Pakave nebudiriro zhinji netsika munyika, izvo zvave zvakakosha mukusimudzira vanhu nekufamba kwenguva, ruzivo rwavo nezvitendero zvakanyanya kuve nhaka yavo kupasirese. Ave achikosha kwazvo zvokuti tinokukoka kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro paizvozvi Tsika dzenyika.
Dzakatanhamara Nyika Tsika
Kana tichitaura nezvetsika, tinoreva izwi rakafara uye rakazara kwazvo umo zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvemunhu zvinotariswa, zvinopesana nemararamiro avo kana maitiro ehupenyu, anoonekwa se "zvakasikwa"; zvisinei, rinopa nzira dzakasiyana dzokunzwisisana.
Tsika ndiyo nzira yekuita nayo zvinhu yakasarudzika kunzanga, kazhinji inotariswa nehunhu hwayo hwenguva, nzvimbo, uye tsika. Saka, kana kutaurwa nezvetsika, nzira inoitwa zvakare kunzira yekuona hupenyu munharaunda, nzira yekufunga kwayo, yekutaurirana, yekuvaka nharaunda uye nhevedzano yetsika dzakakosha, dzinogona kutanga kubva kuchitendero. tsika, hunyanzvi, protocol, mutemo, nhoroondo, hupfumi, pakati pevamwe. Nedzimwe tsanangudzo, zvese zvinoitwa nemunhu itsika.
Nekudaro, nhasi pfungwa iyi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvakanyanya uye nedemocracy, sezvatakataura pakutanga tichireva nezvese zvemweya, zvine musoro uye zvemagariro zvemunhu. Munhoroondo yose, kwave kune tsika dzakawanda dzepasi rose dzakaita mutsauko, dzichisiya mupiro wadzo kunguva dzazvino, pakati padzo tine:
VaSumeri
Ava ndivo vaive vagari vekutanga veiyo yaizova budiriro yekutanga: Mesopotamia, iyo nzvimbo yepasi pakati peTigris neYufratesi tributaries, inozivikanwa zvakare seyakaorera crescent. Kunyange zvazvo nguva chaiyo yavakabva isingazikanwi, zvisinei, pane zviratidzo zvekuvapo kwavo kubva muna 3500 BC. C. Munzvimbo iyi ndipo pakatanga kugara vanhu zvachose uye kutanga kwekurima kwakatora mukana wekuorera kwenyika.
Vakagadzirawo maguta ekutanga, achitungamirwa nemadzimambo. Vaivawo vekutanga kushandisa kunyora, ndiyo nzira iyo nekunyora kwecuneiform vakagadzira yekutanga yakanyorwa yemitemo yemitemo uye vaiva mapiyona mune zvidzidzo zvesayenzi uye zvekurapa; Pamwe chete nevaIjipita, zvivakwa zveSumerian zvekuvaka ndizvo zvekare zvekare pasirese.
VaIjipita
Tsika yeEgypt yekare yakaonekwa chaizvo muNorth Africa nguva pfupi mushure memakoroni eSumerian uye yakagara makore angangoita 3.000, kusvika pakukunda kweRoma. VaEgipita vakafambira mberi zvikuru muruzivo rwakadai semasvomhu, mishonga, ruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga, uye mapurani.
Budiriro iyi yakawana mukurumbira pasi rose nokuda kwemapiramidhi ayo, ayo vamwe vachiri kutaura nanhasi kuva chivako chezvisikwa zviri kunze kwenyika. Saizvozvowo, nzvimbo dzayo tsvene neunyanzvi hwakamira, kunyanya mifananidzo nemifananidzo yakatsaurirwa kushongedzwa kwemakuva, izvi zvaive zvakakosha kuvaIjipita nekuda kwekutenda kwavo kune hupenyu hwapfuura. Pamusoro pezvo, vaive nehurongwa hwehupfumi hunoenderana nekurima, migodhi nekutengeserana nemamwe matunhu.
Garwe yekare
Mabviro ebudiriro iyi anopiwa kubva kubudiriro yeMinoan, achionekwa kekutanga pachitsuwa cheKrete munenge mugore re3.000 BC. C. Nhoroondo yaro inotsanangurwa munhambo nhanhatu: Minoan, Mycenaean, Archaic, Classical uye Hellenistic. Girisi yakava rimwe remasimba makuru kuMadokero Roma isati yavapo; ivava vakanga vane simbiso yakasimba pauzivi nokuronda zivo.
Vanhu vekare vakatangira pakuumba democracy segadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mifungo yavo ichiri kurangarirwa nenzanga yazvino uno, kunyange nhasi. Saizvozvowo, hunyanzvi uye magadzirirwo evaGiriki vekare aive mareferensi akakosha epasirese.
China
Inotaridzwa seimwe yetsika dzechinyakare pasirese, inoremekedzwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwehuzivi uye hunyanzvi hwayo. Neanopfuura makore 4.000 XNUMX, umambo hweChina hwakanga huri humwe hwakasimba zvikurusa mukondinendi yeAsia; ichi chakashanda pasi pehurongwa hwemaemperor, kunyange nhasi chinoshanda pasi pehutungamiri hune zita remabasa mana.
Parizvino, China ine mapoka ekuzvarwa anodarika makumi mashanu nemasere. Nenzira yakafanana, mipiro yake inokosha zvikurusa yakadai sechiTao, chiConfucius, bepa, kambasi, pakati pezvimwe, zvinosimbiswa.
Nordic
Tsika dzeNordic dzine matangiro ayo munharaunda yese yeNorthern Europe, makore akapoteredza 200 AD. C. Ngano yavo yaifadza zvikuru, uye zvinonzi ishanduro dzakachengetedzwa zvakanakisisa dzengano dzeGermany; nyaya idzi dzaigovanwa nemuromo kuburikidza nemazwi.
Kubva mugore 700 AD. C., budiriro iyi yakatamira kuGreat Britain, Greenland, Iceland uye kusvika kuRussia, uye kubvira panguva iyoyo vakatanga kuzivikanwa seVikings. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti izwi rekuti "Viking" raireva hukama hwevarwi vakatungamira kukunda.
Islamic
Islam itsika inotanga kunyanya kubva pahwaro hwayo hwechitendero. Izvi zvine mavambo ako, mugore ra622 kunyanya muMecca nemuporofita Mohammed semutungamiri. Izvi zvinofukidza chikamu chekumabvazuva kweAsia uye nharaunda yekuchamhembe kweAfrica; mutauro wavo chiArabic. Sezvo ichitaura nhungamiro inoshanda kuhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, chitendero ichi chinotonga zvakanyanya mutemo uye hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwenyika dzeArab.
Koran ibhuku rake dzvene rakanyorwa, umo shoko raAllah rinobatanidzwa; Vakasarudza kuti munyengetero wezuva nezuva unokosha kuchitendero chavo, pamwe chete nokutsanya uye kuomerera kutsika dzechitendero chavo.
Maya
VaMayans vaive budiriro yakakosha munharaunda iyo yaisanganisira yese yeMesoamerica, yakasimbiswa zvakanyanya kumaodzanyemba kweMexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras neEl Salvador. Nguva yaro yechinyakare yakatanga kutenderera 8.000 BC. C., asi hazvina kusvika 2.000 a. C. in preclassic time that started the evolution of which now known as the Mayan culture.
Ava setsika dzavo, vairima zvokudya zvakaita sebhinzi nechibage; vaiva varwi uye kudzidziswa uku kwakaita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwavo. Pamusoro pezvo, vaive vadzidzi vakuru vezvinoitika zvakasikwa, masvomhu, uye vakagadzira hurongwa hwekunyora hwepamusoro-soro muAmerica. Kunyangarika kwebudiriro iyi kwakaitika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX mushure memakore angangoita zana ekukunda kweSpain, uko rimwe remaguta aro akakosha Chichén Itzá, nhare yekupedzisira yebudiriro yeMayan, yakawira.
vaInca
Vakanga vari budiriro yakakosha munzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kwepre-Columbian America, ivo vakanyanya kutora nyika dzePeru, zvisinei, vakakwanisa kupararira munenge mumakomo ese eAndes. Mabviro ayo anodzokera kumakore angangoita 1.200 AD. C. uye rakagara kusvikira mugore ra 1525. Rudzidziso rwavo rwakanga rwuri rwokunamata vamwari vakawanda, ivo vainamata zvinhu zvechisiko savamwari uye mutauro wavo wakanga uri Quechua.
Ivavawo, vaive neuto guru, hurongwa hwekufambisa hwepamusoro uye hwekutumira mameseji, pamwe nekunyatsogona kuronga maguta. Imwe yenhaka dzinozivikanwa kwazvo dzeIncas chaive chivakwa chinoyevedza cheMachu Picchu, chiri panzvimbo yakakwirira ye2.490 metres.
Yanomami
Iri rimwe remapoka makuru emarudzi nhasi. MaYanomami ari pakati penyika yeAmazonas muVenezuela nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe, kunyanya munzvimbo dzeAmazon kuBrazil. Ivo vari semi-nomadic, kudya kwavo kunobva zvakanyanya pakushandiswa kwebhanana, mayam nemimwe miriwo, kuwedzera pakuvhima nekubata hove.
Kufananidzirwa kwerufu, pamwe chete netsika dzemariro, zvakakosha zvikuru kune iyi tsika; Pamitambo iyi, inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyekumedzwa kwemadota ehama dzakashaya, apo vanenge vaine pfungwa yekuti vanodzosera mweya wavo kumhuri. Kunyangwe tsika yeYanomami isina kucherechedzwa kwakafanana nebudiriro huru yeAmerica, kukosha kwayo kukuru kuri mukutenda neruremekedzo rwavainarwo kuna Amai Pasi nezviwanikwa zvavo.
Tsika dzekuMadokero
Kunyangwe iyi ingangove imwe yetsika hombe dzepasirese, tsika yemazuva ano yekuMadokero inosanganisa chikamu chakakosha cheEuropean and American societies, kunyange kuzvimanikidza kune dzimwe hwaro tsika. Kazhinji, tinogona kutaura kuti ndiko kusanganiswa kwenhaka yetsika dzakapfuura dzakadai sehuzivi hwechiGiriki, tsika dzeJudeo-Christian, Renaissance art uye maonero emagariro eFrench Enlightenment.
Tsika dzekuMadokero dzine hukama zvakanyanya necapitalism uye pfungwa yekushandisa, uye inogona kutorwa setsika yekoloni, sezvo yakatofukidza chikamu chekondinendi yeAsia, ichi chiri chimwe chetsika dzinoremekedzwa.
Toltec
Munguva yeshanduko muMesoamerica, pakati pe650 ne800 AD, ngano, hunyengeri uye murwi tsika dzeToltec dzakabuda. Kubudirira kunobva kurudzi rweChichimeca, vakasarudza kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweMexico ndokunogara mubani repakati, uko kune dzimwe nyika dziripo, dzakadai se: Mexico, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Puebla, pakati pevamwe. Kubudirira kwayo kwakawedzera panguva yeMesoamerican classic uye postclassic nguva, kureva, kubva 800 kusvika 1.200 AD.
Izwi reNahuatl Toltec rinomiririra vagadziri vezvivakwa, mupfungwa iyi, muguta ravo guru Tollan-Xicocotitlan, vakagadzira hwaro hwechinyakare uye vakazviratidza neruzivo rwakakura rwechitendero uye rwenyeredzi, izvo zvakanyanya kukanganisa vese veMesoamerican vagari vemo. Nenzira iyi, kune yakawanda yeMesoamerica, kuva nedzinza reToltec raimiririra ruremekedzo nechiremera.
Nazca
Kubudirira kwakabva mumipata yezvino yava Ica munharaunda yePeru, neCahuachi sechigaro chikuru chetsika iyi. Izvi zvakavapo pakati pezana ramakore rekutanga nerechinomwe, richive rimwe revanhu vekare vanozivikanwa muAmerica. Kunyangwe vaive nyanzvi dzemicheka nekeramics, mupiro wavo wakanyanya mukurumbira ndeye yakakurumbira Nazca mitsara, nhevedzano ye geoglyphs iri muPampas de Jumana, inomiririra hombe geometric manhamba, vanhu nemhuka.
Tiwanaku
VaTiahuanaco, sokudanwa kwavanoitwawo, vaiva nzanga yaigara pedyo neLake Titicaca, kunyanya muruwa rweLa Paz, kumadokero kweBolivia. Iri rakanga riri boka remadzinza kubva pre-Inca nguva, iyo yakavakirwa budiriro yehupfumi hwayo zvakanyanya pakuchengeta mhuka nekurima. Saizvozvo, ivo vaive neyakagadziridzwa pfungwa yehunyanzvi uye zvivakwa, sezvinoratidzwa nemasara ekare eTiwanaku, chigaro chemweya uye chezvematongerwo enyika chetsika iyi.
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