Mashiripiti echokwadi yaive sangano rekunyora uye remifananidzo remuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, umo yakayedzwa kuratidza manyepo kana kufungidzira sechimwe chinhu kubva muhupenyu hwemazuva ese. Nekusvika kwake, chinangwa chemabasa chakanga chisisiri chokumutsa manzwiro muvanhu, asi kuti azviratidze nevasiki vavo. Muchikamu chino tichakupa ruzivo rwese rwunodiwa kuitira kuti uve neruzivo nezve maitiro emashiripiti echokwadi, mavambo ayo, ndezvipi zvaiva vatsigiri vayo vakuru nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Chii chinonzi Magical Realism?
Mashiripiti echokwadi imhando yezvinyorwa kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, umo zvinoshamisa kana eccentric zvinoburitswa sechiitiko chemazuva ese. Inoshanda serondedzero yakavakirwa pakunyatsotarisisa kwechokwadi, kusanganisira kuwedzeredza uye zvakasarudzika zvinowanikwa mairi. Kunyangwe iyo pfungwa ichizivikanwa zvirinani mumunda wezvinyorwa, zvemashiripiti zvemashiripiti zvakashandiswawo kugadzira hunyanzvi hwazvino hwemifananidzo.
Kubva pakuonekwa kwayo, vanyori vazhinji vakaita basa rekuipa kucherechedzwa kwakanyanya, sekuti; Isabel Allende, Gabriel García Márquez, Julio Cortázar, Laura Esquivel, pakati pevamwe. Ava vanga vachitungamira kupa veruzhinji nyaya uko chokwadi chechokwadi chakasanganiswa nekufungidzira. Vanozviita nenzira yakanakisa zvekuti vaverengi vanoomerwa nekusiyanisa kana shanduko yematauriro ikaitika, zvinoita kuti zviite sekuti varatidziri vanotora senge chokwadi chezviitiko zvakasimudzwa.
Sekureva kweVenezuelan polymath Arturo Uslar Pietri, rudzi urwu rwakabuda semhinduro kumabhuku echinyakare eLatin America anopesvedzerwa nemhepo senge romanticism, yemazuva ano uye costumbrismo. Munyori anosimbisa kuti aya mafashama haana kushanda kutsanangura denga rakaoma rechokwadi cheHispano-America.
Mukuwedzera, anotsanangura kuti kutaridzika kwayo hakuna kureva kuuya kwemaitiro matsva mukunyora, asi pane nzira yekuziva kuti tsika yenharaunda yakaita sei kuburikidza neutopian asi panguva imwechete zviitiko zvechokwadi. Nekusimuka kwemashiripiti echokwadi, escapist fantasy yemazuva ano aesthetics yakatanga kubvunzwa, sezvakaita mufananidzo wemabhuku ose e costumbrista.
Zviratidzo
Kuve rudzi rwezvinyorwa pacharwo, zvemashiripiti realism ine nhamba yakanaka yehunhu hunoitsanangura. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nechinyorwa chega chega nemaitiro emunyori. Haasi ese mabasa ane mukurumbira ane rimwe nerimwe rehunhu hwatichataura, zvisinei, mamwe ane iwo akavharirwa mukati merudzi. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvi:
Fusion pakati pezvakajairwa uye zvakanakisa
Ese mabasa anotsanangurwa semashiripiti echokwadi zvinyorwa ane yakanakisa hybridity inobata muverengi. Mavari, mamiriro akakomberedzwa nefungidziro asi aine mavara echokwadi kana, anogona kunge ari chaiwo mamiriro ane mavara anoshamisa. Kazhinji, izvi hazvisimbiswe, ndiko kuti, hazvitsanangurwe kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvine chirevo chinoshamisa uye izvo zvisingaite, maonero emunhu wega wega ndiwo akakosha. Munyori ane rusununguko runokatyamadza rwekusimudzira nyaya.
Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvemashiripiti zviri mumabhuku, vatambi vanozviona sechokwadi. Kunyange zvinyorwa zvinokurudzira zvakanyorwa kuti zvinzwisiswe nepfungwa nevaverengi. Mutauro wemutauro unofanirwa kunge uri diaphanous uye mupfupi, saka, tsananguro dzinowanzo kutsanangurwa uye dzezvinhu zvakajairika uye dzinozivikanwa neveruzhinji.
Matauriro echokwadi-anonakidza aripo mungano uye ngano dzakakurumbira dzezvekukoshera magariro enhoroondo yemazuva ano yeLatin America. Muenzaniso weizvi, zvinoshamisa sei munyika iyo Gabriel García Márquez akatizarurira mu "Makore zana Ega ega".
nyaya dzekurota
Kazhinji, zvirongwa zvinoratidzwa mumabasa zvinopararira pane ndege yehope. Nekumwe kutaura, nyaya dzinorondedzerwa muchinyorwa dzinowanzotanga kusimuka kubva muzviroto zvinenge zvichiitwa nevatambi, zvichifarira marongero anoyevedza kuti abate muverengi.
Satiriization yemamiriro emunhu
Mukuita zvemashiripiti zvakajairika kuona kuti vanyori vanoseka munhu kuratidza chiaroscuro yevatambi vavo. Sezvatakambotaura, zvinhu zvemashiripiti zvinobudiswa pachena zvinoshanda kuti tinzwisise kukosha kwemanzwiro evanhu; kubva parudo, kuenda kunzanga uye ruvengo zvinova chimwe chinhu chinobatika. Idzo nyaya dzinogona kusiyana mumatanho adzo ekutsvinyira, mamwe akajeka kupfuura mamwe, asi chaizvo ese anoitwa.
Kuvapo kwakawanda kwevanorondedzera
Muhuwandu hwakawanda hwenyaya dzeLatin America zvemashiripiti echokwadi, kushandiswa kwemunhu wekutanga, wechipiri uye wechitatu kunoshandiswa mukurondedzera. Pane dzimwe nguva, anotochinjana pakati pavo, murondedzero yose. Munyori ane rusununguko rwakakura rwekuita zvaanofunga zvakanaka, nekuti muverengi anonzwisisawo zviri kurondedzerwa.
Kushandisa mythology
Mythology chikamu chezvikamu zvinoumba rudzi urwu, kushandiswa kwayo kunowanzoitika, sezvo ichipa chirongwa chakanakisa chekunze nuance asi panguva imwechete yekuzvarwa, zvichienderana nenyika yemunhu ari kuverenga chinyorwa. Muchokwadi, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti ngano iyi inowanzobva kuLatin America, nekuti vanyori vayo vakanyura mairi kubva paudiki.
kushongedza mutauro
Mutauro unogara uchiitirwa kushongedza mune zvemashiripiti, vagadziri vawo vanowanzo shandisa mutauro wenhetembo kuti uwedzere kuyerera uye kuumbwa. Kureva kuti dimikira uye hyperbole zvinowanzo shandiswa kuitira kuburitsa zvirinani manzwiro nemanzwiro evatambi. Nenzira iyi, yemukati merisimilitude ichapihwa kune zvisiri izvo zvinhu.
Kutungamira kwenzvimbo dzine urombo uye dzakaganhurirwa
Hukuru hwevarombo kana kuti dzinenge dzakasarirwa nharaunda dzakavanda zvikuru mumabasa aya. Vanyori vezvemashiripiti echokwadi vanowanzo gadzira nyaya dzavo dzakatenderedza zvikamu zvakasiiwa uye zvine zviwanikwa zvishoma. Izvi ndezvokuti vanoda kuti vanhu vanoverenga mabhuku avo vadzidze pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvechokwadi kunze kwavo, kunze kwekupa nzvimbo pamusoro pekusaruramisira kwevanhu munharaunda, kushandura hutano kuva nzira yakanaka yekuita kutsoropodza kwevanhu uye zvematongerwe enyika.
Kusavapo kwemutsetse werondedzero yerondedzero
Panguva ino, vanyori havana zvirambidzo zvemhando ipi neipi, nguva yenyaya inoumbwa zvakanyanya. Kazhinji, chimiro cherondedzero hachiitike nenzira yemutsara, yakakanganiswa uye inotenderera, ndosaka mashiripiti echokwadi achikwezva kuvaverengi vazhinji. Muzvirongwa zvakaratidzwa, vatsigiri vanodzokera kune zvakapfuura, zviripo uye ramangwana nguva dzose.
Vanyori vakuru uye mabasa
Panguva iyoyo paive nevanyori vakawanda vakapinda muchikwata ichi, zvisinei, vashoma chete ndivo vakabuda pachena. Pakati pevaratidziri vakuru vezvemashiripiti, zvinotevera zvinogona kujekeswa:
- Miguel Angel Asturias Rosales (1899-1974): Aive munyori weGuatemalan, mutori wenhau uye mumiriri. Anoonekwa semumwe wevanyori vedunhu vakabatsira zvakanyanya mukusimudzira zvinyorwa zveLatin America zvezana ramakore rechi1946. Muhupenyu hwake hwese, Asturias aitarisira kuratidza tsika dzechivanhu dzeLatin America. Mabasa ake anozivikanwa zvikuru ndee "Mr. President" (1949) uye "Men of corn" (XNUMX).
- Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980): Aive muCuban akanyoreswa muSwitzerland munyori, mutori wenhau uye nyanzvi yemimhanzi. Muhupenyu hwake hwese, aive nesimba guru pazvinyorwa zveLatin America, sezvo akashandisa zvitaera zvekunyora zvakaita seReal Marvellous neNeo-baroque mumabasa ake. Vatsoropodzi vanomuona somumwe wevanyori vanokosha vomuzana ramakore rechi1949 mumutauro wechiSpanish. Pakati pemabasa ake anokosha ndeaya: "Humambo hwenyika ino" (1953), "Matanho akarasika" (1974) uye "Baroque konzati" (XNUMX).
- Arturo Uslar Pietri (1906-2001): Venezuelan polymath; akashanda semunyori, mutori wenhau, muzivi, gweta, wezvematongerwo enyika uye mugadziri weterevhizheni. Kusvikira nhasi, kuVenezuela ndiye mumwe wevanyanzvi vane pesvedzero yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Uslar Pietri ndiye aitarisira kugadzira izwi rekuti zvemashiripiti mumabhuku enguva iyoyo. Zvinyorwa zvake zvinozivikanwa zvikuru ndezvi: "Mapfumo matsvuku" (uye "Mvura").
- Elena Garro (1916-1998): Elena Delfina Garro Navarro anga ari mutori wenhau wekuMexico, mutori wenhau, munyori wenyaya pfupi, munyori wemitambo uye mutori wenhau. Kunyangwe aisazvifarira uye akatozvitumidza senge mercantilist label, rakawanda rebasa rake rekunyora rinowanzobatanidzwa nemashiripiti echokwadi. Garro anoonekwa semumwe wevanofangira kuvandudzwa kwezvinyorwa zvekufungidzira. Iye anozivikanwa munyika yekwake uye mune mamwe matunhu "Kurangarira remangwana" (1963) uye "vhiki yemavara" (1964).
- Juan Rulfo (1917-1986): Haana kungoshanda semunyori chete, Juan Rulfo aive akasarudzika weMexican screenwriter uye mugadziri, wechizvarwa che52. Mukurumbira weakataura munyori wakabva mumabhuku ake maviri makuru erondedzero; "El llano en llamas" (1953) uye "Pedro Páramo" (1955), ose aimiririra Rulfo kudarika kwake mumutambo wemashiripiti. Sezvakaita naElena Garro, mabasa ake anoonekwa sechinjo yemabhuku eAztec.
- Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1927-2014): Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez, anozivikanwa zviri nani saGabo, aive munyori anozivikanwa wekuColombia, mutori wenhau, mutori wenhau, screenwriter uye mupepeti muLatin America nedzimwe nyika. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, akapiwa mubayiro weNobel for Literature muna 1982. Ukama hwake nehuchokwadi hwemashiripiti hausi chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuzvarwa, nokuti basa rake rakakurumbira "Makore zana Ega Ega" rinoratidza kufamba mumativi ose. Akanyorawo mamwe aikurudzira zvikuru sekuti “The colonel has no one to write to him” (1961) uye “Love in the times of korera” (1985).