Mazwi okuti "mepu chaiyo" anobva pashoko rechiLatin mepu uye kureva a kumiririra nharaunda. Mepu yemuviri inogona kuoneka pabepa iri muchimiro cherectangle kana muchimiro chedenderedzwa chinotevedzera pasirese. Zvakare, izwi rekuti muviri rinoreva chero chinhu chine chekuita nemuviri kana chimiro.
Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve mepu dzemuviri, pano tinokuudza.
Ndeapi maitiro emepu inooneka?
Mamepu enyama anokubatsira kuongorora nzvimbo itsva nekukupa gwara munzvimbo isina kunyorwa. Zvakare kupa ruzivo pamusoro pemakomo, nzizi uye mapani enzvimbo.
Mepu inoshandisa mavara nemitsetse yakayerwa kusvika pakukura kuratidza mutsauko wekukwirira, nyanza, nemakondinendi.. Inogonawo kushandiswa kuona hurefu hwenhambwe pakati pemapoinzi. Ruzivo rwusingazivikanwe rwusipo pamepu iyi maguta, migwagwa, nzvimbo dzekushanya, uye rumwe ruzivo rusiri rwenzvimbo. Pane kudaro, mepu iyi inotarisa pane geology uye geography yenyika.
mepu chaiyo inosanganisa maitiro emuviri enzvimbo nesangano rezvematongerwo enyika renzvimbo dzayo. Inosiyana nemepu yezvematongerwo enyika inoratidza matunhu ane hutongi hwevanhu vakasiyana mudunhu kana nyika. Pane zvakare mamepu ezvematongerwo enyika kuratidza mativi ose ari maviri mumufananidzo mumwe. Aya mamepu akazara anobatsira pakudzidza misoro yakasiyana.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinoumba mepu inooneka?
Mepu yese ine zvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzvimbo uye nzvimbo, maviri-dimensionality, verticality, abstraction uye idealization, chiyero uye mareferensi. Mepu yega yega yakasiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinosanganisirwa mairi. Imwe yemisiyano yakakosha pakati pemepu imhaka yehutatu-dimensionality. Ichi chinhu chinounzwa kana nzanga dzichikwira kusvika padanho repamusoro. Mamepu akachinja pakawedzerwa mativi matatu kune budiriro nekuti anomiririra chokwadi kubva pakatarisana, sekunge iyo nzvimbo yaigara ichionekwa kubva kumusoro. Uyezve, mamepu aya anoshandisa zviratidzo uye zvisingaoneki kumiririra maficha enzvimbo nenzira yakajairika. Vanoshandisawo chiyero chakaderedzwa.
Mamepu anooneka anogona kuratidza nzvimbo diki setaundishipi kana nzvimbo yakakura sekondinendi. Vanogonawo kuva nemazinga akasiyana-siyana ehuwandu.
Kugadzira mepu kunoda basa rakawanda. Parizvino, mamepu mazhinji anogadzirwa uchishandisa mafoto emuchadenga nesatellite., inonzi orthophotos. Izvi zvinobvumira kunyatsojeka mukugadzira kwako. Sezvo matekinoroji achivandudza, kugadzira mepu kunova nyore.
Mepu yemuviri inodudzirwa sei?
Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti ududzire nenzira kwayo mavara gwara rinogona kukubatsira kuti unzwisise mepu, saka ngano inogadzirwa. Ngano ibhokisi rine ruzivo pamusoro pezvinorehwa neruvara rumwe norumwe. Tevere tichakupa tarisiro shoma pamusoro pemavara anoshandiswa mumamepu enyama:
- Mavara kusviba ratidza nzvimbo dzakakwiriranepo mavara zvakanyanya kujeka ratidza nzvimbo dzakaderera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kunzwisisa mepu kunowanzoda kuziva kujeka kwemavara.
- Mavara girini, yero uye shava kumiririra ruyamuro. Aya mavara anomiririra mahombekombe, nzvimbo dzebrown pakati, uye nzvimbo dzeyero pakati.
- Mavara bhuruu zvakaitirwa mitumbi yemvura. Iyo yakadzika yemuviri wemvura inomiririrwa neyakasvibira bhuruu, senge mumadziva nemakungwa, kune nyanza, madhaka uye nzizi dzine kuyerera kudiki, yakareruka bhuruu inoshandiswa. Kuwedzera kujeka mumufananidzo kunoreva zvikamu zvakadzika zvemufananidzo.
Sei mavara achishandiswa?
Mamepu enyama anogadzirwa kuyera uye kuremekedza metric zvivakwa, izvo inobatsira vashandisi kuverenga zviri nyore nzvimbo nemadaro. Inyanzvi yekugadzira makadhi, inyanzvi mukuranga kwekatuni, uyo ane basa rekugadzira mepu. Mune mamepu aya mazita emaguta anonyanya kukosha akanyorwawo, asi miganhu yavo haina kunyatsotsanangurwa (nokuda kweizvi, zvakakosha kutarisa mapepa ezvematongerwo enyika).
Kusiyanisa zvinhu zvepasi, mavara anoshandiswa pamepu chaiyo., chakajeka ndicho chakati nyangarara kana kuti chine hudzamu hushoma, uye chepamusoro uye chakadzama ndecheruvara rwakanyanya. Nokudaro, nzizi nemadziva zvine bhuruu, uye kudzika kwemvura yadzo, mitsetse inoimiririra inosviba. Panyaya yekusunungurwa kwemakomo nezvikomo, inomiririrwa nebrown uye tsvuku, uye kune mapani, yakasvibirira.
Mamepu akachinja sei munhoroondo yese?
Mepu yekutanga yakagadzirwa nevanhu yakagadzirwa nemuzivi wechiGiriki Anaximander muzana ramakore rechishanu BC. C., umo chairatidza nyika yakawanda yakakomberedzwa negungwa guru. Gare gare kudhirowa kwakakwenenzverwa uye huwandu uhu hwakava Gungwa reMedithera, Gungwa Dzvuku nenzizi dzeNire. Europe, Libya neAsia zvakaparadzaniswa nerwizi Phasis.
Muna 1570 CE, mepu yenyika yose yokutanga yakabudiswa. Zvisinei, kunzwisiswa kukuru kwemasvomhu nefizikisi muzana remakore rechiXNUMX kusvika kuXNUMX kwakabvumira kuyerwa kwakanyatsojeka. Izvi zvaisanganisira latitudes, longitudes, meridians, uye mepu zvakazara.
Mepu dzenyama dzakaitwa kusashanda nekushandiswa kwesextants uye telescope muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.
Mepu dzinosanganisira mifananidzo uye GPS marongero akatorwa kubva muchadenga chinopihwa maonero akanyatsojeka emamiriro ekunze ePasi. Iwo anogadzirwa kubva kune georeference zvirongwa, seQGIS, ARCGIS, pakati pevamwe. Aya mamepu anogara akagadziridzwa anobvumira vanodhirowa kuti vagadzire machati anorekodha shanduko dzese dzisiri pachena muGeography yePasi.
Sechokwadi chinoda kuziva, kwete chete mucartography uye geography ndipo panoshandiswa izwi remepu yemuviri. Asi zvakare muBiology, kunyanya mubazi re genetics Izwi rokuti mepu yemuviri rinoshandiswawo kureva majini uye ma genetic marker anoumba machromosomes. Tinovimba kuti ruzivo urwu rwakakubatsira iwe mukunzwisisa mamepu emuviri.