Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza uye chinoshamisa iwe uchakwanisa kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvese nezvechitendero uye Vamwari veTaironas, tsika dzayo nezvimwe zvakawanda. Usarega kuiverenga, iwe zvakare uchaziva nezve tsika yayo uye yakanyanya kukosha ruzivo.
Tairona tsika
Tsika yeTairona yaive muenzaniso wekuenderera kwechokwadi uye yakatsungirira shanduko dzinotevera mukukunda kweSpain. Vaizivikanwawo nenyaya yekuti vakasvika padanho rakakosha reruzivo muzvivakwa zvavo uye vaive nesangano rakaomarara renzanga yavo.
Iri boka revanhu veko rakagara mumadhipatimendi eMagdalena, Guajira neCesar, kuchamhembe kweSierra Nevada de Santa Marta, iri mudunhu reCaribbean kuColombia. Nzvimbo iyo parizvino iri imwe yemapaki akakosha kwazvo munyika yeSouth America.
Ivo vakagamuchira mabhenefiti eSierra Nevada de Santa Marta uye nekugumira kwayo. Nenzira iyi vakawana mubatanidzwa unovimbisa kugara kwavo kwechigarire munharaunda kweanoda kusvika zviuru zviviri zvemakore. Vaitungamirira miitiro yavo chaiyo yakavakirwa pavamwe vamwari vanokosha kana kuti vamwari. Kwavari nyeredzi dzakanga dziri dzoukoshi hukuru, kufanana nechisiko chapose pose uye pakati pezvavaidavira zvikuru pakanga pane mavambo oupenyu hwapashure porufu.
Vanamwari veTaironas: zvavanotenda uye tsika
Maererano nekutsvakurudza, tsika yeTairona yainamata nyeredzi, ichivapa zvepabonde zvehupenyu uye kunyange kutora zvepabonde. Ndokusaka vaiwanzoita zvechingochani panguva dzechinyakare mumatemberi, pasi pekushandiswa kwechirimwa chepsychotropic zvinhu.
Panguva yemhemberero, matombo akavezwa nezviratidzo zvephallic akaiswa kuti awane kubereka kana kurapa zvirwere. Mhemberero idzi dzaive rudzi rwekufamba, uko vagari vemo vaienda kutemberi kunokumbira rubatsiro rwevamwari. Mavari, naoma yakapihwa humwari, yaifembera mirairo yekutevera maererano nekubhururuka kweshiri.
Kwakanga kune kudavira kuupenyu hwapashure porufu, naizvozvo vanhu vomunyika yacho vaiva nechokuita nomufi wavo kupfurikidza nanama, uyo akatungamirira mhemberero yacho. Kuvigwa kwaiitwa mumakomba asina kudzika aine kamuri yepadivi, mune dzimwe nguva pachishandiswa zvitunha kana kuti zvitunha.
Vamwe vevamwari vakuru vetsika yeTairona ndeiyi:
Gauteovan, uyo aimiririra mwari waamai wechisiko chapose pose nezvinhu zvose, musiki wezuva nemidzimu inokonzera hosha.
Peico, mwari wegungwa uyo akadzidzisa vaTairon kushanda kwendarama, dombo, ivhu, uye kuruka, akakurukurawo nevaNaoma.
Izvo zvakasikwa zvetsika iyi zvakaumbwa nematanho akatwasuka neSierra Nevada pakati. Vaive vaNaomasi vakaongorora kurongeka kwepasi uye kugadzira makarenda ezvekurima nemhemberero kubva mumatemberi.
Iwaya akanga ari mumativi akakwirira amakomo, ane migwagwa yakarongwa yokusvika kwairi. Teyuna yaive nzvimbo huru yemhemberero yeTairona, inozivikanwa zviri nani seguta rakarasika, kunze kwebasa rayo remudhorobha nerekutengesa.
Nhoroondo pfupiso yetsika yeTairona
Vanochera matongo vakataura kuti tsika yeTairona yakakamurwa kuita nguva mbiri:
Nahuange (100-900 AD).
Vagari vekutanga veTairon vaigara kumahombekombe eSierra Nevada vakatora mukana wegungwa, nzizi uye makomo. Kutanga mugore ra200, vakava nyanzvi dzokugadzira mateko nematombo anokosha. Kana zvasvika kune metallurgy, zvimedu zvakarohwa zvakagadzirwa nemhangura yemhangura negoridhe, inonzi bhegi guru.
Tairona (900-1700 AD).
Vaiva nebasa rokuvaka maguta panheyo dzamabwe, nemigwagwa yakarongwa napamigero yetsvina. Vakashandisawo kurima masiteki akaita nhanho uye vakagadzira kugadzira goridhe nehunyanzvi hwekukanda wakisi hwakarasika.
Iri pakati pe1498, mukundi weSpain Fernando González de Oviedo anosvika mune inova nharaunda yeTairona kekutanga, iyo vagari vemo vakatanga hukama hwekutengeserana.
Anenge makore makumi matatu gare gare, nekuvambwa kweguta reSanta Marta, kukunda, semuAmerica yese, pfungwa yaive yekuti zvese zvaizoshanda sezvaive tsika dzechiSpanish mudunhu reTairona, kutanga nhanho yakagadzira imwe kusagadzikana, inoratidzirwa nenguva dzehondo.
Munguva iyi, vaTaironas mukupindura kukundwa vakapisa guta reSanta Marta kakawanda, pamwe chete nemakororo eChirungu neFrench. Somugumisiro, vakakwanisa kuderedza kufambira mberi kwekoloni.
Naizvozvo, vanhu veko vakanga vachichengeta chipingamupinyi kwenguva yamakore 75, vasingabvumi kurega tsika dzavo, mutauro wavo uye zvikurukuru zvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso.
Asi muna 1600, kukunda kwacho kwakanyandura chitambudzo pamusoro pemiti yemiti iyo, iyo yakambobatwa, yakagurwa huro ndokugurwa. Vakapukunyuka vakapukunyuka kunzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemakomo, pamavambo ekubudirira kweKogi, iyo inoramba iripo nanhasi.
Sociopolitical sangano reTairona tsika
Budiriro iyi yaiva nemagadzirirwo ehurumende akanga akarongwa nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika aishandisa simba mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emumakomo. Kunyangwe vagari vega vega vaive vakazvimiririra uye vaitongwa nekachique ine mashoma ehumwari masimba. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kambani yakagadziridzwa sezvizvi:
Vaprista kana Naomasi: Sezvo vairemekedzwa zvikuru pasinei zvapo nokushaikwa kwesimba guru, vaiita mabasa munzvimbo dzemitambo kuti vaite miitiro pakugara kwomwedzi mumwe nomumwe mukukudza vamwari. Zano rake uye mazwi zvakakonzera zvakanyanya sarudzo dzakaumba hupenyu hwetsika yeTairona.
machinda pesvedzero yake yakanga iri mukati memiganhu yeguta, mhemberero, hukuru uye mabasa emutemo.
MaWarriors kana Manicates: vaiva nomutoro wokuchengeta rugare rwomukati mudzinza racho nokuridzivirira pakurwisa kunobvira kwoutsinye. Vakashandisa muswe muhombe wakarembera kubva muchiuno uye miseve yakanyura muchetura.
Guta: rakaumbwa nevaAborigine vane mabasa akasiyana siyana, sevarimi, mhizha nevatengesi.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvaive zvekuti dzinza rimwe nerimwe raive neimba yemitambo yaishanda senzvimbo yekuchengetera chikafu nemidziyo. Kana munhu weko afa, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoenda kuna sabhuku uye, zvishoma, kumhuri.
Vakaita anthropophagy nemufi akashinga wedzinza, izvo zvaisanganisira kunwa mafuta aiburitswa nemuviri panguva yekupisa. Vaibvuma barika muwanano neungochani.
Basa rehupfumi reTairona tsika
Mukutaura kwehupfumi, tsika yeTairona yaive yakavakirwa pakurima. Kuti vaite izvi, vaishandisa tembiricha dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika uye vaidiridza ivhu nemazvo nomumigero yaibudiswa nenzizi.
Vairima chibage, manhanga, bhinzi, chili, mufarinya, soursop, pineapple, magwavha nemakotapeya. Mukuwedzera, kubata hove rakanga riri rimwe basa rakajairika, pamwe chete nokushandisa munyu wavakanga vachera mugungwa. Rimwe bhizimusi ravakatanga kuwanza ndere kuchengeta nyuchi, kwavaitora uchi kubva munyuchi.
Vaitengeserana pakati pemarudzi, somuenzaniso, avo vaiva mumhenderekedzo yegungwa vakatengesa hove nemunyu nokuda kwemagumbeze uye ndarama nokuda kwaavo vaiva mumakomo. Goridhe uye zvishongo zvegoridhe zvine matombo akakosha akashandawo sekuchinjana netsika dzakaita seMuisca.
Guta Rakarasika reTairona tsika
Sechikamu chakazvimiririra cheMakomo eAndes, iyo Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta inokwira kusvika ku5.700 metres. Muchiitiko ichi, panobva Rwizi Buritaca, Teyuna kana Guta Rakarasika rakawanikwa. Kugadzira muenzaniso wezvivakwa zveTairona tsika.
Nenzira iyi, nzvimbo yacho yaisanganisira hurongwa hwakaoma hwekuvaka, migwagwa yakagadzirwa, masitepisi, masvingo akabatanidzwa nemutsara wemateru uye mapuratifomu apo nzvimbo dzemhemberero, dzimba kana zvitoro zvezvokudya zvakavakwa.
Yakawanikwa muna 1976, tsvakiridzo inoratidza kuti guta iri rakavakwa kutenderedza mazana matanhatu uye rakasiiwa kutenderedza 600. Pedyo, mamwe maguta makumi maviri nematanhatu akaonekwa, akadai seTigres, Alto de Mira, Frontera neTankua.
Guta Rakarasika raiva nevanhu 3.000 XNUMX, kubudirira kwezvivako zvaro kwaiva kuti vagari veTairon vakadzivisa kukukurwa kwemvura pamateru emakomo. Kuti vaite izvi, vakagadzira pombi dzemvura inonaya uye masvingo marefu aitsigira migwagwa yaipfuura nomuguta. Mimwe misha iri pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa, asi isinganyanyi kukosha, yaiva Bonda, Pocigueica, Tayronaca neBetoma.
Dzimba dzeTairona tsika
Zvinoshamisa kuti dzimba dzetsika dzakavakwa muhuni hwehuni kana kuti bahareque nedenga rakapfirirwa. Magonhi acho akanga akashongedzwa nezvinotenderera zvinotenderera, izvo, kana zvichivhuvhuta nemhepo, zvaibudisa ruzha runowirirana.
Nheyo idzi dzakagadzirwa nemateru ekugadzira akasvika nemasitepisi ematombo, uye maererano neizvi paiva nemhando nhatu:
yekutanga mhando: chigadziko chakaumbwa neine inenge yakapoteredza mhete yematombo, iyo yakabatanidza nzvimbo inorega.
rudzi rwechipiri: ine zvindori zviviri, yekutanga kunze uye yechipiri mukati mekutanga, muchimiro chepiramidi uye denderedzwa.
rudzi rwechitatu: ane maitiro akafanana neakambopfuura, asi neakawanda akakwana, aive asinganyanyi kuitika.
Zviratidzo zvetsika yeTairona
Iwo akasiyana maratidziro ehunyanzvi akamira pachena mutsika yeTairona aive anotevera:
mupfuri wendarama
Vaine hunyanzvi hwesimbi hwepamusoro hwakadai sekukanda, wakisi yakarasika, kusando, kukunguruka, kukwenenzverwa, kutsika, kupisa simbi yegoridhe, mhangura uye tumbaga, vakagadzira pectorals, mhete dzemhuno, nzeve, sublabial zvishongo.
Pottery
Nemhando yehari yekare, marudzi matatu akasiyaniswa:
tsvukuglobular kana cylindrical muchimiro, vakagadzira midziyo yekubika, urns, magirazi mahombe uye ndiro, yakashongedzwa nemavara kana mitsetse incision.
The black, yakavharwa nedonho resimbi, yakasimbisa midziyo yeglobula, midziyo yakareba-mitsipa, uye majagi ane mubato wepakati wezvinangwa zvemhemberero.
kerma, yakashongedzwa nemitsetse yakachekwa kuita magridi, yakagadzira makapu akadzika-pasi, midziyo yecylindrical, zvirongo zvemussel, uye mubato wepakati.
textiles
Chiitiko chemucheka mutsika iyi chakasimbiswa mukukwenenzverwa kwemachira akanaka anoshandiswa hembe, ngowani, mabhegi nemagumbeze.
Economy
Hwaro hwehupfumi hwaive hwekurima, uko vakaita budiriro yehunyanzvi mukudiridzira, fetiraiza nekusiyana kwezvigadzirwa.
Muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zvechiSpanish tinoverenga kuti: «… Uye kuti nyika yakaoma sei sezvandinotaura, yakagarwa nevaIndia zvokuti haichagoni kuva uye zvinhu zvose zvinotemwa mumakonuko uye minda yechibage. Iwo makomo marefu kwazvo, asina makomo, asina matombo, ose asina chinhu uye ivhu rose rekurima.
Chinhu chikuru chaive chibage chavaikanya kuita mabhanzi kuti vadye nekuti chaive chanyanya kuoma. Vakadyarawo mufarinya, manhanga, bhinzi, mbambaira, mbambaira, mhiripiri, nedonje. Pakati pemichero, soursop, pineapple, avocado uye guava zvinomira.
Kufanana nevanhu veAndean, vakashanda nyika kuburikidza ne "minga system", vachibatana kuti vabatsire mumwe wavo kuchenesa uye kudyara, ipapo vakatendeukira kune mamwe minda.
Kudya kunowedzerwa nehove dzegungwa, hove chaive chigadzirwa chinofadza uye chimwe chezvinyorwa zvekutsinhana.
Mune mamwe matunhu, vaichengeta nyuchi, huchi hwaishandiswa kutapira zvinwiwa; Vaive vatengi vakuru vechicha, vaive nezvivharo zvine shiri kuti vawane minhenga.
Migwagwa yaibatanidza materu emakomo nemaguta aiva pakati pawo yaikurudzira kutengeserana. Kudzora kwekutsinhana kwaive kwakakosha kuchengetedza simba remakaki.
Kutsinhana kwezvinhu kunoitwa mukati uye kunze. Mapoka eSierra aitengesa goridhe nemantas nehove dzemahombekombe nemunyu. Apo maIndia eGaira, Dulcino, uye Ciénaga akatizira kuSierra mukunangana nedzvinyiriro yavaSpain, avo vaibva kunzvimbo dzakakwirira vakavapa ndarama kuti vadzokere kumhenderekedzo yegungwa ndokusadzongonyedza mugove wacho.
Meti, maketani egoridhe, uye matombo anokosha zvishoma akashanda sezvinhu zvokutsinhana nedzimwe tsika, kusanganisira dziya dzomumakomo eCundinamarca neBoyaca, kwakabva matombo esimaradhi achiuya kuSierra Nevada.
Zvematongerwo enyika neSosaiti
Masimba ezvematongerwo enyika, ezvehupfumi uye echitendero sezviri pachena akaumba chikwata chakabatanidzwa mu "naoma" kana mupristi mukuru, pamusoro pepiramidhi yemagariro enharaunda yega yega, vachiita mukati memiganhu yemhemberero, kutonga uye kutonga kweguta.
Mamiriro enzvimbo akabatsira kuparadzira vanhu. Izvi zvainangana nemadzishe emurwi. Maguta akakamurwa kuva nharaunda, rimwe nerimwe rakanga riine mutungamiriri waro, seti yenharaunda yakanga ine imwe youkoshi hukuru, iyo yaibvawo pamutungamiriri mukuru, uyo aiperekedzwa neboka rinokudzwa navaprista.
Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi XNUMX, nzanga yakanga yava gadziriro yeboka, uko migariro yezvemari yakanga ichikosha. Paiva nenyanzvi dzemabasa akasiyana-siyana dzakanga dzakagarika zvakanaka, dzakadai sevarimi, mhizha, uye vatengesi.
Rimwe boka rakanga riri “mamanicates” kana kuti varwi. Vaizivikanwa neutsinye hwavo uye vaiva nechinzvimbo chepamusoro munzanga. Vaive nebvudzi refu rakarembera muchiuno nechekumashure. Vakashandisa matipi echimuti uye miseve yestingray, kazhinji ine chepfu.
Pakanga pane kupatsanurwa kwamabasa: varume vaibvisa nokudyara zvirimwa, kuvhimwa, kuredza hove, uye kuruka mabhegi, magumbeze, uye mabhegi; vakadzi vaikohwa, kubika, kuruka, uye kuruka donje nemvere dzemakwai kuti vagadzire marokwe, magumbeze, uye ngowani.
Veruzhinji vaitsigira vakwegura nenherera. Pabarika, vasikana vakaroorwa vachangobva zera, mushure mekutsanya kwemazuva mapfumbamwe. Kuti aroore, murume aifanira kubhadhara mhuri yemuroora zvinhu zvakaita seminhenga, donje, goridhe. Kana asina kumugutsa, anogona kumudzorera.
Panguva yekuzvarwa, mukadzi uyu akazviparadzanisa, akarembera kachembere kake ndokuisa kamvura kekupisa ndokugezesa mwana naiye. Aizozorora nemwana kwemazuva 9 obuda oenda kurwizi odzokorora kugeza asati adzokera kunharaunda. Mwana anotumidzwa zita remhuka yakaonekwa pakuzvarwa.
Final
Apo vokuSpain vakaziva nezvepfuma yavo, zvikurukuru ndarama, vakakurumidza kutsvaka kuitora. Muna 1525 Rodrigo de Bastidas akatanga Santa Marta, uye kubva ipapo akatanga kupinda mukati.
Kushandisa hutongi hwemakoloni, vakagadzira matunhu echivanhu, akazobatanidzwa mumatunhu, ayo eSanta Marta akakamurwa kuita ayo eBetoma, Tairona, Huanebucán, Seturma, Orinó, del Carbón, Taironaca, Del Valle. kubva kuUpar, Caribe neBlackbeats, Orejones, Chimilas, Giriguanos, Sondaguas, Malibúes nePacabuyes.
Miganhu yacho yakanga isingaoneki uye haifaniri kunge yakapindura kune boka redzinza, asi yakabva pakucherechedza kwekunze kwemaitiro. VaTairone vakatora dunhu rezita rimwe chete uye reBetoma.
Nharaunda yeTairona tsika iyo yakapa kekutanga kusimba revakakunda yaive yemahombekombe egungwa. Mapoka ari mumakomo ane makoroni makuru uye akabatsirwa nemamiriro ekunze, akapikisa zvakasimba.
Pakati pemakore 1599 na1600, pasi pehurumende yaJuan Guiral Velón, kuramba kwechivanhu kwakapera nekupiswa, kuponda uye kutambudzwa.Avo vakakwanisa kutiza vakapotera mumamoor, vasina nzvimbo yekubwinya kwekare kwetsika yeTairona.
Mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, rumutsiriro rwetsika rwakatanga apo vapoteri vakadzokera kunzvimbo dzavo dzekare, asi vakakundwa chose chose. Nhasi inogarwa nemadzinza eKankuamo, Arhuaco, Wiwa neKogui, iyo yekupedzisira iri iyo yakachengetedza tsika dzakachena, dziri munzvimbo dziri kure kwazvo, dziine kushoma kuonana nenyika yekunze.
Kana wawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe neichi chimwe chine chekuita netsika idzi: