Zvose mavambo uye primate evolution, inyaya dzinokakavara dzisingaregi kukwevera ngwariro kwete yenyanzvi chete, asiwo yevanhu vazhinji. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvakaoma kufuratira kuti kwatakabva kune chekuita nenyaya idzi. Saka mune ino post tichaongorora mune zvakadzama.
Primate Characteristics
Mabviro uye kushanduka kwemaprimate inyaya dzakaburitsa gakava rakakura uye fungidziro dzakawanda kubva pakatanga kuferefeta kunonakidza.
Asi kana tichida kuziva chii chinonzi primates, dIsu tinofanirwa kurangarira kuti iyo Primate Order ndeimwe yeakakura uye inosanganisira mhuka dzinoyamwisa senge lemurs, tarsier, tsoko, maape uye vanhu. Zvisinei, ndeimwe yezvinotyisidzirwa neruoko rwemunhu.
Asi chinhu chekutanga chatinofanira kuziva ndechekuti chii yekutanga primates uye chiiUnhu hupi hwavanogovana neazvino? Zvakanaka, mumhando dzese dziripo dzeprimates, hunhu hwakasiyana siyana hunopindirana hunovasiyanisa kubva kune dzimwe dzese mhuka.
Mazhinji ema primates enguva yedu ane arboreal tsika uye nekudaro akachinja miviri yavo, kuitira kuti basa ravo rezuva nezuva rive nyore.
Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo tsoka dzavo nemaoko zvakagadziriswa kuti zvibvumire kufamba nematavi. Kunze kwevanhu, zvinoitika kuti mune izvi Mhando dzemhuka zvigunwe zvavo zvikuru zvakaparadzana kubva kune zvimwe zvigunwe, zvichiita kuti vabate zvakasimba.
Maoko ake akagadziridzwawo. Zvisinei, kugadzirisa kwakadaro kunotsamira parudzi rumwe norumwe, kunyange zvazvo chinonyanya kukosha kugadzirisa chigunwe chinopikiswa chinovabvumira kubata zvinhu zviri nani, sezvatinoita isu vanhu.
Asi ava handivo vogas primate maitiro. Pamusoro pezvo, maoko enhengo dzeChirongwa ichi haana nzwara kana zvipikiri zvakakombama sedzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Kana uriwe vakangoti sandarara vane magumo akagomara.
specialized fingers
Kune rimwe divi, zvigunwe zvako zvine mapedhi ekubata uye mafingerprints. Muchiitiko chavo, kukosha hakusi kwekuzivikanwa, asi kunovabatsira kuti vabate zviri nani kumapazi. Kunze kwezvo, zvose muzvanza zvemaoko uye muminwe, vane chimwe chinhu chinonzi Meissner's corpuscles. Ichi chigadziriso chinovapa pfungwa yakagadziridzwa yekubata.
Chimwe chinhu chinosiyanisa primates ndechekuti nzvimbo yavo yegiravhiti iri padyo nemakumbo. Aya ndiwo akanyanya kukosha magumo panguva yekufora.
Kune izvi tinofanira kuwedzera kuti pfupa rechitsitsinho rakareba kupfuura mune dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa.
Asi kumwe kuchinjika kwakakosha mumaprimate, ndiwo maziso avo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti, chekutanga, iwo akakura zvakanyanya maererano nemuviri wavo uye, kana ari ehusiku primates, anotonyanya kukura.
Aya maziso akabudikira uye akakura kwazvo anokonzerwa nekuvapo kwe orbit, iro risiri chinhu kunze kwebhonzo kuseri kweziso.
Izvi zvinoitika zvinopesana nedzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa ishamwari dzehusiku, dzinotsamira papfungwa dzakasiyana kufamba murima.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti tsinga dzemaziso dzakavamba nekushanduka kweprimates hadzipindire zvachose muuropi, semamwe marudzi. Kunze kwe primates, ruzivo runopinda muziso rekurudyi runogadziriswa muhemisphere yekuruboshwe yehuropi uye zvakasiyana.
pfungwa uye pfungwa
Mune primates nyaya, izvi zvinoreva kuti ruzivo rwunopinda nemeso ega ega runogadziriswa mumativi ese ehuropi. Kushanduka kwakadaro kwenyati kunodzifarira nekunzwisisa zviri nani kwezvakatipoteredza.
Chimwe chikamu chemuviri chinosiyanisa primate nzeve dzadzo. Izvi zvinosuma kufona blister inonzwika, iyo inoumbwa ne tympanic uye temporal bones, inovhara zvose zviri pakati nepakati nzeve.
Nekune rimwe divi, kunhuwa kwakaderedzwa, saka pfungwa iyi yakarega kuve chinhu chakatanhamara cheOdha iyi.
Asi kana paine chimwe chinhu chinofanira kujekeswa pamusoro pekushanduka kwemaprimates, hapana mubvunzo kuti ndizvo zvakaitika kuhuropi hwavo. Zvinoitika kuti saizi yavo haisi iyo inotaridza, ndosaka maprimate mazhinji aine huropi hudiki pane chero avhareji mhuka inoyamwisa.
Kudoma nyaya imwe chete, ma dolphin ane huropi-mune hukama nemuviri wavo- hunenge hwakaenzana nehwechero primate.
Chii chinosiyanisa chikamu ichi chemuviri kubva kune primates maviri asingadzokoroke eanatomical mafomu pakati pemhuka dzese. Aya ndiwo mahombe eSylvia naCalcarina.
Zvichakadaro, shaya nemazino ezvisikwa zveChirongwa ichi hazvina kunyanya kugadziriswa. Saka ivo vakagadzirirwa sezvinotevera:
- 36 mazino
- 8 incisors
- 4 canines
- 12 premolars
- 12 mamolars
Mavambo uye kushanduka kwe primates
kuzivar makudo akamuka sei debIsu tinofamba 55 miriyoni makore (Ma) kudzoka kunosangana nechisikwa chekare chakanyatsobatanidzwa nenhaka kumaprimates emazuva ano, anonziwo. euprimates.
Asi zvaisazoitika kutozosvikira pakatanga Miocene, 25 Ma apfuura, apo marudzi akafanana zvikuru neayo anhasi anotanga kuonekwa.
Kunyange zvazvo kune rudzi rwemhuka dzinonzi archaics, dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzakaonekwa muPaleocene -kureva, pakati pe65 ne55 Ma- uye dzakafanana zvikuru nemhuka dzesango, hukama hwakananga nemhuka dzemazuva ano huri kurambidzwa.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvisikwa zvekare izvi zvakaparadzana kubva muboka zvisati zvaonekwa neprimate. Ipapo ivo vakanyangarika zvachose kubva pasi, nenzira yekuti ivo havana kubatana navo.
Zvinoenderana nemafossils akawanikwa, ekare akashumwa euprimates atoratidza kuchinjika kwehupenyu hweArboreal. Nenzira yekuti vanopa zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvikuru zvinosiyanisa Order iyi. Izvi zvinosanganisira dehenya, dentition uye bhonzo base.
Zvisaririra zvakadaro zvakawanikwa muNorth America, pamwe nemuEurope neAsia.
Pane kudaro, zvisaririra zvekutanga zvezvisikwa izvi munguva dzeMiddle Eocene zvakawanikwa muChina. Aya anomiririra madzitateguru ekutanga ematsoko, asi chokwadi akatotsakatika. Zvisikwa zvakasaririra zvemarudzi akatsakatika eAdapidae neOmomyidae zvakazoonekwa muEgypt.
Indekisi yezvisaririra izvi inorekodha marudzi ese emaprimate aripo, kunze kwe malagasy lemur. Pane izvi hapana chisaririra chemadzitateguru ake. Zvisinei, kune fossilized zvakasara zve lorisiforms, boka rehanzvadzi.
kurambana kure
Mapfupa aya akawanikwa muKenya uye anotanga kumakore angangoita makumi maviri. strepsirrhines.
Zvino, haplorhines, imwe suborder yeprimates, inouya kuzoonekwa muChina pakati peEocene, pamwe neiyo infraorder yetarsiers. Nepo maape, imwe infraorder, yakaonekwa munguva dzeOligocene, 30 Ma isati yasvika.
Muchiitiko chepedyo, ndiko kuti, iyo Homo genus yatinobva, kutaridzika kwayo kunodzokera ku7 Ma muAfrica.
Asi kuberekwa kwebipedalism hakusati kwanyatsojeka. Iyo inozivikanwa sechisaririra cheKenya chasara mapfupa mashoma akareba izvo zvingaratidza kugona kufamba pamakumbo maviri.
Iyo yakanyatsojeka fossil yemabipeds ndeye 3,4 Ma, saka yakatangira pane ine mukurumbira fossil yaLucy kana Australopithecus afarensis.
iyo anthropoids
Zvino kuenderera mberi primate classification, Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvinotendwa kuti mbongoro dzeanthropoid dzakashanduka kubva kune prosimians munguva yeOligocene, iyo yakadzokera ku40 Ma. Zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvavo zvinoratidza kuti zvaivepo muSouth America uyewo muAfrica neAsia.
Munyaya yetsoko dzenyika itsva, dzinoumba boka rinonzi Platyrrhini, nepo dziya dzekondinendi yekare dziri pakati peCatarrhini.
Musiyano uyu wakaitika semugumisiro wekuparadzaniswa kweAmerica neAfrica. Apa ndipo pakazopatsanurwa nyika yakawanda, zvichigadzira makondinendi, izvo zvakazoita kuti pave nekusiyana kwekushanduka-shanduka pakati pemapoka maviri aya. Basa rakatora mamiriyoni emakore.
Asi kana platyrrhines ese ari arboreal, pakati pehama dzavo dzekatarrhine pane ese arboreal uye pasi tsoko.
Orangutan, gorila uye chimpanzee ndiwo macatarrhines ane hukama hwakakura hwekuzvarwa nesu.
hominids
Tsoko huru (hominoids) Kuburikidza neiyo genetic trace inozivikanwa kuti zvese chimpanzi uye vanhu vanobva kune imwechete tateguru. Chokwadi ichi chatova kuma6 Ma.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kuzivikanwa kuti akati wandei marudzi akabudirira kubva kubazi iro rinotisanganisa kuHomo sapiens. Zvisinei, panguva ino tisu chete tiri vapenyu.
Iyi bifurcation yeHominini inosanganisira marudzi ese echisikwa ichi genetically padyo nesu kupfuura chimpanzi. Vainyanya kuita bipedal.
Madzitateguru edu akananga ari pano, kusanganisira Australopithecus uye Homo habilis uye Homo erectus. Pamusoro peavo vanogona kunzi "vazukuru" vedu, sezvo vakashanduka vakafanana nesu, maNeanderthals.
kutanga hominids
Zvino tichaona kuti ndeapi aive mahominids ekutanga ane zvinyorwa.
australopithecus
Unogona kunge wakatonzwa zita iri. Ihominid ine mukurumbira. Inomiririra zvakasiyana-siyana zvakashanduka kumabvazuva kweAfrica 4 Ma apfuura, kunyange zvazvo yakanyangarika 2 Ma apfuura.
Iwo akakosha kwazvo kuvaka patsva nhoroondo yekushanduka kwemunhu, nekuti zvinofungidzirwa kuti genus Homo yakabva kuna tateguru, 2 Ma apfuura. Zvisinei neizvi, Australopithecus ine zvakawanda zvemaape makuru kupfuura vanhu vemazuvano.
Paranthropus
Zvinozivikanwa nevose kuti evolution haiitiki mumutsara wakatwasuka. Panyaya yerudzi urwu, zvinozivikanwa kuti ibazi rakazvimiririra reHominini yedu, kunyange zvazvo vasingaonekwi semadzitateguru edu.
The Paranthropus akararama anenge 2.5 Ma apfuura uye akapera 1 Ma apfuura, asina kusiya vazukuru, kunyangwe ivo vaimiririra danho rakakosha mukushanduka kwema primates panguva iyoyo.
Homo
Ukuwo, mavambo ejenasi Homo (us) akaiswa pakati pe2.5 kana 3 Ma. Kwemakore akawanda, H. habilis aionekwa se“dean” werudzi, asi muna 2010 ufakazi hweimwe mhuka hwakawanikwa. : H. gautengensis.
Zvichienderana neaustralopithecines, zvienzaniso zverudzi rweH. habilis zvinoratidza zviri pedyo neizvo zvevanhu vanhasi. Mune iyi physiognomy, shaya shoma yeprognathic inomira kunze, kuwedzera kune uropi hukuru. Zvisinei, H. habilis yakaramba ichifanana neHominini yekare, nemaoko ayo akareba mukuenzana nemuviri wayo.
Zita rokuti H. habilis rinofanira kutipa pfungwa yehungwaru hwechisikwa ichi. Zvinoitika kuti zvine chekuita nematombo ematombo akave ari pedyo nemapfupa avo ekare. Nenzira yekuti vakamutumidza kuti "murume ane njere".
Zvadaro, kuenderera mberi nekushanduka kwemhuka dzeprimate, inguva yeH. erectus. Izvi zvingangove makore miriyoni 1.8 apfuura.
Zvisaririra zvake zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa mune zvese zvaireva nzira yake refu: India, China, Java neEurope.
kufanana nemunhu wemazuva ano
Panenge pakupera kwekushanduka kweprimate, H. erectus, kusiyana neH. habilis, yatoratidza kufanana mune dzakawanda. Hunhu hwemunhu current. Dzakanga dzakakura, sezvo dzaigona kusvika kwete pasi pe 1.85 m kureba.
Uyezve, kusiyana kwemuviri kubva kune mumwe munhukadzi kwakange kusinganyanyi kuoneka pane kuhama dzavo dzechinyakare. Nepo uropi hwake hwakanga hwakakura, huine 775 kana 1,100 1,130 cc. Izvi zviri pedyo zvikuru ne1,260 kana XNUMX cc yedu nhasi.
Panyaya yezviso, H. erectus akatora rimwe danho mukushanduka kwemhuka dzemhuka. Zvairatidza kuti yakanga ine mhino yakadzikira, seyedu.
Ichi chimiro chinofungidzirwa kuve shanduko yekurarama munzvimbo dzinotonhora. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti izvi zvaibatsira kudziya mhepo isati yapinda mumapapu.
Kutenda kune zvakasara zvakawanikwa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti H. erectus ndiyo yekutanga hominin kushandisa moto uye kuva ne "imba" yakagadzikana. Kutsakatika kwayo kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakaitika makore ane zviuru makumi mashanu apfuura, kunyangwe pasina kupokana yaive imwe yezvisikwa zvakanyanya kufambira mberi mukushanduka kwemhuka, kusvika yasvika kuvanhu venguva yedu.
Archaic vanhu uye Homo sapiens
Kutevera nzira yekushanduka kwe primates, tave kusvika kumagumo echeni, apo munhu wemazuva ano anototanga. Kure kure zviratidzo zvetsoko dzechinyakare, kana kuti takanganisa?
Asi ngationei kuti nyaya yedu inopera sei.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti rudzi rwedu ishanduko yeH. erectus, chimwe chinhu chingadai chakaitika makore 500 XNUMX apfuura. Zvisaririra zvakawanikwa kubva kunguva dziri kure idzo dzakasiyana, kufanana zvakanyanya neHomo sapiens, kunyangwe paine misiyano yakakura muchimiro chavo. Ava ndivo vanonzi vanhu vekare.
Archaics inosiyana nevanhu vemazuva ano munzira dzinoverengeka, kutanga kune dehenya rakakora. Ivo zvakare vane yakakurumbira brow ridge uye chirebvu chisina kupera.
Mamwe emarudzi aya akakwanisa kurarama munyika kusvika pakati pemakore 30 10 neXNUMX XNUMX apfuura. Chinhu chakadaro chinotipa kunzwisisa kuti tinosvika pakugara navo kwenguva yakati.
Pakupedzisira, pane imwe mugumo weiyi nzira refu yemhindumupindu isati yaenderera mberi, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti hapana chibvumirano chesayenzi pavanhu vekare. Zvisinei, pane muitiro pakati pe paleontologists, avo vanovatsanangura se subspecies H. sapiens.
Maererano nomenclature ye Taxonomic classification yemhuka, subspecies inodanwa nekuisa zita resubspecies kune izwi resainzi. Nenzira iyi, munhu wemazuva ano angave Homo sapiens sapiens, nepo archaics inotangwa seHomo sapiens neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens heidelbergensis uye zvichingodaro pane imwe neimwe nyaya.
Zvisinei, gakava racho hariperi. Asi hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti kunyange mukutarisana nemisiyano yakawanda kwazvo, tose tinoumba rudzi rumwe cheterwo.