Buddhism inoonekwa sechitendero chechina chakakosha pasi rose, kunyangwe isina Mwari. Muvambi wechiBuddha sezviri pachena ndiBuddha amene, ane nhau iri mubatanidzwa mukurusa wezvinhu zvose zvokunyama kusvika paNirvana inoshuviwa. Tinokukumbira kuti uverenge chinyorwa chino kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemunhu uyu.
Muvambi weBuddhism
Kunyange zvazvo mhinduro yacho ingava yakajeka uye youpenzi, chiBuddha chakasikwa naBuddha, zvisinei, panikiro dzinoramba dziripo. Zita rayo chairo raiva ripi?Ndiani anotungamirira chiBuddha nhasi?Chii chinonzi chiBuddha nhasi?Chiverengero chevateveri vacho chii?
Chii chinonzi Buddhism?
Buddhism inofungidzirwa sechitendero chepasi rose, pamwe ne "huzivi uye chirango chemweya", iyo isina Mwari uye ndeyemhuri yedharmic. Inosanganisira tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, zvinotendwa nechitendero, uye praxis yemweya iyo inonyanya kunzi ndeye Gautama Buddha. Buddhism inoonekwa sechinamato chakakosha pasi rose, chinodarika 500 miriyoni yevateveri, chimwe chinhu chakaita se7% yehuwandu hwenyika..
Buddhism yakamuka muIndia pakati pezana ramakore rechitanhatu nerechina BC, kubva kwayakapararira kusvika kune zhinji yeEast Asia uye kuita kwayo kwakadzikira munyika yayakabva pakasvika Middle Ages. Mazhinji etsika dzechiBuddha ane donzo rakafanana rokukunda kutambura ( dukkha ) uye nhambo yorufu nokuberekwazve ( samsara ), zvimwe kupfurikidza nokuwana Nirvana kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuwana Buddha.
Miitiro yakasiana-siana yechiBuddha inosiana mukuyera kwavo nzira inoenda kurusununguko, kupfuvura kwakaganhurirwa uye kuvimbika kwakasimbiswa mumagwaro echiBuddha akasiana-siana, uye dzidziso dzavo dzakati nepraxis. Pakati pemapraxis akasanganisirwa akazadzikiswa zvakanyanya ndeaya: kupotera muBuddha, Dharma neSangha, kuteerera kwemitemo yetsika, monasticism, kubvisa uye kurima kweParamitas (kukwana kana hunhu).
Kune maviri mafambiro ane chekuita muBuddhism: Theravāda (Chikoro cheVakuru) uye Mahāyāna (Iyo Nzira huru). Theravāda Buddhism yakatekeshera muSri Lanka neSoutheast Asia, semuCambodia, Laos, Myanmar, uye Thailand. Mahayana Buddhism, iyo inosanganisira Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, uye Tiantai (Tendai) tsika, inowanikwa muEast Asia yese.
Vajrayana, iboka redzidziso dzinonzi ndedzevateveri veIndia, inogona kuonekwa serukova rwakasiyana kana kuti ndima yeMahayana Buddhism. ChiBuddha cheTibetan, chinochengeta dzidziso dzeVajrayana yeIndia yomuzana ramakore rechisere, chinoitwa munyika dzenharaunda yeHimalaya, Mongolia, uye Kalmykia..
Kwakabva Buddhism uye Muvambi wayo
Sezvinozivikanwa kune vose, Buddhism inogamuchirwa zvakanyanya sehuzivi hwehupenyu kupfuura sechitendero chemazuva ose, zvisinei, inoramba iri chitendero pasinei nekushaiwa Mwari, ndiko kuti, haisi theistic. Kwakatangira kubva muzana ramakore rechitanhatu BC kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIndia, uko muvambi waro Siddhartha Gautama, anozivikanwa zviri nani saGautama Buddha, aizove nebasa rekuparadzira meseji yekutanga uye kutungamirira boka rake idzva revateveri munzira yehukuru hwemweya.
Kubva pakusikwa kwayo, iyi dzidziso isiri yechitendero yakaumba chikamu chemhuri yedharmic uye nekuda kweizvi, nekufamba kwenguva, yakapararira mukondinendi yese yeAsia. Neiyi nzira yakava rudzidziso rwenzvimbo zhinji munharaunda yacho, kusvikira kutambanuko yokuti muIndia yakava yapamutemo sorudzidziso pashure pokunge Mambo Asaoka araira uye boka ramamongi rakavamba kugovera shoko raro, uko Iye akawedzera kutumirwa kweidzi. kunze kwenyika nechinangwa chekuti chitendero chavo chizivikanwe pasi rose.
Kuberekwa kwaGautama Buddha kwakaitika pedyo neHimalaya mune yaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo serepublic yeShakya, iyo isiko nhasi. Haarangarirwi kuva Mwari kana kuti Buddha mukurusa weichi chitendero sezvo, kazhinji kazhinji, uyo akawana kumutswa kwakazara kwomudzimu pasi pemiitiro yake yorudzidziso anogona kukosheswa saBuddha.
Pamusoro pezviri pamusoro apa, zvakanyatsosimbiswa mukati meBuddhism kuti vanhu chete ndivo vanogona kuwana iyi mamiriro uye Gautama Buddha pachake aive humbowo muhupenyu hwepfungwa yaBuddha, achimuziva saBuddha wenhoroondo. Chinovavarirwa nechitendero ichi kudzvanyirira kutambura kunokonzerwa nekunzwa kunoitwa nemunhu sekunakidzwa nekunzwa, zvishuwo kana zvishuwo.
Ndicho chikonzero nei munhu achigona kurangarirwa saBuddha, ndiko kuti, apo anenge awana chimiro chokuterama mundangariro chakakwana uye akamuka mumudzimu kana kuti akavhenekerwa zvizere. Pamberi paSakiamuni (rimwe rezita remadunhurirwa rinozivikanwa naGautama Buddha) pakanga pane mamwe maBuddha 28 sokurondedzerwa kwaanoitwa muCanon imwe cheteyo yePāli (muunganidzwa wemanyoro ekare echiBuddha akanyorwa mumutauro wechiPali).
Chitendero chechizvarwa cheIndia chekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva chaive chichikura kusvika chafungidzirwa seimwe yenhamba huru yevateveri munyika, ichingova shure kwechiKristu, hongu. Pamusoro peizvi, yakanga ine huvepo hunocherekedza muAsia yose kwayakasvika kunyika dzakadai seChina, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Mongolia, Thailand, South Korea, Singapore neLaos (nyika idzo dziri chitendero chikuru).
Nhasi shoko rake rinozivikanwa pasi rose uye kunyange zvazvo asiri munhu wose anoriita, gore negore rinofadza kumazana evateveri vanoita rwendo rwemweya mune dzakawanda dzetemberi dzeIndia. Pamusoro pokuberekwa nokufa kwaGautama Buddha wenhau, musi wakananga uye wakananga hauzivikanwi, asi zvakarangarirwa, nokufamba kwenguva, kuti kwave kune nhambo nhatu umo upenyu hwake hungave hwakatanga.
Yekutanga yaionekwa semazuva ari pakati pa563 BC na483 BC, rimwe zuva rakazofungidzirwa kuti ringangove nguva ichangopfuura, kubva muna 486 BC kusvika 483 BC uye nguva yekupedzisira inofungidzirwa kuti inguva yepedyo yakabata pakati pe411 BC na400. BC. Zvisineyi, fungidziro iyi yakachengetwa kusvika 1988, payakarangarirwa nechikwata chevanyori venhoroondo kuti kuvapo kwayo kwakapera makore makumi maviri gore ra20 BC risati rasvika kana kuti mushure.
Sezvinogona kuonwa, pane panikiro zhinji pamusoro pokuberekwa nokufa kwaBuddha wenhau uye zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti hapana chinyorwa chakawanikwa chakaitwa naye muupenyu, kana kuti chimwe chipi nechipi chinorondedzera rufu rwake. Uye kuita kuti zuva iri rive risinganzwisisike, nguva pfupi yadarika imwe nzvimbo tsvene yechiBhudha yakawanikwa yakatangira muna 550 BC, saka zvinofungidzirwa kuti ingangove yakazvarwa panguva yakare kupfuura yaifungidzirwa.
Nezvezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura, seti yezvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa seGanghara Buddhist zvinyorwa izvo zvinyorwa zvakaitwa pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga nerechitatu BC. Kuwanikwa kwavo kwakaitika muAfghanistan uye vakaendeswa kuBritish Library.
Ndiani akanga ari Muvambi wechiBuddha?
Nezve izwi rekuti Buddha, tinogona kutaura nezve vaviri kunyanya, yekutanga ndeye uyo akatanga dzidziso uye yechipiri yeizwi Buddha. Zviri nyore kuti unzwisise kuti chirevo cheumwe neumwe wavo chii, pamwe nekuziva kuti chii chinodiwa kuti uwane kutorwa seBuddha.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, Buddhism yakatangwa naSiddhartha Gautama uyo mushure mokunge awana kujekerwa akazozivikanwa saGautama Buddha. Chirevo cheBuddha chinotevera kubva ipapo, sezvo chete munhu akamuka zvakakwana pamweya anogona kuwana dhigirii iri, sekunge chimiro chesangano.
Kune mazita matatu akapihwa kune wenhoroondo Buddha, ndeaya: Siddhartha Gautama, Gautama Buddha kana Sakiamuni asi, kazhinji, anogona kungonzi Buddha. Ndiye akanga ari chinhu chinokosha pakupararira uye kukura kwechitendero ichi. Gare gare izvi zvaizopararira, zvisinei nekuti gare gare kufarira kwairi kwaizoderera muIndia nepo kwaizokurumidza kuwana vateveri mune mamwe matunhu eAsia.
Nyika mbiri dzakasarudzwa senzvimbo dzinobvira dzekuzvarwa kwemuvambi weBuddhism. Mupfungwa iyi, dzimwe nzvimbo dziri muNepal yazvino uye dzimwe dziri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIndia dzakarangarirwa, asi, kazhinji, iri muIndia uko kunofungidzirwa kuti akaberekwa pasi pomwedzi uzere pakati pemwedzi waApril naMay. Baba Buddha ndivo vakatonga Republic of Sakia, saka zvinotendwa kuti vakadzidziswa kuve muchinda werudzi irworwo. Sekuru vake vaive Mambokadzi Mayadeví, vakaroora Sudodana, baba vaSiddhartha.
Kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pokuberekwa kwaGautama Buddha kunobva muidi rokuti panguva iyeyo amai vake vaifanira kuberekera munyika yababa vake. Nechikonzero ichi, asati azvara, anosiya kuti azadzise basa iri. Husiku hwapfuura akarota nzou chena ine nyanga 6 ichimubaya kudivi rake rekurudyi. Zvaizivikanwa zvakare kuti Buddha aizozvarwa panguva yerwendo kuenda kunyika yetateguru waMambokadzi Maya mubindu riri pasi pemuti weSala pakati pemataundi eLumbini neKapilavastu.
Aizorerwa namainini vake uye paakasvitsa makore 16 baba vake vakanga vatoronga muchato wavo nemuzukuru waGautama wezera rimwe chetero. Chinozivikanwa pamusoro paBuddha ndechokuti akanga asiri muteveri worudzidziso rupi norupi rwakatanhamara rwenguva iyoyo, naizvozvo aizotanga kubvunza kwake amene rudzidziso.
Chikonzero chipi chingave chatanga kutsvaka kwakadaro? Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yaizova nzira yake yokunzwisisa nayo vanhu kusvikira zvino. Baba vake vaida kuti ave mambo ane mbiri, ndokusaka vakamubvisawo padzidzo yechitendero yenguva iyoyo uye kubva kuDuka (kunzwisisa kutambura).
Pasinei nokuti Sudodana (baba vake) vakaedza kumupa zvose zvinonyaradza uye zvaangada semuchinda weSakia republic. Mukuwirirana namagwaro, Gautama akaziva kuti akanga asingade pfuma ipi neipi, asi kuti chaifanira kupfumiswa wakanga uri mweya, ndiko kuti, pfuma yokunyama yakanga isingadikanwi.
Kuburikidza nekuvapo kwayo, inoita nhamba isingaverengeki yemisangano yekuparadzira nekupa dzidziso yayo. Buddha akadzidziswa nezveBuddhism asingagari pamagariro evanhu, nenzira iyi aive achiwana vatsigiri nevadzidzi. Kubva kunhengo dzevakuru kusvika kune vanonhonga marara uye kusanganisira vanhu vasingadiwe panguva iyoyo pakati peiyo cannibal Alavaka uye muurayi weAngulimala.
Pakusvitsa makore 80 ezera uye pashure pechaive chokudya chake chokupedzisira, Buddha wenhau akagoverana kuti nhambo yeparanirvana yake yakanga yasvika (nguva iyo muviri, kuvapo kwapasi, kunosiiwa kuti utange kusafa). Zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti rufu rwake rwakakonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ane chokuita nekukwegura, ndiko kuti, infarction yeura.
Asati asimuka, Buddha akakumbira Ananda, mubetseri wake, kunyengetedza mupfuri wesimbi Cunda kuti chinopiwa chake (chirairo chokupedzisira chaBuddha) chakanga chisina kuparira rufu rwake uye kuti, pane kudaro, aifanira kunzwa akafanirwa nokumupa zvokudya zvake zvokupedzisira. .
Iyezvino Mutungamiriri weBuddhism
Parizvino kune vatungamiriri vakati wandei vezvikoro zvechiBhudha munyika dzakasiyana dzeAsia vakagamuchira huzivi hwehupenyu uhwu sechitendero. Asi uyo anotanhamara uye anozivikanwa pasi rose ndiye mutungamiriri wechiBuddha cheTibet, uyo anozivikanwa saDalai Lama. Iye ane basa rekutungamira pakati peTibetan manejimendi uye saka anoonekwa semutungamiri wemweya weTibetan Buddhism.
Mutsara wekuti Dalai Lama unoshandurwa sezvazviri se "Ocean of Scholarship" uye nanhasi, gore ra2020, ndiye mutungamiri aripo weBuddhism muTibet, ane zita chairo anonzi Tenzin Gyatso uye akauya kupasi musi wa 6 Chikunguru 1935. makore ezera, iyezvino Dalai Lama akatokwanisa kuwana chikamu kana kutonga kwakazara pamusoro perufu uye anozivawo kuti ndeipi nzvimbo inotevera kwaachazoenda mushure mekuzvarwa patsva, ndiko kuti, mune saiti ichazvarwa patsva.
Dalai Lama yemazuva ano yave kuzivikanwa pasi rose kwete nekuda kwebasa rake revanhu uye nekuda kwekodzero dzevanhu, asiwo nemibairo yakasiyana-siyana yaakagamuchira nokuda kwezviito izvi muupenyu hwake hwose. Pakati pavo, mubairo weNobel Peace Prize wa1989 unomira pachena, izvo zvakaita kuti akwanise kuzivikanwa nekurwira kwake. Akavewo chikamu chemafirimu nemabhaisikopo akati wandei saka chifananidzo chake chave chakakurumbira semunhu ane pesvedzero mundima yechitendero uye ave mumwe wevatungamiriri vakakodzera pasi rose.
Changa chiri chikamu chezviitiko zvakakosha zvakaita sekugadzwa kwemutungamiri weAmerica, VaBarack Obama, kwakaitika paWhite House muna 2008, pamwe nekuvapo kwavo kuita minamato pachitsuwa cheAsia cheTaiwan mushure mematambudziko echisikigo akakurira. vanhu.
Pazviitiko zviviri izvi, kutaridzika kwemutungamiri weBuddha kwakakonzera kusagadzikana muhurumende yeChina, muchiitiko chekutanga nekuda kwekurwisana kwezvematongerwo enyika neUnited States uye mune yechipiri nokuti nharaunda yeTaiwan inonzi nehurumende yeChina seyayo. Kuvapo murudzi irworwo rweDalai Lama kwakatorwa neChina sekukurudzira.
Pane gamuchidzanwa, iro richiri kurarama nanhasi, uye rinoreva kusarudzwa kweDalai Lama itsva.Inoitwa sei? Kana mutungamiri aripo angofa, Panchen Lama ndiye anotarisira kuziva kuti ndiani Dalai Lama mutsva akazvarwa patsva. Kazhinji, uye maererano nezvakataurwa, zvinotora kusvika kumazuva makumi mana nemapfumbamwe kuberekwa patsva, saka mutungamiri mutsva weTibetan Buddhism kazhinji mukomana.
Iyo Panchen Lama inofanirwa kuziva mutsivi akazvarwa patsva zvinoenderana nezviratidzo zvakagara zvasimbiswa uye kana angowanikwa, anova Dalai Lama. Iyi tsika inoshandawo nenzira yakapesana, ndiko kuti, pese panofa Panchen Lama, ndiye Dalai Lama ane basa rekuwana mugari wenhaka wake akaberekwazve.
magwaro echiBhudha
Buddhism, kufanana namarudzidziso ose muIndia, yakanga iri tsika yokuita zvokutaurwa munguva dzakare. Dzidziso dzaBuddha, dzidziso dzokutanga, pfungwa uye dudziro zvakapfuudzwa kubva kuna baba kuenda kumwanakomana neshoko romuromo mudzimba dzemamongi uye kwete kupfurikidza namagwaro akanyorwa. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvechiBuddha zvimwe zvakanyorwa muSri Lanka, makore 400 mushure mekufa kwaBuddha.
Zvinyorwa zvakaumba chikamu cheTripitakas uye shanduro dzakawanda dzakabva dzabuda dzichiti ndiwo mazwi aBuddha. Zvinyorwa zvenyanzvi zvekudzingwa kwechiBhudha nevanyori vanozivikanwa zvakabuda muIndia makore ekumazana echipiri AD. Zvinyorwa izvi zvakanyorwa mumutauro wePali kana Sanskrit, dzimwe nguva mumitauro yeko, sezvinyorwa zvemashizha emichindwe, zvinyorwa zvebirch-crust, mipumburu yakapendwa, nezvimwewo. akavezwa pamadziro etemberi, uye gare gare pamapepa.
Mukupesana nezvinorehwa neBhaibheri kuchiKristu uye Koran kuchiIslam, zvisinei, kufanana namarudzidziso ose makuru ekare eIndia, hapana chibvumirano pakati petsika dzakasiana-siana dzechiBuddha pamusoro pechinoumba magwaro kana kuti boka rezvokwadi. ChiBhudha. Kutenda kwakawanda pakati pevaBhudha ndekwekuti mutumbi wecanonical wakakura.
Mutumbi uyu unosanganisira iyo yekare Suttas yakakamurwa kuva Nikayas (vhoriyamu), chikamu chechipiri chezvikamu zvitatu zvezvinyorwa zvinonzi Tripitakas. Tsika dzese dzechiBhudha dzine seti dzayo dzezvinyorwa, mazhinji acho ari dudziro dzezvinyorwa zvekare zvechiBhudha mumitauro yePali neSanskrit yekuIndia.
Mukati meTheravada Buddhism, mutsara wakatevedzana wezvinyorwa zvitsvene zvinoumba Pali Canon. Iyo Pāli Tripitaka, zvinoreva "matengu matatu", inotaura nezveVinaya Pitaka, iyo Sutta Pitaka uye Abhidhamma Pitaka. Aya anoumba mabhuku ekare ekare akakwana echokwadi mumutauro weIndo-Aryan wechiBuddha. Iyo Vinaya Pitaka inosanganisira mitemo inodzora hupenyu hwemamongi echiBuddha.
Iyo Sutta Pitaka inosanganisira muunganidzwa wemharidzo dzinonzi dzakaitirwa Buddha pachake. Abhidhamma Pitaka inosanganisira muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa umo mitemo yedzidziso yemamwe maviri "mabhasikiti" anotaurwa, ose ari maviri anosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pezvikoro zveBuddha.
Ndarama yechiBuddha yeChina inobatanidza manyoro 2184 55 mumavhoriyamu 1.108, nepo ndaza yamanyoro yeTibetan ichibatanidza manyoro 3461 40,000, rumwe norumwe naBuddha, uye mamwe 1900 XNUMX navazivi veIndia vanoremekedzwa mugamuchidzanwa reTibet. Nhoroondo yemagwaro echiBuddha yave yakakura; Anopfuura XNUMX manyoro, mazhinji echiBuddha, mamwe asiri maBhudha, akawanikwa muna XNUMX chete muDunhuang Cavern muChina..
Buddhism Munyika
Buddhism haina kurongeka musangano rekutsamira kwakatwasuka. Chiremera chorudzidziso chinotsamira pazvinyorwa zvinoyera: vaSutra, idzo dziri mharidzo dzaGautama Buddha navapuroserite vake. Pamusoro peizvi, kune huwandu hukuru hwezvinyorwa zvekududzira umo vatenzi nenhamba munhoroondo yese vakatsanangura nekuongorora vanobatana.
Nharaunda yemamongi yakarongeka kare nemitsetse yekutapurirana nenguva uye mune zvimwe zvikoro cheni dzekubatanidza pakati pevatenzi nevatendeuki kwakakosha. Veruzhinji vane basa rakasiyana sezvo vachivimba nemapazi maviri akakosha, Theravāda ('chikoro chevakuru') neMahāyāna ('Nzira huru').
MuMahayana Buddhism, kuvapo kwekusava munhu kunorangarirwa kuva kunongobetsera mukuwana Nirvana sokuvapo kwamamongi, nepo muTheravada simbiso huru inopiwa kukuvapo kwamamongi. Imwe kupatsanurwa kwakawanda kunotanga bazi rechitatu; iyo Vajrayāna (kana kuti Tantric), iyo inogona kufungidzirwa sechikamu kana chidimbu cheMahayana.
Uku kurongeka kwenzvimbo kwakagonesa kuchinjika kukuru kwemaonero, misiyano uye maitiro. Misiyano yeBuddhism yakaitika nekuparadzana munguva yemapoinzi emakakatanwa edzidziso, pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemagariro uye dzenzvimbo, semuti une mapazi..
Zvikoro Zvikuru zveBuddha
Kazhinji kacho, chiBuddha chakatangwa munyika dzakawanda pasina kurwisana zvakananga nezvitendero zvomunzvimbomo, asi panguva dzakawanda, nokuchinjana kwepesvedzero. Mukupesana nezvimwe zvitendero, chiBuddha hachizivi chinonzi hondo tsvene, kutendeutsa kumanikidzirwa, uye hachitombooni pfungwa yenhema sechimwe chinhu chinowanzokuvadza.
Kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zviitiko zvezvakaitika kare zvekurwisana kunotyisa panyaya dzedzidziso kana kuti kunetswa kwevanhu vanopikisa kana kuti vamwe vanhu vashoma zvakaitika, izvi hazvishamisi kuchitendero chakazova nhamba huru yevateveri muEast Asia murwendo rwekare rwemakore 2500 XNUMX.
Kuwanda kwemaitiro uye kushivirira kwemaonero edzidziso akasiyana kwave, munhoroondo yaro, chimwe chinhu chakagovaniswa uye chinogamuchirwa munharaunda yevaBhudha, izvo zvakapa kuti pave nehuwandu hukuru hwemabhuku echitendero neeuzivi. chinja zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekwakasiyana kunowanikwa, nevakanyanya mwero vari pakati pe200 ne330 miriyoni vateveri.
Webhusaiti yechiBuddha inonzi Buddhanet inofungidzira kuti mamiriyoni 350 angava nhamba hurusa yokubvumirana, isingabatanidzi vanhu vanongonzwira tsitsi kana kuti vatsigiri vechiBuddha, zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe dzidziso dzakadai sechiTao, chiShinto, kana kuti chiKristu. , chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitiki. webhusaiti Adherentes.com inoisa huwandu hwevaBhudha pa375 miriyoni (6% yehuwandu hwepasirese).
Mune ipi neipi yekuverenga uku, chiBuddha chinoratidzika sechitendero chechina chine nhamba huru yevateveri pasi rose, mushure mechiKristu, chiIslam nechiHindu, uye chinoteverwa nechitendero chechinyakare cheChina. Zvimwe zviyero zvisingatarisirwi zvinoisa nhamba yevaBhudha pamamiriyoni mazana mashanu, asi nhamba chaiyo kazhinji inokahadzika uye yakaoma kuziva nokuda kwechimiro cheBuddhism nenyika umo chakapararira.
Chero zvazvingava, izvi zvinoreva kuti Buddhism ndiyo imwe yedzidziso huru dzevanhu muhuwandu hwevateveri. Huwandu uhu hwakawedzera zvakanyanya mushure mekubviswa kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, kunyanya nekuti munyika dzakaita seChina nhamba dzakangotanga kuratidzwa mushure mekuvhurwa kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Nomutoo wakafanana, muIndia mave mune chinjo huru kuBuddhism yamazana ezviuru zvavanhu vakanga vari rutivi rweboka ravasingabatiki (Dalits). Nhamba hurusa yevaBuddha iri muAsia. Mukuona nhamba yepasirese yakanyatsojeka, dambudziko rekutanga rinouya mukushuma nhamba yeChina.
Buddhism ine nhoroondo yakakosha midzi munyika iyoyo, zvisinei, inyika yepamutemo nyika isingadaviri Mwari, umo chitendero chakakurumbira chakasiyana uye chakasiyana-siyana chinoitwa zvakare, icho, pakati pezvimwe, chinosanganisira zvinhu zvechiBuddha, izvo zvinowanzonyorwa zvakaparadzaniswa. Munyika dzokuMadokero nhamba yavaBhudha yakawedzera zvikuru kubvira kuma1960.
MuWestern Europe ine vateveri vanosvika mamirioni makumi maviri uye inoumba 20% yehuwandu nhasi. MuUnited States, chiBuddha chine vanhu vakawanda kwazvo, chine vateveri vanenge mamiriyoni mana. Chimwe chipingamupinyi pakuziva nhamba yevaBhudha inobva pakutsanangura kana nhamba yacho ichireva vanhu vanongove vaBhudha kana kuti vanopinda chiBuddha panguva imwe cheteyo. chimwe chitendero syncretically, sezvazvakaita muChina neJapan.
Nhoroondo yeZen Buddhism
Kuranga kweZen Buddhism kwakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva uye nhoroondo yayo yekutanga yenhoroondo inowanikwa muChina pakati pezana ramakore rechinomwe. Uyu anotarisa kuchinjika kweiyo erudition asi achiitsvaga kubva mukufungisisa uye kusasanganisa iyo theoretical uye inoshanda ruzivo.
Zvakatemerwa kuti zvinobva kuzvikoro zvakasiyana zvechiBuddha asi zvakabvumiranwa kuti zvakabuda muChina, zvisinei, izwi rechiJapani rokuti zen rinoreva fan, rine revo yei? Imo iyo inobvumirwa sechirevo chezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana uye dzidziso dzakadzidziswa mazviri.
Sezvinosanozivikanwa, chiBuddha chakavamba muIndia, nokudaro mavambo acho, asi kuchinjira sechiBuddha cheZen, kuwana dzidziso dzakawanda nokutsvaka mwero mukuru wezivo, makore mazhinji akanga ari madikanwa kutozosvikira icho chazogamuchirwa pakupedzisira muChina. A posteriori, Zen Buddhism yaizosvika kune dzimwe nyika dzeAsia dzakadai seSouth Korea neVietnam, tichirangarira kuti chitendero ichi chine nhamba huru yevateveri munyika idzodzo.
Zvinoenderana nezvakaferefetwa, nhoroondo yeZen Buddhism inotanga nemadzitateguru ese eChan uye zviri pachena kuti dzidziso dzavo dzinobva pane dzemamwe maBuddha akakodzera akadai semusiki weBuddhism: Gautama Buddha nevamwe vakaita saAnanda, Kashiapa, nezvimwe. Maitiro ekufungisisa mumatemberi eChan aigara neavo asi musimba rose remaonero uye kunzwisisa kwenyika kwaigona kuonekwa. Chikonzero chakaita kuti tsika dzese idzi dzikunde mukati mematemberi mamwechete kwaive nekuda kwemaonero akadaro.
Kubudirira kweZen Buddhism kwaizosvikwa apo madzimambo anokudzwa muAsia akabudirira. Mukuwedzera kukupesvedzerwa zvakasimba nechiTao, rudzidziso rutsva rwaizopesvedzerwawo zvikuru nechiBuddha. Nenzira iyi, matemberi matsva aizovakwa kuti atariswe uye kuraira kwehuzivi uhu "kwaizokwana" nekufamba kwenguva.
Zen Buddhism yakapesvedzerwa netsika yeChan yaizotanga kusazivikanwa uye apo dzinza reTang rakatora, raizonyangarika. Pano paizotanga kufungisisa kutsva kwechiBuddha umo tsika yekunyarara yakasarudzwa, izvi zvichiitika panguva yeRwiyo rwedzinza. Chaitsvakwa nekufungisisa chinyararire ndechekuti anotanga kana mudzidzi anozviwana.
MuJapan, tsika yekunyarara yaizoenderera mberi ichiitwa uye yaizozivikanwa seZazen, inova ndiyo inozivikanwa kuMadokero yese. Kunyange zvazvo Chan Buddhism yakanga yatanga kuderera kusvika kumagumo edzinza reTang, dzidziso iyi haina kunyatsogadzwa muChina kusvika muzana remakore rechigumi nerimwe. Aya ndiwo maitiro akave dzidziso yekutanga yenyika uye kutevedzana kwemamongi nematemberi akavakwa kuti azadzise chinangwa ichi.
Saizvozvo, nhevedzano yemifananidzo mukukudza Buddha wehukuru hukuru inogona kuonekwa mune mamwe matembere echiBuddha. Zvakare mavakirwo eizvi anomiririra kusvika pamwero mukuru tsika yekumabvazuva uye kondinendi yeAsia. Kwemazana emakore ivo vakachengetedzwa uye parizvino vanogamuchira kushanyirwa kwakawanda kubva kune vashanyi.
Tsika dzakasiana-siana dzakatanga kupoteredza tembere, dzakadai seiyo yaBuddha anofara, ane dumbu ragara rakabatwa kuti akwezve mhanza yakanaka. Mune dzimwe temberi umo hupfumi hunoverengerwa kune vashanyi, zvinotendwa kuti nekuisa zvakare mukati mavo rombo rakaipa rinoverengwa kune vamwe, zvinokwanisika kuvasunungura kubva pairi.
Zen Buddhism yakanga iri kwemazana emakore dzidziso yechitendero isingateereri kuMadokero, kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti muzana remakore rechiXNUMX mamwe mamishinari akakwanisa kusangana nawo, kuwedzera kwakasimba kwechiKristu uye miganhu yazvino muEurope yakakwanisa kurerutsa kuti zvinhu zvakaongororwa. Kunyange zvakadaro mamwe maKristu akasvika pakuziva mimwe miitiro yechiBuddha, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vari vanenge vari vaJesuit vose.
Ruzivo rwechokwadi rweZen Buddhism rwaizotanga kusvika muEurope mukati mezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye rwaizozivikanwa pasi rose mushure memusangano wezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana muguta reChicago, United States. Buddhism ndechimwe chezvitendero zvine nhamba huru yevateveri pasirese, gore rega rega inokwezva mazana evanhu vemarudzi akasiyana kuti vatore chikamu mukudzoreredzwa kwemweya uye kuzviwana kuburikidza nekufungisisa.
Maonero aGautama Buddha ekurarama pasina hupfumi huzivi hunotungamira vanhu vazhinji kuti vafukure zvakare uye vafunge imwe nzira yehupenyu. Saizvozvo, Buddhism inotipa mararamiro akanyarara, umo isu tinotsvaka kuzvisunungura kubva mukutambura kunokonzerwa nezvishuwo. Ndicho chikonzero nei zviri zvomuzvarirwo zvikuru kuti vanhu vasava nechokwadi kana rudo rworudo runobvumirwa muiyi dzidziso.
Pasinei nekurumbira kwacho, chiBuddha hachipfuure chechiKristu, asi chinochiita chimwe chezvitendero zvine nhamba huru yevateveri munyika yose, sezvo vanenge vagari vose vekondinendi yeAsia vari chikamu chechitendero ichi uye mune zvakawanda zvechitendero. nyika dzakaita seChina ndicho chitendero chepamutemo.
Pamusoro pekukura kwechiBuddha, chakabudisa zvishoma nezvishoma miitiro yakasiyana-siyana uye mimwe yakasimbiswa seyakanyanya kukosha yechiBuddha. Pakati pazvo pane kufungisisa chinyararire uko munhu mumwe nomumwe anozviwana nako uye anosvika pakukwira zvishoma. Apo munhu anosvika pakuvhenekerwa kwomudzimu uye achikwanisa kutonga rufu rwake ndokuziva kuti kuvapo kwake kunotevera kuchava kwakadini, anogona kutorangarirwa saBuddha.
Zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti chiBuddha hachisi dzidziso yechinyakare umo Mwari anoverengwa somutungamiriri mukuru sezvakaita vaprofita, sezvo ichi chiri chitendero chisiri choumwari, ndiko kuti, hachiteveri mwari upi noupi.
Nhoroondo yeChinese Buddha
MuChinese Buddha anozivikanwawo se "The Happy Buddha" uye tinogona kuona kuti akagamuchira zita remadunhurirwa nekuda kwemufananidzo wake wemufaro usingaperi nekunyemwerera kukuru pachiso chake uye nedumbu hombe rinomuratidza, kusiyana nemamwe efigies emabhudha aripo. mukati mechitendero ichi.
Chikonzero cheiyi epithet chakavakirwa pamumongi wokuChina uyo akava mutungamiriri ane simba zvikuru muchiBuddha muJapan. Munyika iyi aizivikanwa saHotei, kuChina achinzi Pu-Tai.
Aizivikanwa munyika yekupedzisira seShamwari Buddha uye mune mamwe matunhu saLoving Buddha. Pu-Tai aive nerupo, ane mutsa uye aifadza. Nokuda kwakawanda kwokuvapo kwayo uye pashure pacho, yaizivikanwa saMatreya, inonzwisiswa saBuddha wenguva yemberi, uye maererano nerondedzero yaHappy Buddha, ichi chakanga chiri chibereko chokunyemwerera kwake kunopfuurira.
Aive Zen Buddha, aive nebasa rekuparadzira mufaro webasa iro mutsvene akavandudza muhupenyu hwake hwese munzendo dzakawanda kubva kuguta kuenda kuguta kuti azadzise chinangwa chake. Ngano yakatenderedza uyu Buddha yakavakirwa pane izvo: mufaro waakaunza kumunhu wese nekuvapo kwake. Chimwe chechokwadi chakatanhamara cheChinese Buddha ndechekuti akatakura saga raive nemasiwiti.
Aida vana uye ari munhu ane moyo wakanaka, aibata vanhu vazhinji, pese paaisvika kune rimwe dhorobha kana guta uye vana vakaita mudungwe vakamukomberedza, aikanda zviwitsi zvishoma ofunga nezvedenga richiratidza kuseka kukuru kwaibata utachiona. munhu wese aripo. Pese paiitika izvi, aizvitora sechiratidzo chekuti chinangwa chake chaive chaitwa munzvimbo iyoyo uye kuti aive ave kutanga rwendo rutsva kune imwe nzvimbo.
Maererano nezvinozivikanwa, Buddha wokuChina akatapura munhu wose mufaro wake, saka zvakanga zvakajairika kuti mhomho yevanhu yamuunganira paanosvika mutaundi. Pese paaiita kuseka nezvihwitsi, aikwanisa kuendesa mufaro nekujekerwa kune vaivepo. Kuve kwake ndiko kwakaita kuti awane epithet iyoyo.
Hupenyu huzivi hwemumongi uyu hwaive hwakavakirwa pakuti kana uchiseka, zvese zviri nyore, matambudziko anova madiki uye unogona kufema nyore. Kunyange zvazvo akanga ari munhu aitaura zvishoma, aiwanzozadza vanhu nomufaro.
Chikonzero chekutakura bhegi rezviwitsi chaiva (maererano nezvaakambotsanangura) kuti anofananidzira matambudziko ane vanhu, saka paaikanda zviwitsi aibva asiya bhegi pasi uye chero ari kure aibva atanga kuseka. Uye nezvezvihwitsi, anotaurawo kuti idimikira kuratidza kuti kana uchipa zvakanyanya, ndipo paunowedzerawo.
Nenzira iyi aitaura mashoko okufara, mafungire ezvinetso. Uye sokunge kuti izvozvo zvakanga zvisina kukwana, akasiyawo zano rine mwero rakagadzirira nguva yokufa kwake. Asati afa akakumbira vaivapo kuti muviri wake upiswe papi nepapi paaienda pasi pano.
Ikoku, kunopfuura kutyisidzira, kwakanga kuri kushamiswa, sezvo iyi yakanga isiri tsika muchiBuddha. Chero zvazvingava, chishuwo chake chekupedzisira chakazadzikiswa uye apo muviri wake wakabatwa nemirazvo yemoto, kuratidzwa kwemoto kwakatanga. Zvakazoitika kuti asati afa, akanga aisa zvinhu zvakadaro muzvipfeko zvake kuitira kuti vaichema rufu rwake vafare.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvatinokurudzira ndezvi: