Iyo tundra inzvimbo yebioclimatic ine kutonhora kwakanyanya, ine nyika dzisina miti yakawanda uye zvishoma zvinogona kuwanikwa zvinopfupikiswa mu lichens, herbs, mosses uye makwenzi akadzika. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve tundra features, tinokukoka kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga chinyorwa ichi.
Chii chinonzi Tundra?
Iyo tundras ingangoita gwenga repolar, umo mamiriro ekunze anotonhora zvakanyanya uye kune kushoma kana kupotsa mhando yekunaya kwemvura, mu tundra kune mhepo ine simba uye ivhu harina chikafu, ndosaka zvinomera zviri nyore kugadzirwa. pane zvishoma zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine nzvimbo apo chinhu chega chinogona kucherechedzwa ichando nechando.
Zvose izvi zvinoreva kuti tundras imhando yemapani asina miti, aya anogona kuwanikwa kunyanya kuchamhembe kwehemisphere, anenge pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic Ocean uye kumaodzanyemba kweAntarctica.
Mhando dzeTundra
Kune 3 mhando huru dze tundras dzine hunhu hwakasiyana, asi mutsauko wakanyanya kukosha ndiko kwadzinoumba. Izvi ndizvo zvinotevera:
- Alpina: Alpine tundras inogona kuwanikwa mumakomo chero kupi zvako pasi rose, panzvimbo dzakakwirira pasina miti zvachose, uye apo ivhu rinowanzosvibiswa.
- Arctic: Arctic tundras inogona kuwanikwa kuchamhembe kwehemisphere, pasi peiyo arctic ice sheet uye inogona kuwedzera kusvika kumucheto weconiferous masango etaiga.
- Antarctica: Kune rumwe rutivi, iyo Antarctic tundra ndiyo isinganyanyi kuzivikanwa uye kazhinji yakaoma kuwana, asi idzi dziri pane zvimwe zvitsuwa, zvakadai seKerguelen, South Georgia neSouth Sandwich.
Tundra Characteristics
Sezvo iyi iri mhando inonakidza uye inoyevedza ye ecosystem, ine inotonhora uye ine vanhu vashoma nzvimbo, saka izvi zvinokonzeresa tundra features dzakanyanya, uye dzakanyanya kuoma kuwana mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi.
Nzvimbo uye Kureba kweTundra
Alpine tundra iri munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa makomo eEurasia, uye chikamu cheNorth America. Iye zvino, arctic tundra iri kuchamhembe kwehemisphere uye inosanganisira Alaska, Siberia, kuchamhembe kweCanada, kumaodzanyemba kweGreenland uye arctic coast yeEurope.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Antarctic tundra iri muSouth America, kunyanya muChile neArgentina, uyewo muzvitsuwa zveAntarctic, zvakadai seKerguelen, Malvinas, South Georgia uye nzvimbo duku dzegungwa reAntarctic.
Masikati Kusiyana muTundra
The arctic tundra inogamuchira zvishoma chiedza chezuva, nokuti zvichienderana nehukuru hwenzvimbo, zuva richavanza kwenguva yakareba uye rinogona kusvika kumwedzi miviri, nguva iyo tundra inenge iri murima rakazara panguva uye inoramba yakavanzwa, zvisinei, munguva yezhizha rinowana chiedza chezuva, asi simba rayo rakaderera.
Mamiriro Ezvinomera
Nguva iyo zuva rinobuda mu tundras, chete pamusoro pevhu anogona kunyunguduka, saka ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei miti yakasimba chete inogona kukura. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinomera zvinowanikwa mu tundra zvinogadzirwa zvikuru nemakwenzi uye uswa.
Ivhu uye Permafrost
Ivhu rema tundras nderemhando yegley, kureva kuti, rakapfuma musimbi, iyo inowanzoitika mumapani emvura. Ivhu repasi rinowanzogara rakaomeswa nechando mukati megore rose, richigadzira permafrost inodzivirira mvura pasi, zvichiita kuti machakwi, madhamu nemadhamu aumbe.
Gley mhando pasi
Ivhu remhando yegley rine chikamu chikuru kubva muzana cheferrous iron, ndicho chikonzero ruvara rwayo rwakaita grey-green. Mamiriro ayo mu tundra ma polygons, akatsemuka-akazara nemvura uye mirwi ye peat, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kweaizi.
Permafrost ivhu
Permafrost ivhu revhu rinoramba rakaomeswa nechando, harigari rakafukidzwa nechando, asi rinoramba riri chando nguva dzese. Permafrost is carbon sink uye izvi zvinozoita dambudziko guru, nokuti kana kutonhora kuchikwira, ipapo iyo permafrost ichanyunguduka uye izvi zvinozotanga kuita kweketani kunogona kukonzera kukuvadza kwakawanda panyika.
iyo peat
Peat inopfuura chikamu chetatu chemarasha, spongy uye chiedza chinogona kuwanikwa muvhu re tundra, izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nekuparara kwemarara muvhu kana yakazara nemvura, mu tundra tinowana nzvimbo dzine machakwi dzakakura kwazvo, iyo ndidzo dzinogadzira chikamu chikuru chemosaic yenzvimbo iyi.
Tundra Climate
Mamiriro ekunze e tundra anoramba ari pasi pe zero kweanenge gore rose, inenge mwedzi mitanhatu kusvika ku6, zvose izvi zvinokurudzirwa nekuti iri pedyo zvikuru nematanda. Munzvimbo yeArctic, iyo tundra tembiricha Inobva pa -12° kusvika -6°C inenge, asi munguva yechando inosvika -34°C uye munguva yechirimo inosvika -3°C.
Mumakomo emakomo tembiricha inogona kudziya yakati wandei, sezvo muchirimo inogona kunge iri 10° C, zvisinei, mukati mehusiku inodonha madhigirii akati wandei pasi pe zero. Nguva yechando mu tundra inogona kutonhora zvakanyanya, yakasviba, yakareba uye yakaoma, zvekuti tembiricha pano inogona kunge isingafungidzike, ingangoita -70 ° C.
Munguva yakawanda yegore kune kunaya kwechando, munguva yezhizha mamiriro ekunze anogona kuderera zvishoma nechando uye kuva pakati pe -28 ° C, panguva ino panogonawo kuve nekunaya kwemvura yakareruka, mvura inonaya inenge nguva zhinji yainonaya chimiro chechando. Kana iri makomo kana makomo, munguva yezhizha inogona kusvika 10 ° C, uye munguva dzeusiku dziri pasi pe zero.
tundra flora
Iyo tundra inoshaya miti nekuda kwekudziya kuripo munzvimbo iyoyo, zvisinei, tinogona kuwana mamwe marudzi e Kutunga miti kana mamwe marudzi emiti, ayo ane marudzi anosvika mazana mana akasiyana, kazhinji aya madiki, akabatanidzwa nemamiriro ekunze.
Iine mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu asingabvumiri kukura kwemiti mikuru, sekushaikwa kwemvura, kushaikwa kwekuora kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, izvo zvaizogadzira ivhu rakapfuma mune zvinovaka muviri, izvo zvakakosha pakukura kwezvinomera, izvo zvinokura kure kure. kubva kune mumwe nemumwe.
MuArctic tundra uye subarctic tundra kune marudzi angangoita 1.700 emiti, umo matinogona kuwana uswa uye liverworts. Iyo yakanyanya kujairika tundra zvinomera ndeye mosses, iyo inongosvika masendimita gumi, zvinoreva kuti yakadzikira uye iri padyo nevhu, izvo zvinovabvumira kushivirira mhepo ine simba pasina kudzurwa uye mumwaka wechando vanodzivirirwa pasi pechando. zvinovafukidza.
Mu tundra tinogonawo kuwana mhando ye dwarf shrub, yakadai se lichens, kuwedzera kune heaths, sedges. Cushion miti inogarawo mune izvi, izvo zviri pakati pematombo ane matombo, apo anofukidzwa nemhepo yakasimba uye anopinda munzvimbo ino nharaunda inodziya zvishoma.
Zvisinei, mu tundra zvimwe zvinomera zvinoberekwa zvinokura zvishoma kana kuti zvisingasviki pasi uye munguva yezhizha, inozadzwa nemaruva akawanda maduku ealpine, anozadza iyo nzvimbo yakasviba nehupenyu uye ruvara; uye inoishandura kuva nzvimbo yakasvibirira yakasvibirira ine moss, lichens, sedges, uswa nemakwenzi maduku.
Vegetation Hunhu
Zvidyarwa zviripo mu tundra kazhinji zvidiki, kureba, izvi nekuda kwezvimwe zvikonzero zvikuru, hunhu uye zvakakosha munzvimbo idzi:
- Ivhu re tundra harina chero rudzi rwezvokudya.
- Zvirimwa zvinokura mu tundra, nekuda kwehupfupi hwadzo, zvinowana zviri nyore kwazvo kutora kupisa kubva murima pasi, izvo zvinobatsira kudzivirira kubva kuchando.
- Izvo zviduku zvinomera zve tundra, zvakanyanya kudzivirirwa kubva kumhepo inotonhora uye ine simba, uye midzi yavo mipfupi zvokuti inokura yakanamatira, sezvo isingagoni kupinda mupermafrost.
- Vanowanzokura vari mumapoka, izvo zvinovabvumira kudzivirirana kubva kune inotonhora, uye zvimedu zvechando nechando zvinokwevedzwa nemhepo ine simba.
- Tundra zvinomera zvinoumbwa neperennial herbs, warblers, lichens, mosses, uye dwarf shrubs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6fPzneE8So
Mhando dzakawanda dzezvirimwa muTundra
- Yagel Mosses: Yagel moss imhando ye lichen inowanikwa kune tundra, izvi zvinogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba yemakore anopfuura 500.
- Nhema Raven: Iine mhando yemabriji ane kutapira kunotapira, ichi chirimwa chidiki chinewo mishonga yekurapa.
- lichen jelly: Ndiyo lichen yakakura inogara mu tundra, inogona kuyera pakati pe 10 ne 15 centimita.
- lingonberry: Lingonberry chirimwa chidiki kwazvo, vanewo mabheri anotapira.
- Dwarf Birch: Chirimwa chinokwanisa kusvika masendimita makumi manomwe pakureba, ndosaka chichinzi rudzi rwemakwenzi.
Tundra Wildlife
ari tundra mhuka vakajairira panyama kugara munharaunda yerudzi urwu, mhuka idzi dzine makushe marefu, dzinewo zvifukidzo zvakakora zvemafuta pasi peganda zvinovadzivirira kubva kuchando. Ruvara rwedzimwe mhuka idzi rwakachena uye runodzibatsira kuti dzihwande muchando, nenzira iyi dzinokwanisa kutiza kubva kune dzimwe mhuka zviri nyore.
Pakati pemhuka dzatinogona kuwana mu tundra, reindeer, caribou, hares, arctic makava, Mapere, falcons, musk oxen, polar bear uye akati wandei eshiri, zvisimbiso neshumba dzegungwa dzinogarawo kumahombekombe.
Mamwe marudzi anogara muArctic tundra semhumhi, arctic makava, polar bear, loons, seagull, arctic bumblebees, moths, nhunzi nhema, lemmings, squirrels, arctic hares, caribou, arvicolins, makunguo, hawks, uye mhashu. Nepo mhuka dzealpine tundra dzisina polar bere uye dzimwe mhuka dzinobva kuArctic, pakati padzo mbudzi dzemakomo, pikas, marmots, makwai, butterflies uye mhashu.
Kune mhuka dzakawanda muArctic tundra kupfuura muAlpine tundra, nokuti zvokudya zvakawanda zvinowanikwa muArctic. Nenzira imwecheteyo sezvinoitika nemaruva e tundra, zvakafanana zvinoitika nemhuka, kureva kuti, mamiriro asina kunaka e tundra anoita kuti kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwemarudzi kusingabviri. Pakati pemhuka dzinogara mu tundra, tinogona kuwana zvinotevera:
- caribou: Ireindeer kubva ku tundra yekuchamhembe kwehemisphere, kunyange zvazvo yave yajaira kugara munzvimbo dzayo, uye nhasi mhuka iyi inogona kuwanikwa pazvitsuwa zve subantarctic.
- Ermine: Ermine imhuka diki inodya nyama inokara, yakafanana neshiri inogara kuchamhembe kweUnited States, Canada neEurasia.
- Mhuka yekunechando: Ndiyo mhuka huru yemammalia yatinogona kuwana mu tundra, uye inowanikwa munyika dzakadai seAlaska neCanada, asi zvinosuruvarisa, mhuka iyi ikozvino iri pangozi yekuparara.
- Arctic Wolf: Arctic wolf idiki pane grey wolf uye mhuka iyi inoshandurawo ruvara rwemvere dzayo zvichienderana nemwaka wegore, kuwedzera izvi zvinowanzowanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeArctic.
- polar hare: Inogara munzvimbo dzeAlaska, Canada, Greenland neScandinavia, chimiro chakanyanya chemhuka duku iyi ndeyokuti bvudzi rayo rinosiyana zvichienderana nenguva yegore, kureva kuti mumwedzi yechando inopenya uye mumwaka wechando kazhinji kusviba.
- Snowy zizi: Kunyanya kuzivikanwa sezizi rechando, shiri huru iyi ine minhenga michena, kunyange zvazvo kune vakadzi nemarudzi maduku unogona kuona mavara matema padumbu.
Nguva Yekuberekesa mhuka dzesango
Imwe yemhando huru ye tundra inguva pfupi yekubereka yezvipenyu zvinogara imomo, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvisingafarire kuti chirongwa ichi chigare kwenguva refu, saka chinongove nechikamu chemavhiki mapfupi.
Nyika
Isu tatoziva kuti tundra inzvimbo yerenje kwatinogona kuona nzvimbo dzakachena uye dzakawanda Rocky Mountains. Mumwaka wezhizha unogona kuona zvinomera zvakawanda uye mamwe maruva, zvisinei, mumwaka wechando nzvimbo yacho yakafukidzwa zvachose nechando.
Nezve nzvimbo yeArctic tundra, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti pasi rinoramba rakaoma mukati megore rose, chiitiko ichi chinozivikanwa se permafrost. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nzvimbo idzi dziri pasi pekutyisidzira, sezvo tundras iri imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kushaya pekugara papasi.
Pakati pehusiku Zuva muTundra
Pakati pehusiku zuva chiitiko chatinogona kuona muAntarctic tundra uye muArctic tundra, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuswedera kwematanda, apo munguva dzezhizha zuva rinoramba riri pamusoro pehupamhi kana kuti zviri nani kuvanza, zvichigadzira chiitiko che husiku huchena kana inonzi zuva repakati pehusiku.
Polar Night muTundra
Husiku hwepolar hwe tundra huri panzvimbo yakatarisana nechiitiko chinoitika kubva pakati peusiku zuva, kureva, munguva yechando, munzvimbo dziri pedyo nematanda zuva rakavanzwa kwemazuva, uye rinogona kupedza kusvika kumwedzi yakavanzwa, mamiriro ezvinhu anowedzera. husiku mu tundra. Kusavapo kwezuva ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinovimbisa kutonhora kwevhu mu tundra.
Ecological Kukosha kweTundra
Kukosha kwe tundra kunowedzera kupfuura chero chinhu munzvimbo dzinoramba dzakaoma nechando, nekuti pasi payo pane permafrost, iyo yakawanda kabhoni inobatwa iyo, kana ikaburitswa, ingave yakanyanya kusvibisa mhepo, kubva mukunyunguduka kunoitika mu tundra. muzhizha, inongova pamusoro, sezvo mamwe anoramba akaomeswa nechando.
tundra kutyisidzira
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, imwe yekutyisidzira kukuru kuripo mu tundra ine chekuita nekudziya kwepasi, sezvo nekuda kweizvi, iyo polar ice inonyunguduka, inokanganisawo tundra, ichiishandura kuva njodzi huru yekuburitswa kwekabhoni iyo ine. Saizvozvowo, ozone layer inopera simba munzvimbo dziri pedyo nematanda, ichisiya nzira yakasununguka yemwaranzi yeultraviolet inoishatisa.
Mukuwedzera, mu tundra mune imwe mhando yemaruva inonzi lichen, iyo inonyanya kukoshesa kusvibiswa, nokuti inogona kungogara munzvimbo dzine okisijeni yakawanda, uye ichi chirimwa chikafu chemhuka dzakawanda dze tundra, izvo kureva kuti kusvibiswa kwacho kwaizokanganisa iyo ecosystem yese.
