Otomí gastronomy inosanganisa nhevedzano yendiro yekuda kuziva uye mabikirwo, ine sezvinonyanya kusanganisa mhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa nemhuka dzinogara munzvimbo dziri pakati peMexico, nzvimbo dzavanogara. Tsvaga pano zvese zvine chekuita neiyo Chikafu cheOtomi!
Chikafu cheOtomi
Marudzi echiOtomi pakutanga aigara muMupata weMexico, mune yave kutekeshera Mexico City, zvisinei ivo vaitamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapoteredza nekuda kwekupinda nechisimba nguva dzose kubva kune dzimwe tsika dzeko, dzaisanganisira vaAztec.
Vakagara munyika dziri parizvino nyika dzeQuerétaro, Guanajuato, Michoacán, México neTlaxcala. Inharaunda umo magamuchidzanwa achiri kutekeshera uye vanoedza kuomerera kutsika dzavo dzavakaberekerwa, kunyange nokufamba kwenguva uye kuvapo kwedzimwe tsika.
Nhasi inenge nhengo dzose dzenzanga idzi dzinotaura chiSpanish, asi vakawanda vachiri kushandisa mutauro wavo mukuru wekare wokuOtomi.
Vaiwanzogara munzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru, izvo zvinoita kuti kurima kunetse, kunoda kudiridzwa nguva dzose. Zvisinei, zvekurima zvinoramba zviri imwe yekutengeserana kwakakosha kwevagari venharaunda dzeOtomi mazuva ano.
Panyika dzemhuri vanowanzodyara chibage, bhinzi, bhinzi yakakura, gorosi uye oats, kuwedzera kune yakakurumbira maguey, chirimwa kubva kune mead inotorwa kugadzirira pulque, yakakosha muhupfumi uye chikafu chevanhu veOtomí. dunhu uye izvo zvinobvumira kumisa miganhu pakati peminda yemuridzi wega wega.
Munharaunda umo maOtomí anogara, zvipfuwo uye kurima kwehuku hazvina kunyanya kukosha, zvichionekwa semabasa echipiri. Vanowanzova nemhando shomanana mumapatio edzimba uye nyika yakapoteredza, ine nhamba shomanana yemhuka dziri chikamu chekudya kweOtomi. Kazhinji, mhuka dzakadai sehwai, mbudzi, nguruve, huku nematoki zvinogona kuwanikwa munharaunda idzi.
Dzimba dzavo dzinowanzova diki, dzinowanzo gadzirwa muzvimiro zvakagadzirwa neadobe, matombo kana maguey mashizha, iwo anowanzo akaderera, akavanzwa pakati pemapoka ecacti uye anowanzo ari kure kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Ivo vanhu vanogara mumamiriro akazvininipisa, asi kunyangwe zvakadaro, chikafu cheOtomi chakanaka.
Zvokudya zveOtomi zvine hukama zvakanyanya nemafungiro avo maererano nehutano hwakanaka uye nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira kana kuporesa mamwe mamiriro uye zvirwere. Inoonekwawo sechinhu chakakosha kana chikonzero chekugarisana kwemhuri nemagariro, pasina kukanganwa kuti inoenderanawo nehupenyu hwemweya uye hwechitendero.
VaOtomi vakadzidza kubvira kare kushandisa mukana wezvese zviripo, sezvo zvakawanda zvakavakomberedza zvinogona kuva chikamu chekubika.
Vakachengeta nzira dzavo netsika kuti vagadzire chikafu chavo kunyangwe nekufamba kwenguva uye kuchinja kwazvinounza, saka ndiro dzavo dzinochengeta zvinonaka uye magadzirirwo ekare. Inogovera chinhu chinokosha kune dzimwe tsika, dzakadai sechibage, chave chiripo mumabikirwo akawanda kwemazana emakore uye yakaramba yakafanana kusvikira zvino, sezvinogona kuonekwa munyaya yeOtomí.
Zvimwe zvekudya zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muMexico yose, zvinowanzoita zvishoma kushandiswa mukudya kweOtomi kubva kure kusvika nhasi, kunyanya nokuti inharaunda dzakazvininipisa dzinogara munzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru.
Parizvino, kune Otomi, nyaya yehupfumi inobatawo zvikuru kubatanidzwa kwezvimwe zvekudya mukudya kwavo kwezuva nezuva, somuenzaniso, michero nemiriwo isiri kubva munharaunda, chingwa nemimwe michina yegorosi, mupunga, kofi, shuga, pasta, lentils. , pizi, bhinzi nenzungu zvinhu zvinenge zvisingasvikike kunharaunda idzi.
Kazhinji, Otomí cuisine iri nyore, ndiro dzakavakirwa pane zvemuno zvinongedzo zvinoperekedzwa nema tortilla. Miriwo nemiti inowanzopiwa yakabikwa muzvikamu zvakawanda. Kazhinji, mhuri dzeOtomi dzinodya kaviri pazuva, chimwe mangwanani uye chikuru masikati.
Kunyange pavanenge vachidya miriwo yakawanda uye zvipembenene, vanowanzovhima uye kuunganidza, nokudaro vachiwana zvimwe zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirira kwekubika kwavo uye izvo zvinokosha mukudya kweOtomí.
Kudya kweOtomi kunosanganisira zvikafu izvo kune vakawanda zvakangosiyana, semuenzaniso, mhute kana mazai ezvimwe zvipembenene, izvo zvinowanzowanikwa pamatanda uye hunde dzezvirimwa, pamashizha nematavi kana pasi. Inosanganisirawo dzimwe mhuka, shiri, michero, nyemba nemiriwo kubva munzvimbo. Vanodya zvinomera zvemusango kubva munzvimbo, segarambullo, maguey kana mezcal maruva, pakati pevamwe.
Sekunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMexico, kudya kweOtomí kunonyanya kutariswa ndiro dzakagadzirwa nechibage, kazhinji tortilla, inoperekedzwa nebhinzi uye mhiripiri. Zvigadzirwa zvinopindirana nechikafu cheOtomí kazhinji ndezviya zvinosvikika zviri nyore munzvimbo yavanogara. Pane izvi tinogona kutaura nezve yakaviriswa muto weagave kana pulque.
Dzinodya nyama muzvikamu zviduku, zvikurukuru kubva kumakwai kana kuti mbudzi, sezvo ari marudzi anosimudzwa nyore nyore munzvimbo idzi dzakaoma. Izvo zvakafanana zvinoenda kune kudyiwa kwemukaka, mazai uye huku.
Bhinzi inopedzwa muhuwandu hushoma pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzeMexico, pane zvinopesana, mukudya kweOtomí, kudyiwa kwechili muhuwandu huzhinji kazhinji. Kupfeka uye kupa kunaka, zvikamu zvidiki zvehanyanisi, garlic, green tomatillo uye tomate zvinoshandiswa. Mafuta emafuta anowanzoshandiswa semafuta mune zvishoma.
Miti inodyika yenzvimbo iyi, kusanganisira cacti, inoshandiswa semidziyo yekudya kwemazuva ese, inokura musango munguva yekunaya kwemvura uye inotorwa nevakawanda sesora. Zvimwe zvezvirimwa zvinosanganisirwa neOtomi diet ndezvi:
- Malva, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakurapa kwayo, shizha iri rakapfuma muvhitamini A, C, B yakaoma, tannins, mafuta akakosha uye mucilage.
- Nopales uye prickly mapeya, ari emhuri yecacti, nopal ndiwo chirimwa chine penca inogona kudyiwa semuriwo, ine yakaderera caloric kukosha, yakapfuma mumvura uye fiber, ine michero inozivikanwa seprickly pear, inodyiwa nguva zhinji, ichipa zvakanaka. huwandu hwe potassium uye calcium.
- Maguey kana Garambullo maruva, anonziwo gualumbos, gualumbos kana quinotos, maruva maduku pakati pegirinhi uye yero yeagave, iyo inomiririra kufadza kune vakawanda vanodya.
- Mufarinya, mufarinya kana tapioca, mudzi unobva kuCentral America uko kune mhando dzakawanda, dzimwe dzinodyiwa, dzimwe dzine njodzi uye dzisingashandisike. Mhando dzekudya dzakapfuma kwazvo mumacarbohydrates uye shuga.
- Purslane kana vinaigrette, chirimwa chine nyoro flavour uye acid shoma, inopedzwa yakazara, madzinde, mashizha nemaruva, yakabikwa kana mbishi. Yakapfuma mu omega-3, mavitamini A, beta carotene, B1, B2, B3, C uye E, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, amino acids, bioflavonoids uye antioxidants.
- Quelites kana kuarra inounza pamwe akati wandei Mexican herbaceous zvidyarwa zvinoonekwa zvakafanira kudyiwa uye kazhinji zvikara, zvinosanganisira mazana mashanu marudzi. Dzinodyiwa dziri mbishi uye dzakabikwa, nekuti dzakapfuma muvhitamini, mamineral, folic acid uye fiber.
- Xocoyol, herbaceous zvirimwa zvine acid inonhuwira iyo inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzakabikwa kana mbishi ndiro, senge poto mole, tacos, bhinzi uye yakajeka nemunyu.
- Turnip mashizha nemidzi, zvese zvinodyiwa zvakabikwa kana kubikwa mumasaladi, mabroths, stews, tortillas, nezvimwe. Ndivo masosi evhitamini C, A, calcium, folate, iron uye fiber.
- Rurimi rwemhou, muriwo usingaperi, unozivikanwawo serurimi rwaamai vamwene, unowanzo kudyiwa mumasaladhi.
- Endive, muriwo weshizha unovava zvishoma uye unoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira saladhi.
Muchivanhu ichi mune chirevo chinozivikanwa: zvose zvinomhanya nekubhururuka zvinoenda kuhari; zvichinyatsojekesa kuti kana ichidyiwa inogona kushandiswa, ndosaka mabikirwo mazhinji anosanganisira mazai esvosve, mhunga, tsikidzi, zviremwaremwa, skunks, squirrels, nezvimwe. Zvokwadi ndeyokuti zvose zviri zviviri zvinoyamwisa, zvipembenene, miriwo namaruva zvinogona kubikwa zvakakangwa, zvakabikwa kana kuti kubikwa mukicheni yeOtomí ndokugoverana munzanga kusimbisa zvisungo nokuzivikanwa.
Chibage
Chibage, sezvakangoita mutsika zhinji dzekutanga dzekuAmerica, chikafu chekutanga chinogadzirwa kazhinji sema tortilla ini, chikamu chisingadzoreki mukudya kweOtomi.
Nixtamal kana khuni inogadzirwa mumapoto mahombe, ayo ane musanganiswa wechibage nemvura ine lime, inosiiwa ichibikwa husiku hwese uye yozosiiwa kuti izorore, yozosukwa nekuipwa, isati yaita metate, nhasi muchigayo. nharaunda kana yavo.
Metate yakanga iri dombo rokukuya mativi mana akaenzana, raishandiswa netsika zhinji dzeko, dzakadai seOtomí, nhasi dzimba zhinji dzine chigayo chinoiswa papuranga mukicheni. Kana chibage chakabikwa chakuyiwa pametate kana kuti muguyo, chinochinjwa kuva mukanyiwa, uyo unokuyiwa zvakare padiki diki mukicheni, kazhinji pedyo nechitofu.
Ipapo mabhora ehupfu anotorwa pakati pemaoko uye akapepetwa kuti agadzirire tortilla, mazuva ano anenge nguva dzose molds dzesimbi dzinoshandiswa kugadzira tortilla, zvichiita kuti dzive dzakatetepa uye dzakakura.
Matortilla anogadzirwa zuva nezuva uye kakawanda, sezvo achiwanzodyiwa nenzira dzakasiyana kana semuperekedzi kune dzimwe ndiro dzinoenderana nemagariro uye hupfumi hweakaberekerwa. Kune mamwe misiyano ye tortilla mukudya kweOtomi, zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nekukora kwayo kana kuzadza:
- Tlacoyos imhando yetortilla yakazara nebhinzi.
- Poti kana misoro yekatsi: yakakora kudarika tortillas, ine bhinzi sekuzadza, iyo yakaputirwa nepapatla kana šiza mashizha.
Nekuperekedzwa kwakasiyana kunoenda kubva muto unopisa kuenda kubhinzi nemazai, tsika dzakasiyana dzeko, kusanganisira Otomí, dzinodya matortilla aya muhuwandu hwakawandisa chero nguva yezuva. Munguva yekukohwa, kana chibage chaibva, chinodyiwa nemuto unopisa uye nemuriwo wekunhuwirira.
Zvisinei, haisi iyo chete iyo mukadzi weOtomí anogona kugadzirira nechibage, kune mamwe mabikirwo akajairika mukicheni yetsika iyi apo vanoshandisa chinhu ichi, mamwe acho ndeaya:
Tamales
Tamales kana khãti mabhanzi kana mabhora ehupfu akazadzwa nenyama yenyama uye chilipi yevhu, yakabikwa muhari dzevhu uye kazhinji ndiro dzakagadzirirwa mapati, mhemberero uye nguva dzakakosha. Tamare inoputirwa nehura dzechibage kuti dziibike mumvura yakakwana. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ematamales:
- Piques kana n'yatokhuni: mabhanzi aya anogadzirwa nehupfu hwechibage, pasi kana bhinzi nebhota, akaputirwa mumaguchu echibage uye anobikwa mumvura.
- Pintos kana makhu, yakafanana nepiques, ine zvimwe zvekuwedzera
- Trabucos kana hošiza: imhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzetamale, dzakarebesa, dzakagadzirirwa iye zvino nehupfu hwechibage, hwakavhenganiswa neartisanal sweetener yavanodaidza kuti piloncillo nenzungu, inowanzogadzirwa nekusanganisa chibage mukanyiwa uye pipián nhanga, yakakungurutswa mumashizha epapa, Su kugadzirira. zvinowanzoitika muZuva reMafaro evakafa.
- Neuctamalli, akasiyana siyana akagadzirwa nechibage mukanyiwa uye huchi hwemaguey, anozivikanwa zvikuru mumhemberero dzemwari Yocippa.
- Xocotamalli kana sour tamale: yakagadzirwa nekapfu yechibage chakavava nekuratidzwa nekupisa kwechitofu kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana. Mukanyiwa uyu unowaridzwa wozadzwa nebhinzi, chirimwa chakapfava nechizi, wopetwa wodimburwa kuita zvidimbu, izvo zvinozoputirwa mumagumbeze echibage ndokupiswa.
- Tecoco imwe mhando yetamale inowanzogadzirwa neveOtomi community, parizvino inozivikanwa segordita kana rudzi rwechibage dovi arepa, yakasanganiswa nemafuta nemunyu, yakakanyiwa nebhinzi yakarungwa nehanyanisi, mint uye chilili kusvika yasara sepasta, inozivikanwa se alverjón, Idzi dzinobikwa pagriddle kana comal. Munharaunda yeOtomí, kunyanya muSierra de Hidalgo, kuzadza kwakasiyana, panzvimbo yebhinzi paste, musanganiswa wechizi ane ancho chili, pea paste kana chicharrón ine chili. Inogadzirirwawo sematale akafukidzwa nealverjón uye akaputirwa muzviyo zvezviyo.
chibage atole kana chibage
Corn atole kana t'ẽi mãša, chinwiwa chinogadzirwa nechibage chichena mukanyiwa chakabikwa mumvura kusvika twunhuhwira nepiloncillo zvakakora uye zvinotapira. Kune misiyano yakanyanya yeichi chinwiwa chinopisa mukudya kweOtomi:
- Sour atole, yakagadzirwa nekazhinji dema chibage mukanyiwa, wakaiswa pasi pekuvirisa, yakanyungudika mumvura uye yakaiswa pamoto kuitira kuti itore pane yaidiwa ukobvu.
- Atole Cachirul, yakagadzirwa nechibage chakaoma, mbishi uye chevhu chakanyorova uye chakaviriswa kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana, icho chinobva chasimirwa, mvura inowanikwa inodziiswa zvishoma nezvishoma kuita gobvu, munyu, mhodzi dzenhanga uye pasi guajillo chilies inowedzerwa. Inodyiwa ichipisa uye kazhinji inoperekedzwa nechibage chechibage.
Tostadas inowanzogadzirirwa nehupfu hwezviyo, zvichida zviyo zvemavara. Mukanyiwa unoiswa munyu uye zvimedu zvitete zvinogadzirwa zvinobikwa pagriddle, zvichikwenya imwe neimwe nepakati pechibage pasina tsanga, kudzivirira kuti irege kuzvitutumadza. Vanosiiwa kuti vazorore kwezuva uye voiswa zvakare mugango kusvikira vapedza mvura uye vanyatsogochwa.
Zvichienderana nekuravira uye chiitiko, vakadzi veOtomi vanotungamira chikafu nezvinwiwa vanogona kuwedzera michero kune atole:
- peach atole kana ndinokushuwira, zvinotapira neshuga.
- Orange atole uye inovava orenji atole kana t'éi ichi
- Blackberry atole kana iwe poti
- Atole de tempesquite kana pere, Inowanzo shandiswa pamapati ecarnival.
- cocoa atole kana s'itekhu
- Nzungu atole kana t'ei khumhoi
Iyo atole inowanzo shumirwa pamazororo nemhemberero, mutsauko unoshandiswa unoenderana nemamiriro ekupembererwa kana kuravira kwenharaunda. Zvisinei, inwiwa inopihwawo sechikafu chikuru kuvana vadiki.
Tupukanana nedzimwe mhuka diki
Nzvimbo inogara nharaunda dzeOtomi kazhinji yakaoma, asi kune dzimwe dzakanyanya kunyanyisa, semuenzaniso munzvimbo yezasi yemakomo, mamiriro ekunze anobvumira nharaunda kukohwa kaviri chibage gore rega rega, zvichibvumira nharaunda kusaita. kutambura nekushaiwa chikafu ichi kwenguva yakareba.
Zvisinei, nzanga dziri munyika dzine tembiricha yakaderera uye yakanyanyisa, ivhu rakaoma uye risina kuorera, dzinopa zvinetso zvakakomba maererano nekugadzirwa kwezvokudya, kazhinji kazhinji kutambura kushomeka uye nzara yenguva refu.
Saka zvizvarwa zvemo izvi zvakadzidza kurarama uye kuzvidyisa nokuvhima uye kupedza zvipembenene nemakonye, zvinogara muhunde kana kuti muuswa, zvichiva kubva ipapo chikamu chinokosha chezvokudya zveOtomi.
Mapoka mazhinji, akadai seaya anogara muSanta Ana Hueytlalpan neSan Pedro Tlachichilco, akadzidza kushandisa nekushandisa zvakanyanya zviwanikwa zvishoma izvo nzvimbo yavo inovapa. Munguva yakapfuura uye kunyange iye zvino, vagari veko ava vakawedzera kudya kwavo nechibage, maguey, oak, tepozán uye jarilla worms.
Mukuwedzera, zvipembenene zvakabatwa zvakadai se: mhashu dzakasvibirira, masvosve uye maruva avo, chicalas (giant ants), nezvimwewo. Vamwe vanodyawo hozhwa dzavanodaidza kuti poši'ye, turtles kana šaha, madzvinyu, matatya nemaaxolotl ekuMexico. Zvizhinji zvemhuka idzi zvakabikwa, zvakabikwa, zvakakangwa, zvakasvibiswa, zvakaomeswa mumunyu uye pasi, kushanda semubatsiri kune kudya kweOtomi.
Zvokudya zveOtomi zvinosanganisira zvigadzirwa zvinogona kunge zvisinganzwisisiki, zvakasiyana-siyana zvehonye, mhute uye zvipembenene, pamwe chete nemiti nemaruva, izvo zvinowanzogadzira uye kudya nekunakidzwa. Kuratidzira kune avo vanodzidza uye kunyatsotevera kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvirimwa nezvipembenene zvinogona kuva zvinovaka muviri zvikuru.
Zvimwe zvipfeko
Kune imwe neimwe tsika, chikafu chavo chine chirevo chakakosha, vanotaura kunyika nezvenzvimbo dzavari, tsika dzavo uye mararamiro avo. Zvokudya zveOtomi hazvisi izvo, zvigadzirwa zvavo uye ndiro regai tione chikamu chenhoroondo yenharaunda iyi.
Chikafu chavo chinotarisa pane zviwanikwa zvinopihwa nenzvimbo dzemurenje dzavanogara, zvidyo uye zvidyo zvine nopal, purslane, quelites, cacti, xoconostle, aloe, prickly pears, maguey worms uye jinicuiles zvakajairika.
Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemudunhu zvinomira pakati pemabikirwo avo ndeizvi: tsuro, skunk, squirrel, gonzo remumunda, nyoka, escamoles kana mazai esvosve, pakati pezvimwe. Kuravira uye magadzirirwo endiro yeOtomi imhaka yekugadzirira kwayo muzvitofu nehuni, asi pamusoro pezvose kune hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi hunovatungamira kuti vagadzire iyo yakanyanya kusarudzika musanganiswa wezvigadzirwa zvemuno.
Kugovera chikafu ndeyeOtomi nzira yekusimbisa huzivi hwavo, kuchengetedza ndangariro dzavo uye kusimbisa hukama hwavo nenharaunda. Zvakakodzera kuti chikafu chinoshandiswa pamahwendefa makuru nematireyi, kuitira kuti vose vatori vechikamu mukudya vatore zvokudya kubva kwavari. Mabikirwo akajairika mukudya kweOtomi anosanganisira:
- tsuro mole
- chibage gorditas
- Phaxy (miriwo yakabikwa).
- Ndho (cereals and grains)
- Ximbo, huku kana nyama yenguruve nyama, inopihwa mumashizha emumaguey uye yakabikwa pasi pevhu.
- Tamales netsuro yakabikwa.
- Chicharras yakakungurutswa mumashizha emukotapeya uye yakabikwa mune walnut muto.
- Mole nemhodzi dzenhanga.
- Weathered nopal cake.
- Aloe ruva ne shrimp.
- Jicama saladi.
- Coyote pa barbecue.
- Skunk yakazadzwa netumbuyu.
- Napolitos saladi.
- Maruva echingwa.
- Squirrel muto.
Zvinwiwa zvakajairika
Munyika dzeMexico, zvinwiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyungudutswa kubva kuagave, zvinwiwa zvakajairika kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana uye izvo zvinozivikanwa kwete munyika yavo chete, asi pasirese.
Iyo agave chirimwa cheboka reAsparagaceae, remhando inonaka, inoratidzwa nekuchengeta mvura yakawanda kupfuura zvinomera zvakajairika. Mhando iyi yechirimwa inorimwa muhuwandu hwakakosha muJalisco, Oaxaca neSan Luis Potosí, kugadzira zvinwiwa zveMexico.
Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda ivo vanokura mune zviduku zvishoma, kuchengetedza kugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvinwiwa zvisinganyatsozivikanwa, asi zvinozivikanwa pakati pevagari vemunharaunda. Zvinwiwa zvakasiyana zvinogadzirwa muMexico kubva kune agave juice, mamwe acho ane mukurumbira, akadai se:
- Tequila: chigadzirwa chejusi chakaburitswa neWeber Azul agave.
- Mezcal: yakagadzirwa kubva ku distillation yemoyo we maguey, saka imwe neimwe yemhando yeagave inobereka mezcal yakasiyana.
- Sotol: mhando yechinwiwa yainzi yakatsakatika kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, inogadzirwa nemaoko kunyungudutsa agave yemusango Dasylirion, mhando yechirimwa chinowanikwa mugwenga reChihuahuan.
- Raicilla: yakagadzirwa kubva kune lechuguilla agave, mhando yemusango kubva mudunhu reJalisco, inwiwa yakasimba uye isingazivikanwe.
- Bacanora: mushure mekubika, kuvirisa uye kudhiza iyo Angustifolia Haw mhando agave kana viviparous agave, chimwe chezvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvakanyanya pasi rose chinowanikwa.
Panyaya yenharaunda dzeOtomi, kutsanangurwa kwePulque kwakajairika. Ichi chinwiwa chisati chava kuSpain chinogadzirwa kubva pakuviriswa kwemead inowanikwa kubva kune agave Salmiana kana maguey pulquero sekudaidzwa kwainowanzoitwa munharaunda.
Pulque inokosheswa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakati penharaunda dzeOtomi, zvisinei, ikozvino yave kudyiwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika, seMexico City, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis. Potosi, Guadalajara, Tlaxcala uye Veracruz.
Chinoshanduka kuve chinwiwa chinogoneka, chinogona kutorwa sechisikigo kana kurapwa uye kushandiswa semubatanidzwa mune gastronomy, chiri icho chinhu chikuru mukubika kwakasiyana kwechinyakare cuisine, senge yakadhakwa sosi uye pulque huku.
Uchishandisa pulque, chinwiwa chinogadzirwa icho chinozivikanwa sekurapwa, chakafanana neMexico uye icho chinowanikwa nekusanganisa pulque, muchero uye sweetener inogona kuve huchi kana shuga. Zvakajairika kugadzirira kurapa nemapeya matsvuku, sitiroberi, guava kana zvimwe zvinosanganisa zvakasanganiswa sechokoreti, nzungu kana chili.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti michero haina kunyanya kukosha mukudya kweOtomí, sezvo miti yemichero isingasviki, iri muchero we nopal, unozivikanwa se prickly pear kana kãhã, inonyanya kukosha mukudya kwenharaunda idzi.
Pulque ine hupenyu hupfupi kwazvo hwesherufu, mumamiriro ezvinhu akanyanya, akadzivirirwa kubva kuzuva, mvura, zvipembenene, tembiricha yakakwira kana tsvina, inogona kugara pakati pemazuva matatu neshanu zvakanyanya, kubva panguva yainosiya tinacal. Kuti upedze huwandu hwemazuva mashanu inokurudzirwa kuiisa mufiriji pane tembiricha iri pakati pemashanu nenomwe madhigirii. Kupera kweiyo yakafanana kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekutarisirwa kunopiwa kune chigadzirwa.
Inopedzwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, muhuwandu hukuru uye nekugara kukuru, sezvo inofungidzirwa neOtomi sechinwiwa chakapfuma mune zvinovaka muviri zvakatsiva nyama mukudya kwezuva nezuva. Pulque inonwiwa nevanhu vemazera ese, kusanganisira vacheche nevana vadiki vanoinwa zuva nezuva uye kazhinji.
Inofungidzirwa kuti kushandiswa kwepulque pakati pevarume veOtomi kwaive pakati pemarita maviri kusvika maviri pazuva zvishoma, zvisinei pamazuva emitambo, mhemberero uye misika zvinowanzoita kuti vawedzere, vachisvika pakudhakwa kunyange kana doro rinenge riripo. gadziriro iyi yakaderera kana zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinwiwa, pakati pe3 ne5 muzana.
Chimwe chinwiwa chechinyakare idoro rinozivikanwa renzimbe, rinogara richishandiswa mumitambo, mitambo nemitambo, inozivikanwa se séi kana binu. Inowanzo kudyiwa zvakanyanya nekuti mutengo wayo wakaderera, kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwayo kuchiwanzo kurambidzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo, sezvo kunyanyisa kwayo kunowanzo kukonzeresa mamiriro emhirizhonga panguva yemitambo yechivanhu kana mhemberero.
El zvinovava Chinwiwa chinogadzirwa nedoro renzimbe uye pericón neremoni balm tii, inonwiwa mune dzimwe nharaunda.
Cane pulque inogadzirwawo, inoonekwa sechinwiwa chemadzitateguru eOtomi, inogadzirwa kubva mumuto kana mvura inowanikwa kubva mukukuya nzimbe, iyo inozoiswa pasi pekuvirisa uchishandisa bark rePalo de Bienvenido, Chitubu kana Yusei. Dzimwe nharaunda dzeTierra Caliente dzinogadzira inonzi tepache, chigadzirwa chinowanikwa kubva muto wepainapple wakaviriswa.
Pulque elaboration
Pulque mhedzisiro yekuviriswa kwemusanganiswa wemvura unoburitswa ne maguey kana agave. Ichi chirimwa anenge makore gumi mushure mekusimwa uye kusati kwaonekwa dzinde rayo repakati uye maruva ainotsigira, nzvimbo yepakati inofanira kubviswa, zvichiita kuti pave nekapu yakafanana nekapu.
Mvura inoburitswa nemashizha inoungana mumudziyo uyu wakagadziridzwa uye inounganidzwa zuva nezuva nechubhu inogadzirwa kubva mugodhi wakareba.
Madziro kana zviso zvemukombe zvinoputirwa zuva rega rega, kuitira kuti mvura irambe ichiyerera zvishoma kubva pamashizha. Mvura iyi, inozivikanwa semead, inowanzotapira zvakanyanya, sezvo iine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe sucrose, iyo agave inoshandisa kuvhara simba rayo, kunyanya nekuda kwekukurumidza kukura kwedzinde nemaruva.
Mvura inowanikwa kubva muchirimwa inounzwa mutsika yepulque yakagadzirwa kare, iyo inozosiiwa kuti ivirise pakati pemazuva gumi kusvika gumi nemaviri kusvika yasvika painoda. Kana izvi zvangoitika, zvakakosha kuti pulque inopedzwa mukati memaawa makumi mana nemasere, sezvo kuvirisa kusingaregi uye kuputsa chinwiwa.
Pulque inoratidzika kunge yakasviba zvishoma uye ine mukaka, nekuda kwekuvirisa. Kazhinji ine acidic flavour zvishoma, asi kwete zvakanyanya zvekusada, kunyangwe iyi acidity ingave iyo inodzivirira kuwanda uye kukura kwezvipenyu zvinokuvadza kuvanhu, sezvo kugadzirira kwayo kusingawanzo munzvimbo dzine hutsanana hutsanana. Bhakitiriya kubva pashizha reagave rinoita basa rekuburitsa doro mukuvirisa, rinoitawo basa rekuburitsa ese mavhitamini makomisheni aripo mumvura yeuchi.
Zvinonzi makare-kare yaionekwa semushonga unopa mavhitamini kumuviri, kunyanya munguva yekusanaya kwemvura zvakanyanya, kudzivirira nzara nerufu rwainokonzera. Kuongororwa kwehutano hwepulque kunoratidza kuti mvura yeuchi, kana ichiiswa pakuvirisa, inowedzera mavhitamini ayo, akadai sethiamin, niacin, riboflavin, uye zvakare ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwevhitamini C, yakaoma B, D uye E, iron, phosphorus, acids uye minerals.
Inofungidzirwawo kuti vagari vemo vakaidya kuti vavandudze mamiriro ehutano hwekudya uye itsvo, mumaawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga mushure mekugadzirira kwayo, apo mabhakitiriya anobatsira emuviri aripo muchinwiwa.
Nutrition
Kune zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pehutano hwekudya kwevanhu vakawanda veOtomi, idzi dzinotungamirirwa nemamiriro avo ezvinhu, sezvo dzinomiririra rimwe remapoka ehupfumi ane urombo munyika yeMexico, anogara munyika dzisingabereki uye dzakaoma.
Ivo vanoonekwa semumwe wevakaora mwoyo zvakanyanya munyika, nekudya kwakapfava uye zvishoma zvekudya izvo zvinowanzoonekwa sezvinodiwa pakudya kwakadzikama, nemaitiro akanaka ekudya, akadai senyama, mukaka uye zvinobva pairi, michero nemiriwo.
Zvisinei, zvinogona kushamisa zvikuru kuti kunyange nekudya izvo vakawanda vanogona kurondedzera sezvisina kukwana muzvokudya zvekutanga zvekudya kwakanaka, kudya kweOtomí, iyo inowanzotarisa kudyiwa kwezviyo zviyo, pulque, bhinzi uye zvinhu zvinowanzoitika kumatunhu. kwavanogara, kazhinji vanovhara zvinodiwa nemuviri wavo.
Tsika yekare yekubatanidza zvese zvinodyiwa mukudya kwavo kwezuva nezuva, izvo zvakachengetwa nekufamba kwenguva, zvakazove tsika yakanaka, sezvo kushomeka kwekudya kwakakomba hakuwanzo kucherechedzwa, kugara pasi pegumi muzana.
Inofungidzirwa kuti kunyange kana nzvimbo dzavanogara dzisina kuorera, dzinobereka uye dzakaoma, dzinoratidzwa nehurombo hukuru hwenharaunda dzavo nekufamba kwenguva, zvikonzero nei Otomi yakagadzira nzira yekurarama nekudya yakagadziriswa kune izvi.
Kudya nemitambo
Zvokudya nemhemberero zvinogara zvakabatana; Kana zvasvika kumhemberero, tsika uye mhemberero dzakakosha dzekarenda yeOtomi tsika, menyu inoshanduka zvinoshamisa. Zvokudya panguva yezororo zvinovandudza zvinoshamisa, nekuremekedza zuva nezuva. Mishonga yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana yenyama yakacheneswa inogadzirwa uye inoravira, kazhinji iri nyama yehuku kana yeTurkey uye mole inozivikanwa. Chivabvu.
Mushonga unochengeterwa zvose zviri zviviri zvemitambo netsika zvechihedheni-chiKristu uye nokuda kwemhemberero dzechitendero cheKaturike, izvi zvichizivikanwa zvikuru muidzi nzanga dzose dzakaberekerwamo. Ndicho chikonzero nei mumitambo yakadai se<em>carnival neZuva Revasande Vose, kuungana kukuru kunoitwa uko zvokudya zvine basa guru.
Imwe yendiro inonyanya kufarirwa ndeye Pascal paste kana kirimu yakagadzirwa nemhodzi yesame, chilies yakaomeswa uye huku kana turkey nyama muto, inoshandiswa nerwizi lobster.
Iwe haugone kupotsa nhamba dzinotevedzera vanhu nemhuka dzeshuga chingwa uye yakashongedzwa nemavara yeatari yeZuva Revatsvene Vese, zvichiita ichi chiratidziro chizere nemufaro uye ruvara. Zvidyo zviviri zvinokosheswa kune dzimwe nharaunda dzeOtomi ndeye barbecue kana thũmkø and the zacahuil. Yakachengeterwa zviitiko zvakakosha nekuti zvinosanganisira zvinodhura zvinodhura, zvinowanzogadzirirwa chete pazororo uye mhemberero dzakakosha.
El thũmkø , inogadzirwa nenyama yegwayana, yakabikwa muchoto nemashizha emaguey. Asi chakavanzika chendiro iyi inzvimbo yainobikirwa, hovhoni yakagadzirwa pasi, gomba rinocherwa pasi zvishoma kudarika mita yakadzika anenge.
Iri gomba rakavharwa zvachose nematombo, iyo inofanira kutanga kupisa zuva rimwe chete isati yaisa nyama, yakafukidzwa nemashizha emaguey. Chimedu chenyama chinofanira kunge chakarungwa kuravira, asi zvishoma, chakaputirwa mumashizha emumaguey uye chakaiswa mumudziyo, zvichida simbi kana kupisa, kuitira kuti muto kana consommé iyo inobudisa kana yakabikwa inoramba yakaunganidzwa mumudziyo.
Pakupedzisira, hovhoni inofukidzwa nemashizha emu<em>maguey, matombo, uye ivhu, uye ipapo moto unobatidzwa pamusoro pehovhoni nematanda ocote, cactus, uswa hwakaoma, uye, kana zvichidikanwa, marasha. Nyama inosara ichibika kwemaawa angangoita gumi nemaviri.
El zacahuil, inogadzirwa nehuku kana nyama yenguruve, iyo inorungwa nenzira chaiyo. Mune metate, chibage, chili, cloves, pepper, sinamoni, garlic, munyu, sesame, bhinzi yakafara, bhotela uye makarotsi zvakatswa, izvi zvichava nechitarisiko chebundu, icho chimedu chenyama chichafukidzwa nacho. zvozove Ichaputirwa nemashizha epapa.
Izvi zvakabikwa muchoto sezvakangoitwa nebarbecue, nemusiyano wekuti munyaya iyi maguey mashizha haana kuiswa, asi ferns kana papatla. Nhindi yenyama inosara muchoto chepasi kwemaawa anenge mashanu.
Mumhemberero nemapati hazvibviri kusiya zvakasiyana-siyana zveatoles zvakagadzirirwa neOtomiès, uye zvitatu zvichinyanya kushandiswa pazviitiko zvakakosha:
- Chibage chinovava atole kana išt'êi, iyo yavanowanzo gadzirira nechibage chakasviba, yakanyorova uye yakaviriswa kwezuva, iyo piloncillo inowedzerwa.
- Chibage chinotapira atole kana iwe, munyaya iyi yakagadzirwa nechibage chichena pasina kunyura mumvura uye lime, iyo piloncillo inowedzerwawo kuravira.
- Chibage chichena atole kana t'ašt'éi, iyo ine sechigadziro chayo chikuru chinonzi ash corn, iyo isiri chinhu kunze kwezviyo zvakambosiiwa zvakanyura pakati peraimu nemadota.
Otomi mhemberero tortillas
Yakagadzirirwa mabiko ekukohwa, ayo akabatana nemhemberero yeKatorike yeMuchinjikwa Mutsvene, iyo Otomi tsika tortillas inogadzirirwa nekuzvipira uye nehanya sechipo kune vamwari vavo, mumabiko evamwe Patron Saint.
Iyi tsika isati yasvika yeHispanic chikamu chakakosha chekuzivikanwa kwevanhu veOtomí, chisungo chavo nemasikirwo uye tsika yemadzitateguru yekuronga hupenyu hwemagariro uye hwechitendero chenharaunda uye mhuri inopoteredza kudyara, kurima uye kukohwa chibage, chitsvene chavo. mbeu.
Iyo tortilla inogadzirwa nehupfu hwechibage uye inoiswa pagriddle yekubika, pakati penzira iyi inobviswa kubva pakupisa, yakanyorwa neingi uye chisimbiso uye inoiswa zvakare pane griddle kuitira kuti pigment igadziriswe. Matortilla anowanzo kupiwa sechiratidzo chekutenda chinhu chiri chose chinogamuchirwa.
Kushongedza tortilla chikamu chetsika yekare yekukohwa, iyo yakaitwa nechinangwa chikuru chekutenda Amai Pasi nokuda kwezvokudya zvose izvo mumutsa wavo wakapa kunharaunda.
Matampu ekumaka ma tortilla anogadzirwa nemuti wemesquite, ingi uye pigment zvinogadzirwa ne muicle kana moyotl, chirimwa icho chinowanikwa mukurapa kwakawanda.
Dhayi inotorwa mumashizha nemadzinde echirimwa uye ithoni yepepuru-bhuruu, yakasanganiswa necochineal, chipembenene chinopararira mu nopales, nemamwe mavara echisikigo, saka hazvina kuoma kukoshesa tortilla nemifananidzo ine mavara matsvuku. pepuru, orenji kana bhuruu.
Vanotaura kuti toni uye mavara anoguma anoratidza ruzivo uye zvipo zvemubiki anovaita, saka kusviba kwemavara, kunowedzera huchenjeri uye ruzivo mukicheni.
Iwo madhirowa ematortilla anowanzo kubatanidzwa nehumwari kana musande wechiitiko, chikonzero chemutambo uye zvisikwa, kazhinji mifananidzo yemhuka nemiti inoratidzwa pamusoro pese pese tortilla.
Vakadzi uye chikafu cheOtomi
Munharaunda dzeOtomi, mabasa akagoverwa maererano nebonde kubva kare, kubika uye chikafu inyaya uye basa rakasarudzika revakadzi. Zvokudya zvinogadzirwa nevakadzi chete, avo vanowanzomuka mangwanani-ngwanani vasati vasara vemhuri, kuti vabatidze chitofu ndokutanga kugadzira zvokudya.
Zvakakosha kuti zvinhu zvose zvigadzirike nokukurumidza, nokuti varume vanofanira kubuda kuenda kumunda uye zvisati zvaitika vanofanira kugara pasi kuitira simšũti kana kudya kwemasikati, kazhinji bhinzi, tortilla, muto unopisa, pakati pezvimwe ndiro. Varume vanowanzotanga kudya kupfuura vamwe vose vomumhuri, vari mumacheya mapfupi uye vanenge vasingamboshandisi tafura.
Vamwe vose vemhuri, vakadzi nevana, vanomirira mukicheni kuti varume vapedze zvokudya zvavo ndokuenda, kuti vagodya zvokudya zvavo.
Sihme, kana kuti kudya kwemanheru, kunowanzodyiwa varume vacho pavanodzoka kubva kumabasa avo, kazhinji kacho pakati pechina neshanu masikati. Zvakajairika kuti chikafu ichi chigadzirire tortilla, keke yeupfu hwegorosi, kofi, nezvimwe.
Kana mazuva emumunda akareba uye zvinoda kushanda nesimba, semuenzaniso panguva yekukohwa, kuchenesa milpas, zvichingodaro, zvinokwanisika kuti varume havadzoke kumba kusvika kwadoka uye vakuru nevasikana vanofanira kutakura chikafu. kumunda kuti varume vadye.
Tsika yeOtomí inotaura kuti vashanyi vanofanira kukokwa kuti vauye kana zvokudya zvichipiwa, iri tsika yokuti vanotanga varamba kukokwa vozobvuma. Midziyo yainyanya kushandiswa nevakadzi veOtomí vekare uye iripo mukugadzirira kudya kwemhuri ndeiyi:
- hari dzevhu kana s'ø'e, inobatsira kugadzirira nixtamal, tamales, miriwo yakabikwa, nezvimwe.
- comales kana Toyo: rudzi rwendiro inoshandiswa kugadzira chibage mukanyiwa tortilla.
- Zvirongo nezvirongo zvekutakura uye kuchengeta mvura kana pulque.
- Mabhaketi emapuranga kana matireyi
- Zvipuni zvehuni uye whisks.
- Mabhasikiti nematengu ekuchengetera chibage chinodyiwa mumba.
- Palm mafeni kuvheneka nekukuchidzira marimi echitofu.
Pamusoro pemidziyo yakawanda yeceramic, simbi, huni uye yemiriwo fiber inoshandiswa kutakura, kuchengeta, kubvongodza, kuzunza kana kuputira, pakugadzira chikafu nezvinwiwa.
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