Rationalism nemifananidzo imwe nguva yapfuura yaitonga zvese zveunyanzvi nezvinyorwa; zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuratidza chokwadi chenyika ino iri panzvimbo isina mufungo, izere nemirangariro uye kusakwana uye icho pakupedzisira chiri musimboti wayo; ndiwo maitiro azvinoita Zviratidzo Del Kudanana.
Zviratidzo zve Romanticism
Kutanga kuziva hunhu hunokosha hwekudanana, zvakakosha kuti utarise kuti iyi nyowani nyowani yehunyanzvi uye yehuzivi yakapesvedzera nzanga panguva iyoyo yakatanga, uye yakaratidza kutanga kwechimiro chitsva chekutaura kwehunyanzvi munzvimbo dzese.
Romanticism yakaonekwa muEurope muzana ramakore regumi nemasere, iyi yaive nyowani nyowani yaitarisa kune akasiyana aesthetic, huzivi hutsva uye nzira nyowani yekuita nekunzwisisa hunyanzvi. Yakanga yatove ichiuya kubva panguva dzemufananidzo, nguva iyo chikonzero uye humanism yakakunda, ichisiya manzwiro, manzwiro uye zviroto.
Naizvozvo, mukupindura kune ino pragmatic nyika, romanticism yakaonekwa, kuzvipira kumunhu anozvimiririra uye kukwidziridzwa kwemanzwiro uye nyika yekurota. Neizvi, akadzokera kune yakapfuura, kune tsika uye tsika dzenyika, iyo pachayo yakanga iri nzira yekuwanazve hunhu hwenyika uye maitiro ayo; izvi zvakakonzera kukura kweurudzi uye kudzokera kunyika yeGreeco-Latin, uye Middle Ages. Iyi miitiro mitsva zvakare yakaratidza matambudziko akasiyana uye nzvimbo dzekuongorora mune yega yega hunyanzvi chirango.
Hunhu hweRomanticism muPainting
Muchinoitika chokuratidzira kwounyanzvi mukudhirowa, kwakabatanidza chinjo yechokwadi mukutaura kwokuti nzanga yaizoonga urwu rudzi rwounyanzvi, urwo kubvira panguva dzakapfuura rwakanga rwuri rwose rwose rweHurumende neChechi, avo munheyo vaiva vasimudziri vayo vokutanga, kazhinji kazhinji. kuishandisa pakushambadzira kwako.
Saizvozvowo, maitiro erudo akagadzwa, kuburikidza nekubatanidza kwehunyanzvi nekushandiswa kwehana uye hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, mamiriro matsva ekuita uye kuvaka kwehunyanzvi; uye aya ndiwo matsananguriro emunyori wenhoroondo Ernst Gombrich, mune zvinotevera:
"Iyo pfungwa yechokwadi uye nzira iyo hunyanzvi hwaigona kuratidza hunhu hwaigona chete kusimbiswa kana hunyanzvi hwapedza zvimwe zvese zvinangwa."
Aya ndiwo maitiro mazhinji erudo maartist nevanyori vakanzwisisa hunyanzvi senzira yekuzviratidza uye zvechokwadi basa. Nenzira iyi, vazhinji vakasarudza kusiya mabasa, vachinzwa vachimanikidzwa kutengesa mabasa avo kuti varege "kuzvitengesa" sevanyori. Saka, pamwe chete nechitendero chemuimbi akazviratidza semucheri wezvinyorwa zvechitendero, akarambidzwa uye akashaya mari maartist akawedzera, nokuti zvakanga zvakachengeteka kuti vateereri vatsva vavimbe neunyanzvi hwechinyakare.
Literary Romanticism
Yakanga iri shanduko yezvinyorwa yakatanga muEurope pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX apo vamwe vanyori vakasiya mitemo yemaitiro uye manyorerwo evanyori vekirasi ndokutanga kutaura nezve zvisikwa, zvekutambudzika kwerudo mune yemunhu uye melancholy toni semamiriro. Zvakatorwa kubva mukunzwa kunyaradzwa. Maitiro matsva aya akatanga muGermany, akasvika kuEngland neFrance uye akapararira kune dzimwe nyika.
Mukudavidza kutsika yavakuru ichiri kutekeshera, vanyori vakanangidzira ngwariro pakuora mwoyo kweMiddle Ages, nguva dzokuvamba kwenyika dzavo, kuongwa kwemavara ane ugamba neushingi, uye tsika dzechivanhu; Kumukira uku kwakasvika pakakwirira muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Nheyo dzedzidziso dzeRomanism mumabhuku dzakagadzirwa muGermany naHegel, Schelling, naFichte, vazivi ve classical idealism (inozivikanwawo se philosophical romanticism).
Urudzi
Iwo romantics anoparidza nyika, anokurudzira kukwidziridzwa kwechimiro chenyika, kudzokera kune zvakaitika kare uye kusikwa kwegamba renyika. Muzvinyorwa zveEurope, magamba enyika akanaka uye akashinga medieval knights; muBrazil, ivo maIndia, vakanaka zvakaenzana, vakashinga uye vakabudirira.
Zvisikwa zvinokudzwawo mukudanana, zvinoonekwa sekusimudzira rudzi kana pekugara kubva kuhupenyu hwekupandukira hwemaguta ezana ramakore reXNUMX; kukwidziridzwa kwechisikigo kunozadzisa miganhu yekuenderera mberi kwemunyori uye nguva yake yemanzwiro.
Romanticism muMumhanzi
Mimhanzi mikuru yeRomanticism yakagadziridzwa mukati menguva yese yekuimba kuMadokero, kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Iri sangano remimhanzi rakanga rakabatana nekufamba kwekunyora uye unyanzvi hwezita rimwechete rakabuda muEurope pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemasere, kunyanya muGermany.
Munguva iyi, mimhanzi yakawedzera kuratidza uye manzwiro ekuva vamiriri vemazuva ano zvinyorwa, zvehunyanzvi uye zvehuzivi. Saizi yerwiyo yakawedzera zvakanyanya muRomanticism, sezvakaita dhizaini renji uye kusiyana kwezviridzwa zvakashandiswa.
Makonzati eruzhinji ave musimboti wenzanga yemumaguta yepakati, kusiyana nenguva dzekare dzekare apo makonzati aibhadharwa uye aiitirwa zvakanyanya kune aristocracy. Pakati pehunhu hwekudanana, tinogona kutaura nezve kusiiwa kutsva kwechisikigo, kufarira zvekare (kunyanya ngano dzekare), kutaridzika kutsva kune zvisinganzwisisike uye zvemweya, kushuva zvisingaperi uye kutarisa kune zvinoshamisa, izvo. zvemweya uye zvemweya
Urudzi hwakanga huriwo chirevo pakati pevaimbi veRomanticism; kuratidzwa kwekunzwa kwakanyanya muzvinyorwa kwave kwakakosha kune huzhinji hwehunyanzvi hwakagadzirwa munguva ino yenhoroondo.
Kuumbwa kwechirongwa, rwiyo rwemumhanzi, rwiyo runofamba, opera yeBel Canto uye nhanganyaya yekonzati mhando dzakabuda uye dzakarumbidzwa panguva yerudo sedzimwe modhi kune classical sonatas uye symphonies.
Values uye programmatic zvinhu zverudo kufamba
Vatambi vakasiyana-siyana vakazvinyudza muchikwata chitsva ichi cherudo, kazhinji vaimiririra mabasa avo vachishandisa nhevedzano yehukoshero uye mativi akabatana zvakanyanya nehunhu hwerudo, nzira nyowani yekuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi yenguva iyoyo, pakati pavo tine :
Imagination vs. njere
Semhinduro yekurambwa kwechokwadi chechiratidzo chekukosha kwekufungidzira, nekuda kwekuikodzera seyakapokana kune izvo mweya wekufunga uye hutsika hunomiririrwa panguva yeneoclassical art; vanyori vakasarudza kupa chirevo chitsva kukufungidzira kuburikidza nekuwedzera kuburikidza nenzira mbiri: kuishandisa sechinhu chekugadzira uye sezivo.
sublimity vs. classic runako
Munguva ino, maartist anosimuka achiramba iyo yekare prototype yaimiririra runako (kurongeka, chiyero uye kuwirirana), sezvo yaiwanzo fungirwa uye ichidzokororwa, saka vakafunga kuitora kuburikidza nepfungwa yehunyoro.
Nokudaro, kuenzanisa pakati pezviviri izvi kwaishamisa zvikuru: nepo chimiro chekare chinotanga kufadza uye tsitsi, iyo yepamusoro, kureva zvinopesana, inomiririra kusagutsikana, manzwiro anodarika kana kushungurudzika kunobva mukusiyana pakati pehukuru hwekufungidzira hwechinhu chiri. zvinofungidzirwa uye zvinoonekwa.chikonzero ichocho chakamirira. Iyo yepamusoro inofamba, inozunungusa uye inovhiringidza mucherechedzi nenzira inokwezva; Izvi zvinokutora kubva munzvimbo yako yekunyaradza uye zvinokumanikidza kuti uongorore mamwe maitiro erunako kunze kwekurongeka, kuenzanisa uye kuwirirana.
subjectivity vs. chinangwa
Romanticism inoratidza kuti maonero emunyori anoratidzwa mumabasa ake, kureva, kuzviisa pasi kuburikidza nemanzwiro ake, kutonga kwake, kuzvidya mwoyo uye zvishuvo. Mupfungwa iyi, inosunungura muimbi kubva mukutumirwa kunoiswa nezvishuwo zvemutengi kana veruzhinji, kunyanya inomudzikinura kubva mukuzvipira uye komisheni; uye iyi ndiyo nzira iyo izwi rekuti art rinomiswa sechiratidzo chega.
nationalism vs. university
Paive nehunhu huviri hwakatora chikamu mune zvese zverudo uye neoclassical art, zvisinei, ivo vakapindirana nenzira dzakasiyana kwazvo mune zvese hunyanzvi kuratidzwa; Izvi zvakanyanya zvekuti vanyori venhoroondo vakaita saEric Hobsbawm vanoti:
"Iyo yerudo pamwe neoclassical, inomiririra zvikamu zviviri zvemari".
Pakati pemisiyano pakati pezviratidziro izvi zvine chekuita neurudzi ndeiyi: nepo muunyanzvi hweNeoclassical yaidzivirira pfungwa yenyika sechisungo chine musoro uye nzira yekusimudzira budiriro, rudo rwakakoshesa pfungwa yekuzivikanwa kwenyika. Mupfungwa iyi, nyika inounza pamwechete vana verudzi, vehama.
Formal uye stylistic zvinhu zve romanticism
Kuburikidza nehunhu hwerudo, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye masitayera zvakaratidzwa, izvo muimbi aigona kuongorora kuti atore mumabasa ake aitevera, aya ndeaya:
Kusiyana kwezvitaera
Pasina kupokana, rusununguko rwekuratidzira rwakaunzwa kune maartist rwakanga rwakakura panguva idzi, sezvo chimwe chezvakakosha hunhu hwerudo rwemhando dzakasiyana siyana, kubvisa zvese zvedzidzo zvimiro uye zvichireva kutsvaga kwekuratidzwa kwemukati. Nekuda kwekuti romanticism iri mubazi kuti iri (semuenzaniso art kana mabhuku), inogona kutorwa seyakajairwa maitiro.
Izvo zvakanyanya zvekuti romanticism haigone kuve inokodzera panguva imwe chete, asi seyezvino painogumira yevamwe (neoclassicism, realism, chiratidzo, pre-Raphaelitism). Nekudaro, zvinogoneka kuratidza kuti rudo rwerudo rwakaunza huratidziro hunoratidza pachena mukuratidzira kwehunyanzvi hwezana ramakore reXNUMX, ichizivisa chingave pfungwa yekunyora uye yemazuva ano art.
Kusunungurwa kubva kumitemo
Mukudanana, vese maartist nevanyori vakazvidzikinura kubva mukusagadzikana kwemitemo yedzidzo, zvisinei, izvi hazvina kureva kuvasiya zvachose; kunyange zvazvo mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinoita sokuti mitemo inonyangarika zvachose. Kune zvakare vamwe vanozviisa pasi pekuratidzira kwavo pachavo, vachishandiswa sechido chekutaura chinomuka. Mumamiriro ese ezvinhu, muimbi anozvisunungura achizvidira kubva mukusachinja-chinja kwedzidzo achitsvaga maitiro ake anomuzivisa.
kutsvinya kwerudo
Iyi yaive imwe yeakanyanya kuferefetwa uye nekuferefetwa maitiro erudo munguva dzino dzerudo, kunyanya mumabhuku. Irwo rudzi rwechimiro chepfungwa chakananga kumhando dzekuti chokwadi chinoonekwa sei, icho chinoronga magumo ekunzwisisa kwekutonga. Irony nokudaro inovhura mikana isingaverengeki mubasa reunyanzvi.
Kunzvenga kujeka uye tsananguro
Romantic artists vanofarira mamiriro emanzwiro, kunyanya ayo anoratidza kumwe kunyara. Kana kupenda iri dimikira renyika yemunhu, achiziva akavhiringidzika, muvengi anofarira kutapurirana kwemweya wepfungwa, uye nekuda kweizvi anoshandisa kushaikwa kwekujekesa uye tsanangudzo. Izvo zvakafanana zvinoitika nemabhuku uye mimhanzi yekufamba kwerudo.
Kupesvedzera kwehunyanzvi hwebaroque, kunyanya muFrench romanticism
Munyaya yeFrance, Romanticism zvakare yakatendeukira kune vatenzi veBaroque, avo Chiedza chakange chashora sevakavhiringidzika, vakanyanyisa, uye vakashongedza. Iyo Baroque yakaverengerwazve kubva pakubata kwerudo, kunyangwe yakanangidzirwa kune zvinyorwa zvitsva zvekukurudzira kwemazuva ano; mifananidzo mikuru ye motley yakadzoka zvakare, ichiita seinovhiringidza uye inofadza.
Mhedzisiro inonongedza inotonga pamusoro pekupedzisa kana kunyatsojeka
Nepo neoclassicism yakaita nhamburiko chaiyo yekuvanza maitiro akaita kuti muoni akanganwe mugadziri semurevereri pakati pake nepfungwa, vanodanana vanorangarira kuvapo kwake nekusiya maitiro achioneka, ndiko kuti, nehana kubvumira kusakwana, asymmetry , kusarurama kana fomu isina kupera. , ingava kupenda, mimhanzi kana mabhuku.
Simba
Iwo mabasa erudo anosiya kubva kune akasiyana eiyo neoclassical mabasa uye osarudza akaiswa mabasa uye azere nekupikisa.
madingindira erudo
Madingindira anoshandiswa murudo anogona kutariswa pane akasiyana maratidziro emusoro (mabhuku, pendi nemimhanzi), uye pakati pezvinodzokororwa uye zvakakurumbira, tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:
mafungiro nemanzwiro
Madingindira anonyanya kumiririra mupendi yerudo anobva mukutaura kwenyika inomiririra yevanyori. Madingindira akadai seaya ane chekuita nemanzwiro aya ekuora mwoyo, kusurukirwa, kusagadzikana, kushaya simba, rudo, dementia, chishuwo, kutya kana kutya ndiko kwainyanya kuwanda, kutaura zvazviri, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti madingindira aya aitenderera mumadingindira ese akagadzirwa murudo. , tsananguro yavo:
Rudo
Semusoro wedingindira rezvinyorwa zvake, munyori werudo haaone rudo senguva yekufara, asi senguva yekutambudzika. Rudo sechimwe chinhu chisingagoneki icho kazhinji chinoguma nenhamo, rudo rwunokwanisa kusunda muverengi kuburikidza nekunzwa kwaro kwakanyanya.
Rufu
Rufu rwaive pacharwo chimwe chezvainyanya kunetsekana nevaimbi verudo, uye rwakasvikirwa kubva kumakona mazhinji. Paive zvakare nekunyanya kufarira nyaya yekuzviuraya panguva yerudo, iyo yakakurudzirwawo nerubatsiro rwebhuku raGoethe The Sorrows of Young Werther.
Nhoroondo
Romantic artists akabatanidzwa kune libertarian uye nationalist zvematongerwo enyika tsika dzaiwanzoratidza madingindira kubva munhoroondo akanyoreswa kune izvi zvakakosha. Ichi chinhu chaive nekunamatira chaiko muAmerican romanticism, isingazivikanwe zvachose kune kukurudzira kubva kuGreco-Latin yapfuura.
MuEurope pamwe neAmerica, hunyanzvi hwerudo hunomiririra ndima dzenhoroondo kubva kuMiddle Ages nedzimwe nguva, pamwe nemazuva ano, zvinova nenzira inodiwa kwekwakabva rudzi uye kusunungurwa. Chimurenga cheFrance neiyi nzira, yaive imwe yemadingindira aifarirwa mukupokana kwehunyanzvi hweFrance.
Romanticism inomiririrawo chimiro chegamba, asi zvichienzaniswa neoclassical kuratidzwa kunomuita semunhu anodzikama uye anozvidzora azere nehunhu hwakanaka, rudo runomusiyanisa seakawandisa, azere neshungu uye zvinosuruvarisa.
Mamiriro
Romanticism inodzokera kumamiriro ezvinhu nenzira mbiri: yekutanga, kuvhara mukaha uri pakati pemunhu nemasikirwo unobva mukushanduka kwemagariro nehupfumi; chechipiri sedimikira renyika yemukati yechidzidzo. Uku zvakare kuzvidza neoclassical rationalism, iyo mumamiriro ayo ese yakasarudza zvemukati uye zvakadzikama chokwadi kukwevera muoni kune meseji.
The mythical and legendary literature universe
Iwo ma romantics akatanga kutsvaga zvitsva muzvinyorwa zvenguva dzese, achifuratira mareferensi eGreco-Latin. Ivo vanonyanya kuenda kune izvo zvinyorwa zvinopa zvinoshamisa zvinhu, zvinoshamisa zvienzaniso, zvikara, dzimwe ngano, pakati pezvimwe.
pop tsika
Pamusoro pazvo, pakava nefaviro yaikura mukumiririrwa kwetsika dzakakurumbira, dzaidavirwa kuva dura rekuzivikanwa kwenyika; chiono chetsika dzakakurumbira hachizove chine bucolic. Inogona zvakare kubatanidzwa kune zvemashiripiti-yechinamato chadenga uye kune imwe ruramiso ye "nyonganiso" yakatambudza vakavhenekerwa zvakanyanya.
Nostalgia yekutenda uye pamweya
Neoclassicals uye Romantics vaidavira kuti nguva dzose yapfuura dzaive nani, asi zvose nenzira dzakasiyana. MaNeoclassicist aipikisa basa retsika, iro ravaipomera mhosva yekunyanyisa, uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi vaitenda kuti vaiona muenzaniso wehungwaru muGreco-Latin yapfuura.
Zvichakadaro, varatidziri vaipikisa kuwanda kwekuvhenekerwa uye vakashuvira nguva dzepakati uye "dzechinyakare". Vakachema kunyangarika kwomudzimu nepfungwa yamashiripiti muupenyu; panguva imwe cheteyo, vaikoshesa nguva yakapfuura yakakurumbira semanyuko makuru okuvapo kwenyika. Uku kutarisika kusinganzwisisike kwaive kwakafanana nekugamuchirwa kwerufu rudiki iyo yemifananidzo yerudo inochema kakawanda mumifananidzo yayo.
the American Aborigine
Imwe yemadingindira makuru edzinza rekare rakaita seanonyomba inyika yechiAboriginal yekuAmerica, yavakadudzira sechiratidzo chekubatana pakati pevanhu nemasikirwo. Ehe, yaive fungidziro yakafemerwa nepfungwa yaJean-Jacques Rousseau yeanokudzwa savage.
exotic affairs
Yaiva neRomantics iyo kufarira kune inonzi "exotic tsika" yakatanga kupararira, ine pfungwa yakasarudzika yemuvara uye kuumbwa. Imwe yeanonyanya kupararira ndeye Orientalism, iyo inoratidzwa kwete chete mukudzidza kwemaitiro ekunaka asiwo muzvidzidzo zvinomiririrwa.
Hunhu hweRomanticism
Paive nenhamba dzakawanda dzakabatsira mukudanana, umo vese varume nevakadzi vakapinda pasina mutsauko. Pazasi tinokuratidza mazita evamwe vavo zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekutaura kwehunyanzvi kwavakagadzira uye mamwe emabasa avo anomiririra zvakanyanya, aya ndeaya:
Vanyori
Mabhuku aimiririra zvakanyanya murudo, kuburikidza nemabhuku asingaverengeki akatsanangurwa nevanyori vanotevera:
- Mary Shelley nebasa rake rakakurumbira rekunyora Frankenstein (1829)
- Edgar Allan Poe uye bhuku rake The Tell-Tale Heart (1843)
- Victor Hugo nebasa rake rekunyora Les Miserables (1962)
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe uye budiriro mukunyora kwake The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774)
- Alexandre Dumas nebasa rake rinozivikanwa The Count of Monte Cristo (1844)
- José de Espronceda uye novel rake Mudzidzi weSalamanca (1840)
- Lord Byron nebasa rake rakatanhamara The Pilgrimages of Childe Harold.
painters
Vanonyanya kuzivikanwa maartist vakashandisa mumabasa avo maitiro erudo uye zvese zvinobatanidzwa mairi, ndeaya anotevera:
- Francisco Goya nebasa rake Zviroto zveChikonzero Kugadzira Zvikara (1799)
- William Turner nependi yake Mvura, Steam uye Speed (1844).
- Leonardo Alenza nekuratidzwa kwake kwehunyanzvi muThe Romantics kana Kuzviuraya (1837)
- Théodore Gericault romanticism mubasa rake The Raft of the Medusa (1819)
- Eugene Delacroix uye kutaura kwake kwehunyanzvi muRusununguko Inotungamira Vanhu (1830)
- Caspar David Friedrich netsanangudzo yependi yake The Wanderer Above the Sea of Clouds (1818)
Vanyori
Paive nevaimbi nevaimbi vakawanda vakapinda muchikwata ichi chinonzi romanticism, pakati pavo ndeichi:
- Ludwig van Beethoven ane Symphony No. 9 yake (1824)
- Franz Schubert uye zvaakanyora Ellens dritter Gesang kana Ave Maria (1825)
- Robert Schumann mukukudziridza kwake Dichterliebe (Rudo uye Hupenyu hweMudetembi) (1840).
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza nezve Zviratidzo yeRomanticism, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: