El Nhetembo yaGilgamesh, inobva murondedzero yepfupiso inorongwa pasi pendima. Iine nhetembo shanu, imwe neimwe inozvimiririra iyo inoudzwa kuburikidza neAkkadian maitiro.
Nhetembo yaGilgamesh
Iyo inoumbwa pasi perondedzero yeAkkadian mabviro ayo akarongwa kuburikidza nemavhesi. Kwakavakirwa pamamiriro ezvinhu ayo Mambo Gilgamesh akararama. Ine nhetembo shanu dzinozvimiririra imwe neimwe, idzo dzinenge dziine pfupiso. Pamusoro peizvi, inoonekwa sebasa rekare rakawanikwa.
Pakutanga kwenhetembo yeGilgamesh, munhu mukuru anotsanangurwa semambo anopikisa weUruk. Saka vanhu vake vanogunun’una pamusoro pemabatiro aanoita kuvamwari nokuti vaneta nokuda kworudo rwake rukuru, sezvo akatomanikidza vakadzi vevanhu vake kuti vave naye.
Mushure mekuteterera kwakawanda, vamwari vanosarudza kuteerera vanhu veGilgamesh, saka vanogadzira Enkidu, uyo anorondedzerwa semurume ane zvinhu zvemusango, ane basa rekutarisana nekusarura kwamambo weUruk.
Chinhu chinonakidza nezve rondedzero iyi ndechekuti panguva iyo Gilgamesh naEnkidu vanosangana, mushure mekuenda kuhondo, vanova shamwari uye mushure mezvo vanosarudza kutanga rwendo ruzere nenjodzi dzakawanda.
Mushure mekufa kwaEnkidu
Kushanya kutsva uku kwamambo kwakamutungamira kuti apinde nemumamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi. Akatokwanisa kuonana naUtnapishtim nomudzimai wake vakanga vari vapukunyuki bedzi veBoporodzi, iro rakavaunzira kusafa uko Gilgamesh aishuva somubayiro.
Pasinei nehushingi hwake mukuita rwendo urwu Gilgamesh anotadza kuwana zvaaida. Izvo zvinomutungamirira kuti adzokere kuUruk, ane pfungwa yokuti kusafa ndekwevamwari chete uye avo vanoda kuzvipa.
[su_box title = "Gilgamesh aiva ani?" radius=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/DP5hvEkWFk4″][/su_box]
Iyo Gilgamesh Nhetembo inotarisa padanho rekunzwa pamarwadzo anonzwa neanopikisa pakurasikirwa neshamwari yake huru yekushanya. Kune rumwe rutivi, nhetembo yaGilgamesh ibhuku rokutanga rokunyora rinotaura nezvokufa kwomunhu uyezve kusafa kwavamwari. Pamusoro peizvi, ine chirevo chakakosha pamafashama epasi rose.
Maumbirwo nemasikirwo enhetembo
Pakutanga kwekuwanikwa kwayo, nhetembo yeGilgamesh yakanzi "Iye akaona zvakadzika" uye yaizivikanwawo nezita rokuti "Pamusoro pemamwe madzimambo ose".
[su_note] Zvakakosha kutaura kuti nhetembo yeGilgamesh yakanyorwa uye yakawanikwa pamapiritsi evhu. Saka, yakanga ine maitiro ekunyora kwecuneiform. Zvinotendwa kuti yakagadzirwa pakati pe2500 ne2000 BC[/su_note]
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti shanduro yekutanga yerondedzero inowanikwa inobva mumutauro wepfupiso. Kune rumwe rutivi, ine zvimwe zvisinganzwisisiki, nekuda kwekuchengetedzwa kwekare uye kusina kukwana kwezvinhu.
Pamusoro peizvi, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kune mamwe mashoma mashoma ekare mavhezheni anobatwa pasi pemitauro yeAkkadian neHiti. Zvisinei, nokuda kwechimiro chekare chezvinyorwa, pane zvimwe zvikamu zverondedzero zvakarasika. Pasinei neizvi, nekubatana kwezvinhu zvose zvakawanikwa, zvikamu zvisipo zveshanduro yechidimbu zvakapedzwa.
Ndekupi kwakanyatsokwana?
Rondedzero yakakwana kwazvo inoumbwa pasi peboka remahwendefa gumi nemaviri akagadzirwa nevhu uye kubva muzana ramakore rechinomwe BC, aive muraibhurari yamambo weAsiriya Ashurbanipal.
[su_box title=”Epic yaGilgamesh neMafashamo Makuru / Nhoroondo Yekare” radius="6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/41hDFShd7vI”][/su_box]
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti mahwendefa gumi nerimwe ekutanga anotora Epic yeGilgamesh. Nepo piritsi rekupedzisira rine nhetembo inozvimiririra inorondedzera kuti mweya waEnkidu wakaenda sei kugehena.
Kwakabva nhetembo
Vanamazvikokota vanotenda kuti nhetembo yaGilgamesh yakafuridzirwa nenhevedzano yengano dzine chekuita negamba rakatanhamara uye renhoroondo namambo Gilgamesh. Zvinotendwa kuti akatonga muChipiri Chekutanga Dynastic Period inoitika ingangoita XNUMXth century BC.
Nekune rumwe rutivi, zvinotendwa kuti dzimwe dzenyaya umo Gilgamesh ari murwi mukuru dzakarondedzerwa kuburikidza nechimiro mundima. Zvakaenderera mberi kune nhetembo dzakakurumbira dzezviito zvake zvakanyorwa gare gare.
epic
Mambo weNinevhe, Ashurbanipal, akaraira kuti epic yacho inyorwe kubva muNhetembo yaGilgamesh. Zvese izvi, nekuti zvaive nechinangwa chekudzoreredza zvinyorwa zvese zvakawanikwa panguva iyoyo munhoroondo yese.
Zvinyorwa zveepic zvakanyangarika mugore ra612 BC, mushure mehondo nekuparadzwa kweNinevhe. Muna 1845 Austen Henry Layard wekuBritain akawana magwaro muMosul, inova chikamu cheIraq.
Parizvino pane mahwendefa 25.000, ari mukati meBritish Museum. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti George Smith ndiye akatanga basa rekurishandura muna 1872. Akaenderera mberi nebasa iri mugore ra1984 aiva munyori John Gardner.
Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti nhoroondo ye epic inotarisa pamusoro pezviitiko zvakaitwa namambo weUruk, Gilgamesh, uyo akatonga munenge mugore ra 2500 BC. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti epic iyi yakaitwa kwenguva refu mushure mekutonga kwemunhu uyu. . Post yakatuswa kuburikidza nengano dzaiumba tsika yaitaurwa nemuromo.
Mukati mechimiro cherondedzero, gumi nerimwe rezvinyorwa nhetembo uye zvinotendwa kuti dzakaitwa pakati pe II Millennium BC Ukuwo, hwendefa regumi nembiri rinotendwa kuti rakaitwa pakupera kweI Mireniyamu. BC
Chimiro cheEpic yeGilgamesh
Mamiriro akaita nyaya iyi ndeedenderedzwa, sezvo nyaya yese ichingotanga, inoperera panzvimbo imwe chete. Kurondedzerwa kwenhetembo iyi, kubva muverengi paanotanga kuverenga mumitsetse yekutanga, kunoita kuti munhu atende kuti ari kuzviita nemaoko pahwendefa rimwe nerimwe revhu.
Shanduro yakajairika
Iyi vhezheni parizvino iri muraibhurari yeAshurbanipal. Zvinokosha kutaura kuti inorondedzerwa mumutauro wakajairika wechiBhabhironi. Panguva iyoyo mutauro waishandiswa wakanga waitwa kubata mativi ekunyora chete.
Zvinhu zvemetric zvechinhu ichi zvakafanana chaizvo neizvo zvemetric inotonga chiHebheru. Naizvozvo, iwo ane hukama nesemantic parallelism. Kune rimwe divi, ine zvakare zvinhu zvakafanana neizvo zvehuwandu hwemetric.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti munhu aitungamirira kuenzanisa nhetembo yeGilgamesh aiva Sin Lige Unninni kubva muna 1300 BC kusvika muna 1000 BC Akafuridzirwa nerondedzero, yakakura kudarika iyi. Panguva ino, rudzi urwu rwechiito rwakanga rwakajairika, saka Gilgamesh Nhetembo haina kurega kuva chikamu chechiitiko ichi.
standard uye acadian
Nhetembo yaGilgamesh mushanduro yayo yakajairwa inosiyana mukusuma kwayo kubva kushanduro yeAkkadian. ChiAkkadian chinotanga nekuti "Kupfuura mamwe madzimambo ese", ukuwo chiyero chinoti "Iye akaona pakadzika", izvo zvinoenderana nezvakavanzika zvinogadziriswa neanopikisa.
Zvisinei, vanhu vanokosha vakadai saAndrew George vanotaura kuti zvinoratidzirwa neshanduro yakajairwa zvinonyatsoenderana nechokwadi chokuti Gilgamesh akaita musangano naUtnapishtim, uyo akamupa mashoko pamusoro poumambo hweEa, uhwo hwaiva nezvinhu zvemuchadenga zvaakauya nazvo. .Kubvunza kwakananga kuzere nouchenjeri.
Nokudaro, kuburikidza nemamiriro ezvinhu aya akasangana naGilgamesh, iye pachake anokwanisa kuva nehupenyu hwakanyarara, kuburikidza nekunamata kwakarurama kwevamwari, kunzwisisa kwehupenyu hwevanhu uye zvinhu zvinoita kuti mambo ave akanaka neguta Rake.
Chimiro chenhetembo yeGilgamesh
Pekutanga nhetembo iyi yakanyorwa pamahwendefa madiki evhu, izvi zvakaitika makore ari pakati pe2.500 ne2.000 BC. C. Parizvino, zvimwe zvakagadziridzwa zvakaitwa kuti kunyora kuve kwechimanjemanje uye kushandura mashoko acho kuti anzwisiswe nenzanga yanhasi.
Kutaura zvakadzama Gilgamesh nhetembo chimiro shanduro yakakwana kwazvo inozivikanwa; uye inoumbwa nemahwendefa gumi nemaviri akagadzirwa nevhu. Apo gumi nerimwe rekutanga rinorondedzera zvakadzama Epic yeGilgamesh, uye yekupedzisira umo nhetembo yakasununguka yakanyorwa ine chokuita nekusvika kwaEnkidu mugehena.
tablet
[su_note] Zvakakosha kutaura kuti tablet XI ine, pakati pezvinyorwa zvenhetembo yaGilgamesh, ngano yemafashamo epasi rose. Nyaya yakaitwa yakafemerwa nemaitiro epic eAtrahasis.[/su_note]
Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti piritsi XII mubatsiri wakanangana neiyo epic nhetembo. Nokuti chii chinogona kurongeka sechinobva pairi, icho chakawedzerwa kune Gilgamesh Nhetembo, mushure meiyo epic uye XI. Ndiyo mushure meizvi kuti vazhinji havazvipi kukosha kwakafanana.
Hwendefa XII ine zvinhu zvisina kusimba izvo zvisingaipe kuenderana kwakafanana nemamwe. Pakati pezvinhu izvi, pane kutaura kweEnkidu mhenyu, mamiriro ezvinhu asingaenderane nehwendefa XI.
Rondedzero yacho inotopihwa pasi pemimwe mitsetse yakavakirwa pamashoko kubva pahwendefa XI. Nechinangwa chekubatanidza mavambo nemagumo pasi pekugadzirwa kwedenderedzwa. Hwendefa XII saka inoonekwa seyakavakirwa chaizvo pane zvakaitwa naGilgamesh, kwaanotumira shamwari yake kunotora zvinhu zvake kubva pasi penyika yepasi.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anogadzira rufu rwaEnkidu uye mushure mehushamwari hwake hukuru muhupenyu naGilgamesh, anosarudza kuzviratidza pamberi pake mumweya, nechinangwa chekutsanangura kuti chii chiri mamiriro epasi.
Rondedzero yakatsanangurwa inoonekwa seyakasara, yakaiswa muhwendefa VII, kuburikidza nehope shamwari huru yaGilgamesh, Enkidu, inokwanisa kuona kuti ndeapi mamiriro ezvinhu umo nyika yepasi inowanikwa.
Zvemukati mahwendefa akajairwa
[su_note] Zvakakosha kutaura kuti nhoroondo inoratidzwa mumahwendefa, inotarisa pazvinhu zviviri zvinokosha. Saka zvinogona kuonekwa kuti mukati memahwendefa matanhatu ekutanga inotaura zvakananga nezvekubwinya uko Gilgamesh neshamwari yake yepamwoyo Enkidu vanoda kuwana.[/su_note]
Zvichakadaro, mune mamwe mahwendefa matanhatu anopiwa, vanotsvaka kuratidza kudikanwa kwokuwana kusafa kwaGilgamesh, pashure porufu rwaEnkidu.
kutsvaka mbiri
El Gilgamesh nhetembo pfupiso nemahwendefa, inzira huru yekudonongodza muchidimbu zvinhu zvakakosha zvinoburitswa munganonyorwa yese iyi. Nemhaka yokuti nderimwe remagwaro ekaresa anozivikanwa iye zvino, zvinokosha zvikuru kunyatsoriteerera.
Pazasi pane pfupiso yezviri muhwendefa rega rega, maererano nembiri inotsvakwa naGilgamesh naEnkidu:
piritsi rokutanga
Nhoroondo yeGilgamesh Poem inotanga nekukura kunotsanangurwa kwaGilgamesh, uyo ari mambo weUruk. Zvinoratidzwa kuti ane zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvamwari uye mumwe wemunhu. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, kwenguva, zvakatendwa kuti chimiro ichi chaiva mambo ane simba kupfuura ose akanga aripo muvanhu.
[su_note] Nyaya inoburitsa mbiri iyo mambo anayo uye kukunda kwaakawana kuburikidza nazvo. Ukuwo, vanoratidza kuti umambo hwavo hwakanga hwakachengetedzwa nemadziro ezvidhinha.[/su_note]
Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzose idzo vanhu veGilgamesh vaiva nadzo, vakanga vasina rugare rwendangariro, sezvo mambo akanga akatanhamara nokuda kwokuva akaomesesa zvikuru uye mukudaro akasvibisa vakadzi voumambo nepembedzo yesimba rake guru. Nekuti izvo zvaiva navo pamberi pevarume vavo kubudikidza nekodzero yepernada.
Izvozvi mushure meizvi apo vaanotonga vanoteterera Ninhursag uyo ari mwarikadzi wekusika kuti apedze mamiriro aya. Izvo zvinogadzira kuti mwarikadzi atende Enkidu, ane utsinye aiwanzotyisidzira vafudzi.
Mushure mokunyunyuta kubva kuvafudzi pamberi pamambo Gilgamesh, anosarudza kutora Shamhat, uyo aifungidzirwa naGilgamesh chifeve chitsvene. Saka nokugoverana usiku hurefu naShamhat, Enkidu anova akabudirira, achisiya shure zviito zvose izvo zvakaita kuti aronwe sechikara.
Kunyange zvazvo mamiriro ezvinhu aya neEnkidu achiitika, Mambo Gilgamesh ane zviroto zvenguva dzose umo amai vake Ninsun vanoonekwa vachiratidza kuti mumazuva mashomanana achawana ushamwari hukuru. Zvinozomutungamirira kuti ave nezviitiko zvakawanda zvinomubvumira kubwinya kusingaperi.
piritsi yechipiri
Muchikamu chino cherondedzero, inotanga naEnkidu naShamhat, vachida kuroora muUruk. Mushure memhemberero, Gilgamesh anoenda nechinangwa chekuzadzisa kodzero yepernada asi Enkidu anovhiringidza zvirongwa zvake.
Pashure pehondo yakasimba, vashori vanova shamwari, naizvozvo Gilgamesh anosuma mai vake kuEnkidu, nechinangwa chokumupa mhuri yaakanga asina.
Pashure peaya mamiriro ezvinhu, Gilgamesh anokarakadza kuti Enkidu iwane mbiri kupfurikidza nokuuraya hofori Humbaba nokutema miti mikuru. Kunyange zvazvo Enkidu pakutanga asina chokwadi, Gilgamesh anoguma amunyengetedza.
piritsi rechitatu
Muhwendefa rechitatu reNhetembo yaGilgamesh, panotsanangurwa kuti ndeapi maitirwo akaitwa namambo weUruk naEnkidu kuti vatore rwendo rwavo vaine chinangwa chekuwana mbiri pamberi penyika inofa.
Ava agadzirira chinhu chiri chose, Gilgamesh anoudza amai vake zvavachaita, kwaakaratidza itiro hanya yake, apo achikumbira mwari wezuva Shamash nokuda kwebatira pamwe. Amai vaGilgamesh vakapa Enkidu zano, nechinangwa chokuti azvidzivirire.
piritsi rechina
Inotaura nezvezviitiko zvakaitika kuna Gilgamesh naEnkidu, pavakanga vari musango. Zvinonzi mambo weUruk akarota zvinotyisa zvishanu. Asi hazviite kunyatso tsanangura zvavari kuedza kuita sezvo piritsi iri rakawanikwa riine kukuvara kukuru.
Zvisinei, zvinonzwisiswa kuti kuna Enkidu, izvi zvaiva zviratidzo zveshura rakanaka. Pasinei neizvi, paakapinda musango akazadzwa nekutya kukuru, izvo zvakazodzingwa chete naGilgamesh.
piritsi rechishanu
Inotaura nezvokusvika kwaGilgamesh naEnkidu, pamberi pehofori Humbaba, uyo akanga ari muchengeti wemiti yesango. Sezvo magamba anoedza kuita ushingi hwekurwisa Humbaba, anovagumbura, achinzwa kuti havazokwanisi kumurova.
Gilgamesh, mushure meizvi, anotya zvikuru, izvo Enkidu anoenderera mberi kumukurudzira kuti atange hondo. Humbaba ine hasha zhinji inokwanisa kuparadzanisa makomo eSirara kubva kuRebhanoni. Mushure memamiriro ezvinhu aya, mwarikadzi Shamash anovatumira rubatsiro nechinangwa chekuti Humba akundwe.
Kana hofori yakundwa, inokumbirira magamba upenyu hwayo. Gilgamesh anonzwira tsitsi, uko shamwari yake yakashatirwa inotaura kuti vanofanira kumuuraya. Izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti hofori ivatuke voenderera mberi nekumukandira murwizi. Pamusoro paizvozvi, nomuti anoita gonhi rakagadzirirwa vanamwari.
piritsi rechitanhatu
Muchikamu chino chenhetembo yeGilgamesh, protagonist anosarudza kuramba zvirevo zverudo zvemwarikadzi Inanna. Sezvo anga aine vadikani vakawanda kusanganisira Dumuzi.
Ikoku kunoparira mwarikadzi akatsamwa kutaura nababa vake, nedonzo rokuti vamutumire Nzombe yoKudenga yakasimba, zvose nedonzo rokuita kuti Gilgamesh aripe nokuda kwokumuramba.
Baba vake Anu vanoramba chikumbiro chake, icho Inanna anotsamwisa anotyisidzira kumutsa vakafa. Ndiyo mushure memamiriro ezvinhu aya kuti Nzombe yeKudenga inotumirwa kune magamba. Maererano nehwendefa nzombe iyi inoreva kusanaya kwemvura uye kushaya mvura.
Zvisinei, pasina rubatsiro rwehumwari, magamba anokwanisa kukunda Bull of Denga. Ndokusaka vachipa mwoyo yavo nerutendo kuna Shamash. Mushure meizvi Inanna anochemera kukundwa kwake, uko Enkidu anokanda chikamu chenzombe kwaari nechinangwa chekuratidza simba rake.
[su_note] Zvakaitwa nemagamba zvinoita kuti humambo hweUruk hupemberere asi Enkidu ane hope dzinotyisa. Unogona kufarira kuverenga bhuku rakasiyana asi rizere nemanzwiro uye chokwadi, shanya Ehe vasikana. [/chinyorwa_chako]
kutsvaka kusafa
Aya mahwendefa anoitirwa kutaura kuti Gilgamesh anoedza sei kuwana kusafa:
piritsi rechinomwe
Mukutanga kwayo, inorondedzera kutyisa kweEnkidu, uko kunyunyuta kwevamwari kwerufu rweBull of Heaven nehofori Humbaba kunoratidzwa. Ndiko mushure meizvi kuti vamwari vanoenderera mberi nekuita kuti Enkidu abhadhare. Sarudzo iyi yakaitwa navamwari iri kunze kwezvido zvaShamash.
Mushure mekutambudzika, Enkidu anoudza shamwari yake izvo vanamwari vachaenderera mberi kuita, saka anotuka mukova wakagadzirirwa vanamwari. Mushure meizvi mambo weUruk nemarwadzo anoenda kutemberi yeShamash kunokumbira hupenyu hweshamwari yake.
Enkidu anopopotera Shamash nehasha nekuti ndiye akamutungamira kuti ave munhu. Kwazviri Shamash anoudza vamwari nehasha kuti Enkidu haana kururama sei. Nekudaro, anokumbira hupenyu hwake, nekuti Gilgamesh asina shamwari yake achazovezve munhu anodzvinyirira.
Mushure mechinguva Enkidu anodemba kunyunyuta kwake uye anoenderera mberi nekuropafadza Shamhat. Zvisinei, zuva nezuva anorwara zvakanyanya uye sezvaanofa anokwanisa kutsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu epasi.
piritsi rechisere
Gilgamesh, achinzwa kusuwa kukuru nokuda kwokurasikirwa neshamwari yake, anopa zvipo kuvamwari nechinangwa chokuti vave pamwe chete naEnkidu muupenyu hwapashure porufu.
piritsi rechipfumbamwe
Njodzi yaEnkidu yakakonzera funganyo huru yaGilgamesh kudzivisa mugumo mumwe chetewo seshamwari yake huru. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, anosarudza kushanyira Utnapishtim uyo, pamwe chete nomudzimai wake, ndivo vakapukunyuka mafashamo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akavatungamirira kuwana upenyu husingaperi.
Gilgamesh anodavira kuti kana akakurukura nevanhu vasingafi, anogona nyore nyore kuwana chakavanzika chokuti kusafa kunofambirana nacho. Usarega kuverenga Ovid's Metamorphoses
Ukuwo, anosarudza kuenda kugomo kunohwanda zuva, asi rakanga riri pasi pekutariswa kwezvinyavada. Pasinei neizvi, anosarudza kufamba nomurima rinounzwa nokunyura kwezuva. Pashure pengozi dzinounzwa naikoku, anosvika zuva risati ranyura.
Pakupera kwepasi rinokwanisa kuwana miti yakawanda uye mashizha anoonekwa sematombo anokosha, anopiwa kune vashanyi vayo, nechinangwa chekuvandudza mamiriro ezvinhu avanozviwana ivo pachavo.
piritsi regumi
Muchikamu chino cheGilgamesh Nhetembo, protagonist anokwanisa kusangana naSiduri, waanorondedzera chinangwa chaanotsvaga kuzadzisa neichi chiitiko chitsva. Saka Siduri anotsvaka kumubvisa kubva mune iyo pfungwa yekupenga, zvisinei iye anokundikana mukuedza.
Iko shure kweizvi kuti vanomupa rubatsiro rwaUrshanabi nechinangwa chekubatana kuitira kuti ayambuke gungwa richamuendesa kuUtnapishtim. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti Urshanabi ane hofori dzine hunhu hwehutsinye, saka Gilgamesh anosarudza kuvauraya.
Panguva iyo Gilgamesh anozokwanisa kutsanangura mamiriro acho ezvinhu kwaari uye anokumbira Urshanabi kuti amubetsere kuyambuka gungwa, anomuudza kuti auraya avo bedzi vanokwanisa kumubetsera kuyambuka Mvura Yorufu.
Ani nani anobata mvura achaparara, ndicho chikonzero Urshanabi anokurudzira kutema matavi nechinangwa chekugadzira bhiriji kuti ayambuke mvura ine utsinye. Pashure pebasa iri anokwanisa kusvika pachitsuwa chinogara Utnapishtim nomudzimai wake. Iye asingafi anomubvunza kuti ngarava yake inei nekuti pane chimwe chinhu chakasiyana nezvayo.
Ndiyo mushure meizvi apo Gilgamesh anomuudza zvakaitika uye anokumbira rubatsiro nokuti anoda kusafa. Utnapishtim anonongedza kuti kurwisa kufa kwevanhu ihondo isina tariro, zviri nani kutarisa kurarama hupenyu hunofadza.
piritsi regumi nerimwe
Muchikamu chino cheNhetembo yaGilgamesh, mutambi wacho anokwanisa kufungidzira kuti Utnapishtim nemudzimai wake havana zvinhu zvakasiyana nezvake, saka anomukumbira kuti amuite kuti anzwisise kuti chii chakaita kuti ave asingafi.
Mushure meizvi Utnapishtim anosarudza kumuudza zvakaitika mumafashamo, izvo zvakakosha kutaura kuti nyaya yake yakanangana nekupfupisa kwenhoroondo yeAtrahasis, kubva pamatambudziko akatumirwa mushure mekutsamwiswa kukuru nevamwari.
Mushure menyaya, munhu asingafi anosarudza kupa Gilgamesh mukana wekuwana iyi bhenefiti. Zvisinei, anomubvunza, kuti chii chiri chikonzero chaicho chinomutungamirira kuwana tuso kuna vamwari somurume akapukunyuka mafashamo. Ndosaka achimuudza kuti anofanira kurara kwemazuva matanhatu nousiku hunomwe.
Pashure pokutaura denho yacho, Gilgamesh anorara hope chaidzo, uko Utnapishtim anonyomba chiito chake nomudzimai wake. Pashure paikoku, Utnapishtim anosarudza kubika chingwa chezuva rimwe nerimwe mukomana anorara. Zvese izvi nechinangwa chekuratidza kutadza kwake kune protagonist.
Pakumuka, Utnapishtim anomutapa uye anomuudza kuti aende kuUruk naUrshanabi. Zvisinei, mudzimai wousingafi anomukumbira kuti ave netsitsi duku nokuda kwaGilgamesh akakwanisa kukurira rwendo rwakaoma rwokuenda kwavari.
chizaruro chakakosha
Ndiyo mushure meizvi apo Utnapishtim, achikurudzirwa nemudzimai wake, anotsanangurira Gilgamesh kuti pasi pegungwa pane chirimwa chinomupa pwere. Iyo protagonist inokwanisa kuwana chirimwa, mushure mekusunga matombo anomubvumira kufamba akadzikama mugungwa. Zvisinei, haavimbi izvo Utnapishtim anoratidza uye anopa zvimwe kune akwegura kubva kuUruk.
Chirimwa ichi chine zvibereko zvakanaka asi pakati pekugeza chinosiya chirimwa chiri kumahombekombe erwizi chotorwa nenyoka inozvarwa patsva nacho. Gilgamesh akaora mwoyo anogomera mukukundwa kuUrshanabi. Saka anosarudza kuenda kuumambo hwake uye paanosvika anokwanisa kuyemura masvingo nokuti inhare huru inomira kunze kweUruk.
piritsi regumi nembiri
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti rondedzero yakatakurwa nehwendefa rekupedzisira renhetembo yeGilgamesh haina kuenderera mberi nemapiritsi gumi nerimwe ataurwa pamusoro apa.
Inotsanangura rudzi rwekudyidzana pakati peEnkidu naGilgamesh kwaanoedza kumupa kuti adzoke kuupenyu. Saka protagonist anoudza Enkidu kuti ndezvipi zviito zvinofanirwa kuitwa uye izvo zvekusakwanisa kudzoka kuhupenyu.
Pasinei nezvakataurwa naGilgamesh, Enkidu nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero anokanganwa mazano uye anoenderera mberi achiita zvose zvisingafaniri kuitwa, mushure meizvi kuti nyika yepasi inotora mweya wake zvachose.
Mushure meizvi, protagonist anosarudza kukumbira vamwari kuti vadzosere Enkidu kwaari, sezvo ava shamwari yake huru. Pasinei nekukumbira kwake kukuru Enlil naSin usaenderere mberi kumupindura. Nekudaro, Enki naShamash vanoita uye vanosarudza kumutsigira.
Iri kuburikidza negomba rakagadzirwa naShamash kuti Enkidu inokwanisa kusiya nyika yepasi uye nekudaro kudzokera pasi. Inofananidzwa muhwendefa iyo pamagumo Gilgamesh, achiona shamwari yake, inomubvunza kuti hupenyu hwakaita sei mupasi. Zvisinei, hazvionekwi chaizvo kana Enkidu achidzoka semunhu adzoka kuupenyu kana kuti azviratidza semweya.
Old Babylonian version
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti nhoroondo huru yeGilgamesh Poem, nekuda kwekukosha kwayo, yakave neshanduro dzakawanda, mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana munhoroondo yekare, shanduro yeBhabhironi iri imwe yadzo.
[su_note] Zvakakosha kutaura mushure meizvi, kuti mahwendefa ose anoumba shanduro yekare yeBhabhironi, anobva kune zvakasiyana-siyana kunze kwepiritsi yechipiri neyechitatu. Chinhu chinoguma nekusiyana-siyana kwemakakatanwa, sezvo achifemerwa nemhedzisiro yeshanduro dzakasiyana.[/su_note]
Matafura achatsanangurwa pazasi:
piritsi rokutanga
Hwendefa iri hariwaniki pasi peshanduro yechiBhabhironi.
piritsi yechipiri
Izvi zvinorondedzera kuti Gilgamesh anorondedzera sei kuna amai vake Ninsun hope dzinotyisa dzaakagara achiona. Kwaanoratidza amai vake kuti izvi zvinogona kunge zviri kumunyevera nezvekuuya kweshamwari itsva.
Hwendefa rechipiri reNhetembo yaGilgamesh rinorondedzerawo nguva apo Enkidu nemudzimai wake, anonzi muiyi vhezheni Shamshatum, vari pamwe chete.
[su_note]Zvakakosha kutaura kuti mukadzi waEnkidu anokwanisa kumusimudzira zvakare kuburikidza nekudya kwevanhu. Saka mushure meizvi, Enkidu inoenderera mberi nekubatana nevafudzi veUruk.[/su_note]
Mushure mechinguva Shamshatum naEnkidu vanosarudza kuenda kuUruk nechinangwa chekuroorana uye panguva yekupemberera Gilgamesh anoenda kwavari nechinangwa chekutsvaga kodzero yake yekurara nemwenga kutanga. Ndicho chikonzero nei Enkidu naGilgamesh vanorwa.
Kuzviona arasika Gilgamesh anosarudza kukanda mapfumo pasi saka Enkidu anomukwidziridza nekuti anoona kuti vanhu vanokwanisa kunzwisisa kuti havana simba nguva dzese.
piritsi rechitatu
Iri hwendefa reNhetembo yaGilgamesh rine kukuvara kukuru, sezvo rakatyoka. Zvisinei, zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa kuti protagonist ndiye anoratidza kuti vanofanira kuenda kune cherry sango. Zvose izvi nechinangwa chekutema miti mikuru uye zvakare kukwanisa kupedzisa giant Humbaba uye nokudaro kunakidzwa nekubwinya kukuru.
Pamberi pechikumbiro ichi Enkidu haana kunyatsogutsikana, sezvo nekuda kwekurapa kwake nevamwari akakwanisa kusangana neHumbaba uye nekuonawo simba guru rine hofori ine simba. Imwe nyaya yaunogona kuverenga uye inokufadza ndeye Ndebvu yeBlue, ngano.
[su_note] Imhaka yeizvi kuti Gilgamesh anotsvaka kunyengetedza Enkidu, kuburikidza nemashoko anounza kukosha kukuru. Mushure mekunyengerera shamwari yavo, Gilgamesh naEnkidu vanoenderera mberi nekugadzirira kutanga mutambo wavo mukuru mukutsvaka kukudzwa.[/su_note]
Apo vanopfuurira kutanga rwendo, vanozivisa amai vaGilgamesh navamwe vakadzi vakachenjera, uko vanotsutsumwa nazvo nemhaka yokuti vanoziva ngozi huru dzakamirira shamwari dzavo. Zvisinei, vanoziva kuti kuratidzira kwavo hakuchanzwiki, saka vanosarudza kuvapa rombo rakanaka.
piritsi rechina
Iyi, seyekutanga yevhezheni iyi, haipo.
piritsi rechishanu
Iri hwendefa kubva muNhetembo yaGilgamesh rinotaura nezvekuti Enkidu akakurudzira sei mambo weUruk kugumisa hupenyu hwehofori Humbaba, paakakumbira kukanganwirwa. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, inorondedzera kuti shamwari dzinocheka sei miti uye zvakare dzinoita imba yeAnnunaki.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, inotaurwa muchikamu ichi chenhetembo, kuti Enkidu anosarudza sei kuita gonhi revanamwari vanoyangarara parwizi rwaYufratesi.
piritsi rechitanhatu
Hwendefa rechitanhatu haripowo, saka hazvina kujeka kuti rondedzero yechikamu ichi chenhetembo yaGilgamesh chii.
piritsi rechinomwe
Muchikamu chino chenyaya Shamash naGilgamesh vane kurukurirano nokuti mambo weUruk anotenda kuti chiito chaitwa hachina kuunza mubayiro mukuru. Nekudaro, hazvina zvakawanda zvinonyatso kutsanangurwa nezve chiitiko, sezvo zvinhu zvakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoita kuti kuverenga kuve kwakaoma.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mutafura yechinomwe inogona kuonekwa kuti Gilgamesh anokurukura sei naSiduri nechinangwa chokuti anomupa mazano parwendo rwekutsvaga Utnapishtim. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti mune iyi shanduro, murume akapona mafashamo epasi rose anonzi Utanaishtim.
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti Siduri anotsvaka kubvunza Gilgamesh, ndicho chikonzero chinomukurudzira kuenda kunotsvaka murume uyu asingafi. Zvisinei, mhinduro yaro haizivikanwi nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwetafura.
Kurwa nezvisikwa zvematombo
Muchikamu chino cheGilgamesh Poem, hondo pakati pamambo weUruk nezvimwe zvisikwa zvematombo zvakasimba zvinorondedzerwa zvakare, uye zvakare anotaura kuti Urshanabi, uyo anonzi Sur sunabu pano, anomurayira kuti aite bhiriji nemahwendefa, kusvika kumba kwaUtanaishtim. Pashure pacho, zvinorondedzerwa nehwendefa rechinomwe hazvichagoni kuonekwazve.
piritsi rechisere
Tafura iyi haipo. Naizvozvo, hazvizivikanwe kuti ndezvipi zvirimo.
pfupiso nhetembo
Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti nhoroondo yamambo weUruk ine nyaya shanu dzine chokuita naye nenzira yenhetembo. Kunyanya zvichibva pane yekare Sumerian. Maererano nenyanzvi, zvinhu izvi zvaizivikanwa zvakasununguka munguva dzekare, saka hazvina kuumbwa nenzira ye epic.
Pamusoro peizvi, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mamwe mazita ane hukama nevatambi venhetembo yeGilgamesh akasiyana kana vhezheni yepfupi yakaenzaniswa neyeAkkadian. Pakati peakanyanya kusimba ndeye Gilgamesh uyo anonzi Bilgamesh.
[su_note] Kune rumwe rutivi, shanduro yeSumerian inoratidza kuti Enkidu akanga asiri shamwari yaGilgamesh, asi akanga ari muranda wake. Imwe yeshanduro dzacho inototaura kuti panzvimbo pokuuraya hofori Humbaba, Gilgamesh anomunyengedza nevavariro yokuti iye abve panzvimbo yacho nokudaro ndokurasikirwa nesimba guru raanaro.[/su_note]
Mhare muhondo
Ichi chikamu cherondedzero chinoenderana neBull rinozivikanwa mudenga. VaAkkad vanoratidza kuti simba guru rechikara nderekukonzera kusanaya kwemvura. Saizvozvowo, anotaura nezvekuti Lugalbanda akatsvaka sei kuti Gilgamesh naEnkidu varwe nechikara chikuru.
Kune rumwe rutivi, munhetembo yeGilgamesh yehuwandu hwehuwandu, inotaura nezvekuti mauto anotungamirirwa naMambo Agga anotsvaka sei kukunda Uruk uye zvakare kuti Gilgamesh anovakunda sei, achizivisa simba pamusoro pevanhu vake.
Zvinotaurwawo zvakananga munhetembo sezvo bhuru rinowanikwa rakarara pasi rakambundirwa nerufu. Izvo zvinotungamira mukutsaurwa kwaGilgamesh se demigod.
Saizvozvowo, nhetembo yaGilgamesh inoratidza kushanya kwaEnkidu kunyika yepasi. Izvo zvakare zvine chekuita nengano huru ine chekuita nekusikwa kwepfupiso. Ichitaura nenzira imwecheteyo nyaya yeInanna uye Huluppu muti.
Kupokana
Chikonzero nei kunyora uku kwakazvarwa kurondedzera nyaya uko kuratidzwa kukuru, rudo, kurwa uye kugona kune vatambi maererano nemasimba kunoratidzwa. Mukuwedzera, nyaya yacho yakavakirwa padingindira rinosuruvarisa mukati memhoteredzo yayo imene.
Mugore ra1853 Homuzd Rassam akaita basa rose reChirungu chekuchera matongo uye ndiko kwaakawana muzinda weAshurbanipal, zvakamushamisa kuti mukati maiva neraibhurari inofadza, mushure mekutsvaga nekutsvaga, anowana zviratidzo zvinogadzirwa nemapiritsi anopfuura 25.000. mumutauro wecuneiform uye mukati maiva nenhetembo yaGilgamesh.
Makore gare gare mushure mezvidzidzo uye kuongororwa, mahwendefa ese aya anoturikirwa uye akachinjirwa kumitauro yakasiyana kuti inzwisiswe nenharaunda dzese pasirese.
Mitsara mukati medetembo
Pasinei nokuti muzvinyorwa zvepakutanga mazwi; Tevere, tinokusiira iwe ongororo diki kuti iwe uzive chinangwa chavakagadzirwa nacho mukati menyaya.
Pane imwe yemitsara inoreva Gilgamesh uye chido chake chekurarama zvakakwana; Zvinonyatsojekeswa kwaari kuti haazombowana hupenyu hwaari kutsvaga, anofanirwa kungotora mukana wenguva yese yaanouya nekunakidzwa nemhuri yake. Kunorangarirwawo kuti vamwari vakasika munhu ane mugumo wokufa, zvisinei, itiro hanya pamusoro pamakore yaitsamira pane mumwe nomumwe wedu.
Imwe yemitsara mikuru mukati mechinyorwa ichi ndeiya inotanga nekuenzanisa nezviitwa zvenguva pfupi. Somuenzaniso, muchidimbu pakanyorwa kuti “Ziso ringatarira kuzuva kusvikira rini?”, neizvi vanoreva kuti sezvo nyika ichizivikanwa hapana chakakwanisa kugara kwenguva refu kana kuti chisingagumi, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi. zvakakosha kuti tishandise zvakanyanya pane imwe neimwe yemamiriro ezvinhu atinosangana nawo.
Mitsara yese iyi yakanyorwa nechinangwa chekupa zvinoreva hupenyu uye kuita kuti vanhu vafunge nezvese mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka sezvaanoshanduka.
Kufurira kwenhetembo yeGilgamesh pamabhuku
Munzveri wemavambo echiGiriki, Loannis Kordatos, anoratidza kuti Odyssey yaHomer yave mune zvimwe zvinhu zvakapesvedzerwa nenhetembo yaGilgamesh. Kusanganisira mavhesi ari chikamu charo, sedingindira rakananga kubva murungano rwunoitika mune ino yekare yechiGiriki. Dzidza zvishoma nezvezvinyorwa nechinyorwa Seagull
Pane rumwe rutivi, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinorangarira kuti nhetembo yaGilgamesh yakapesvedzera zvikuru rondedzero inorondedzerwa muBhaibheri. Pakati pemadingindira akatanhamara akafanana ndeawo mafashamo apasi rose.
Nenzira yakafanana, inogona kuonwa yakabatana neBhaibheri pakutaura nezvemuti unopa kusafa uye kuti nyoka yakapindira sei munhau. Hushamwari, vamwari nemadzimambo ane hugamba zvinhu zvine hukama mutsika nenzira yakafanana.
[su_note]Zvakakosha kutaura kuti nhetembo yaGilgamesh yakaitwa mukunyora munenge mugore ra1300 BC, saka zvine musoro kuti zvinotendwa kuti bhaibheri rinonyanya kufemerwa nemabasa amambo uyu.[su_note] / your_note]
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti ongororo iyi yaive nyaya yekurukurirano muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, ndosaka yakaburitsa ongororo dzakawanda dzinoratidza dzidziso yakanaka kana kwete.
Mukuwedzera kune zvakare a pesvedzero yegilgamesh nhetembo, muzvinyorwa zvose zvinorondedzera, sezvo riri iro basa rokutanga rinoratidzira chaizvoizvo rufu rwomunhu uye mukati maro mune dingindira rokusafa kwaVamwari. Naizvozvo, ivo vanobvumira muverengi kuita kuenzanisa uye kudonongodza imwe neimwe yemisiyano iripo kubva panguva iyoyo kusvika ikozvino; nekuwedzera zvakare, kuparadzanisa kana kuisa vagari varipo maererano nemasimba avo panguva iyoyo.
Mhedziso
Pasinei nekuve nhetembo yakanyorwa zviuru zvemakore Kristu asati auya, manyorerwo aro anogona kugadziridzwa uye kunzwisiswa kubva mundima yemazuva ano yekunyora.
Manzwiro emakwikwi aivapo pane imwe nhambo pakati paEnkidu naGilgamesh anonyangarika chose chose, zvokuti pamugumo wenhau yacho vanorangarirwa vakadokuva sehama; zvese izvi zviripo mune dzakawanda dzenyaya dzazvino, saka nhetembo iyi inogona kutorwa seyakanaka pesvedzero yekugadzira nekugadzira nyaya nyowani dzemhando yezvinyorwa.
Mukati medetembo zvakakosha kutaura dzimwe dzepfungwa dzinokosha dzinokurukurwa, sekufamba kwerufu uye zvinoreva chimwe nechimwe; nguva, nezvose zvinogona kubviswa kana kuwanikwa kuburikidza nazvo. Pakupedzisira, zvinounza kushushikana kukuru maererano nenyaya yekufa kwemunhu wega uye izvi zvinowanzoitika munhau dzanhasi pane kugadzirwa mugore re2.500 BC.
Nhetembo yaGilgamesh inotisiya nedzidziso huru, hupenyu hupfupi uye tose takarongerwa kuti hupere, zvisinei, zvinoenderana nemumwe nemumwe wedu matorero atinoita mikana yese yatinopihwa namwari, zvirinani kana zvakaipa. . Gilgamesh akashuva kuti dai aiva nesimba rokunzvenga rufu; munhoroondo yese zvinoratidzwa kuti ivo chete vanokwanisa kuita chiitiko ichi ndiVamwari uye isu hatigone kugadzirisa chikamu ichi.
Chekupedzisira, chinyorwa chinokurudzirwa kakawanda nekuda kwemhando yezviri mukati. Kuburikidza nenhetembo isina kujairika zvishoma, ngwavaira dzose nemigariro zvinosangana nomunhu zvinorondedzerwa; Izvi zvinosanganisira maitiro echisikigo uye kuti anopesvedzera sei rudo uye kushanya kweava mavara makuru.
[su_box title=“The Gilgamesh Poem” radius=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/HCQiFTaUAVc”][/su_box]