerwa bvudzi, magadzirirwo ebvudzi uye kunyange imwe ndiro yeimwe gastronomy kana kutapira saka unomutsa mupfungwa dzako dzimwe ndangariro dzine chekuita neiyi ephemeral art movement. .
Saka chero munhu aripo, mafomu matsva eunyanzvi achacherechedzwa ayo achabvumira kuti chimanjemanje chenzanga chiratidzwe kuburikidza nenhoroondo yehunyanzvi kuti idyidzane neiyi modhi kuburikidza nehupenyu hwemazuva ese.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: