Renaissance yakanga iri sangano rinokosha retsika, iro rakapa nzanga nhamba yakawanda yezvipo zvakakosha zvikuru. Naiye kwete chete nzira itsva yekuona chitendero chakasimuka, asiwo nzira yekuchinja yekutaura Renaissance Art, kupa nzira yekusikwa kweRenaissance art. Pamwe, iyi nguva yehunyanzvi ndeimwe yeinonyanya kuzivikanwa pasi rose nekuda kwemukurumbira yayaive nayo uye ichiri kuramba iinayo. Nechikonzero ichi, inoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha munhoroondo yepasi rose.
Chii chaiva Renaissance uye Renaissance art yayo
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mavambo eRenaissance ari pakati pekupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, nepamusoro pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Iyo Renaissance yakashanda senguva yekuchinja pakati peMiddle Ages uye Yemazuvano Age. Pachezvayo, uku kwaive kufamba kwetsika kana chiitiko kubva kuguta reFlorence, Italy, mhedzisiro yekuvhurwa kukuru kwemaguta, kutengeserana kwemahara kubva kune mamwe matunhu. Nguva pfupi mushure mekukwirira kwayo, yakapararira mukondinendi yose yeEurope, kunze kweRussia.
Iyi nguva ine zita iri, sezvo yaionekwa sekuzvarwa patsva kwehunyanzvi uye kufarira munhoroondo yeGreeco-Latin. Kufarira kwetsika dzechinyakare uye kudzokera kune yakanaka yekukwana kwaigona kuonekwa kunoratidzwa mumaguta ese eEurope. Renaissance yakaita kuti dzidzo ive mbiru huru yemagariro emuzana ramakore regumi neshanu, misimboti nemitemo yeMiddle Ages yakanga isisina nzvimbo pano, vanyori vekare nezvitendero zvavo zvakasimudzira kukurudzira kutsva nemienzaniso yekusikwa kwekufunga kutsva.
Izvi zvakaita kuti vanyori vemifananidzo vabve padzidziso yeocentrism iyo Kereke yeKatorike yakanga yadyarwa zvakanyanya mumabasa avo, ndokutanga kuisa pfungwa zvakanyanya pazvinhu zvese zvetsika dzevanhu; tsika, tsika, uzivi, sainzi, pakati pezvimwe. Vaya maartist aitevera tsika dzechinyakare dzemazana emakore apfuura vaionekwa sevasina maturo uye vechinyakare, nekuti pane nzira nyowani yekuona munhu semunhu akakwana uye akasarudzika yaitsvakwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi.
Naizvozvo, Renaissance yaimiririra kumutsidzirwa kweruzivo uye kufambira mberi mushure memakore mazhinji ehutongi hwepfungwa dzechechi muMiddle Ages. Nekusvika kwake, kutarisisa kwesainzi, zvematongerwo enyika uye, pamusoro pezvose, hunyanzvi hwakadzoserwa, kuisa parutivi theocentrism yepakati uye kuchitsiva neino hunyanzvi hwazvino, anthropocentrism. Zvaikwanisika kuparadzanisa zvizere vagari vemo kubva kune vechitendero.
Kubva pakuona kwe epistemology, anthropocentrism inogona kutsanangurwa sedzidziso inoisa munhu sepakati pezvinhu zvose uye kuguma kwekupedzisira kwezvisikwa. Izvi zvakave nepamusoro-soro mumifananidzo yechiGiriki. Nekune rumwe rutivi, zvichionekwa kubva kudzidziso yehuzivi hwetsika, anthropocentrism inodzivirira kuti zvinodikanwa zvemunhu zvinofanirwa kuwana tarisiro yehunhu nekukurumidza kupfuura chero chinodikanwa cheumwe munhu mupenyu.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nguva iyi yakaguma nekuberekwa kwevanyori vakanaka, vakakwanisa kuratidza rusununguko rwavo rwekusika mukubwinya kwayo kukuru, kunyange kupfuura unyanzvi hwemazuva ose, vakava vanyori vakasiyana.
nguva
Sezvatakambotaura, kutanga kweRenaissance hakuna zuva rakatarwa, vamwe vanyori vanoti sangano iri rakatanga kutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye vamwe vanosimbisa kuti pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX. Zvisinei, nguva iyi yakakamurwa zvakakomba kuita nhanho nhatu, izvo zvakaratidza zvikuru kukura kwayo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvi ndezvi:
Mazana matatu
Iro zita rehunhu "Trecento" iratidziro yekubva kuItaly iyo inoreva zana ramakore regumi nemana, rinova iro kutenderera kwe1300 makore chaiwo. Iyi nguva yakaratidza shanduko kubva kuMiddle Ages kuenda kuRenaissance. Mariri, kusiyana nenguva yapfuura, maartist ayo ese ari ega.
Uye zvakare, kuyedza kwakaitwa kukwenenzvera kuratidzwa kwehunhu hwepfungwa mumabasa, kutariswa kwakanyanya kwakabhadharwa kune anatomy yebasa rakaratidzwa, maitiro efresco akavandudzwa uye, pamusoro pezvose, vanyori vakatanga kushanda zvizere pakuumbwa. izvo zvinosanganisirwa mumatunhu. Iyo Trecento yakapa nzira mukusikwa kwezvikoro zviviri zvakasarudzika zvakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kwekunaka; The Florentine uye Sienese.
Mazana mana
Iyo Quattrocento inoenderana ne1400s kana inongozivikanwa sezana ramakore regumi neshanu. Iyi ndiyo nhanho iyo Renaissance inotanga kutora zvakanyanya chimiro. Pfungwa yake yekukura yakanga iri muFlorence, Italy. Pano classical mythology inotorwa zvakare uye nzira itsva yekutaurirana kuburikidza neunyanzvi inotsvakwa. Vatsigiri vayo vakurusa vaive Filippo Brunelleschi naLeon Battista Alberti.
Sculpture inokwanisa kuzvisunungura zvachose kubva mukuvaka, sezvo zvivakwa zvevagari zvakawana kukosha kunoshamisa mukati menzanga. Chikwata chezvivakwa chiri kubuda chaitsvaga nzvimbo dzine musoro uye dzakarongeka nemimwe mitemo yakakosha.
Nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji dzinofanirwa kuve nehurongwa hwakarongeka. Chirevo chechinyakare cheGirisi neRoma chinotorwa zvakare uye chinogona kucherechedzwa kwese kwese; nzvimbo dzekugara, nzvimbo dzekutengeserana uye kunyange mizinda, iyo yakarega kutorwa senhare. Pamusoro peizvi, pendi yemafuta yakagadziridzwa uye mhando yemifananidzo yemifananidzo yakabuda.
Mazana mashanu
Nhamba huru yepamusoro yeRenaissance, Cinquecento, yezana remakore rechi1500 kana XNUMX. Munguva iyi, Florence haisisiri iyo pfungwa yekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira, inoenda kuguta guru reItaly, Roma. Muchokwadi, muCinquecento rimwe remabasa anozivikanwa kwazvo munyika yose yeRenaissance nguva rakagadzirwa, The Sistine Chapel.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti maartist makuru eRenaissance akakwezvwa kuRoma neChechi yeKatorike kuti iite mabasa mukati mezvivakwa zvayo, zvichikonzera kutaridzika kwevapendi, vavezi uye vagadziri vezvivakwa vaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo, saSangallo, Pallado, Miguel Angel, Vignola naDella. Porta. Pamusoro pezvo, chimiro chehunyanzvi chinonzi "mannerism" chakaratidzwa, icho chakakwanisa kugara pamwe * kwenguva yakareba pamwe chete neiyo classicist maitiro.
Hunhu hwese
Zvisinei nekuti matauriro akasiyana siyana, masitayera, mafambiro uye zvinofarirwa zvakamuka mukati meRenaissance, ine humwe hunhu hunogona kuitsanangura uye kutitendera kuti tisiyanise kubva kune dzimwe nguva dzenhoroondo yevanhu. Pakati peanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeaya:
Kupesvedzera kukuru kwehunyanzvi hwechiGiriki
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakatanhamara zvakakonzera shanduko huru yetsika nehunyanzvi muEurope yese yaive pesvedzero huru yeunyanzvi hwekare hwechiGiriki pavavezi, vapendi nevanyori venguva iyoyo. Huzhinji hwehunhu hunogona kucherechedzwa mumabasa aya hwakanyanya kufanana nehuripo mumabasa echiGiriki.
Munhu ainyanya kukosha mushanduko iyi aive Francesco Petrarca, muimbi weItaly ane mukurumbira wezana ramakore rechigumi nemana. Kurudziro yakawanikwa kubva kukare yakakwanisa kuvandudza madingindira uye maitiro ekusika mune yega yega yehunyanzvi dzidziso. Mukuwedzera, izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekuonekwa kwekufamba kwakabva kune tsika yekare yeMiddle Ages.
Kubuda kweHumanism
Nekusvika kweRenaissance, sangano rine mukurumbira repfungwa rinoenda nezita rekuti "Humanism" rinosimukawo. Ndosaka huzhinji hwehunyanzvi hwenguva ino hwakafuridzirwa nekutenda kwehuzivi. Muchikwata ichi, tsika dzechinyakare dzechechi dzeMiddle Ages dzinoiswa parutivi uye hunhu hwemunhu hunokwidziridzwa zvakanyanya.
Muitiro wohunhu muRenaissance wakabvumira vanyori kutaura vakasununguka zvikuru pamusoro pechitendero uye pamusoro penhau dzairangarirwa kare kuva zvivi. Saizvozvo, kutaridzika kwayo kwaireva kuti kunyanya kutariswa kwakabhadharwa kune maficha uye madiki madiki evanhu vanoratidzwa.
Avo vakatevera humanism nechivimbo, vaiti vanoziva hunhu chaihwo hwomunhu uye vanopa revo inonzwisisika kuupenyu, zvose izvi nerubatsiro rwavatenzi vakuru vechiGiriki nechiLatin vekare. Sangano shure panguva iyeyo rakashanda nenzira dzisingagumi nokuda kwenzanga yechiGiriki, kubatanidza kuparira kubuda kwemifungo yegutsaruzhinji mukati mezvamatongerwe enyika.
pendi upgrade
MuCinquecento, vanyori vakawanda veDutch vane mukurumbira vakabudirira kugadzira nzira dziri nani dzekupenda muoiri. Maitiro acho akasvika pakuvamba kweRenaissance uye maFlorentine artists vakatora nzira yechimurenga yemaDutch kugadzira mifananidzo yavo. Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ake kwakaunza kuti mifananidzo yaive yemhando yepamusoro uye, nekudaro, kuti ichagara kwenguva yakareba.
Huwandu hukuru hwemavara anoshamisa kubva munyika ino, kusvika nhasi, anoonekwa seakanakisa mukati mezvidzidzo zvavo, saDonatello naPiero della Francesca. Paive nepamberi uye mushure menguva ino, shanduko yakakosha yehunyanzvi uye madingindira inogona kuoneka mumabasa ese.
Kubatanidzwazve kwezvinyorwa zvekare
Nekuda kwematambudziko ese ayo vanhu vaifanira kurarama muNguva yeRima, muEurope maive nemabhuku akakosha akarasika, akapiswa kana kutorwa neChechi yeKatorike nemadzimambo enguva iyoyo. Makore mashoma pashure pokunge kondinendi yeEurope yabuda murima reMiddle Ages, akawanda emagwaro akanga arasika akatanga kuoneka.
Vachiona izvi, vanyori vakasarudza kudzokera kumadingindira akange arambidzwa uye kushandisa akanakisa mabasa emazana emakore apfuura sekufemerwa, vachipa zvisikwa zvavo kubata kwekare uye kwemazuva ano.
Predominance ye symmetry, chiyero uye chikamu
Nekufarira zvakare muunyanzvi hwekare, shungu dzezvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha zvechinyakare canon dzinoonekwa zvakare; symmetry, chiyero uye chiyero. Izvi hazvina kungoshanda chete kumiririra mumabasa izvo zvakakosha zvekunakisa zvinhu izvo zvakanatswa, zvakachena uye zvakajeka kuumbwa kunofanirwa kuve nazvo, asi zvakare zvakaratidza kuratidzwa kwesainzi nehuzivi rationalism yakagamuchirwa panguva iyoyo. Hukuru hwezvinhu zvitatu izvi zvinoonekwa mudhirowa yaLeonardo Da Vinci ine mukurumbira, The Vitruvian Man (3).
Art sechimiro chezivo
Kunyangwe muMiddle Ages ese epurasitiki art aionekwa seakareruka manyorerwo ehunyanzvi, muRenaissance izvi zvakachinja pfungwa dzake. Maartist nenharaunda yavo vaive pasi pecanyon kuitira kuti pfungwa yacho igadziriswe, sezvo mweya wesainzi wakabatanidzwawo muRenaissance art. Vazhinji vevavezi, vapendi, uye kunyange vanyori, panguva imwe cheteyo yavaishanda munzvimbo dzavo, vakanga vachitarisira kufunda anatomy, geometry, uye dzimwe sayenzi zvakadzama.
Kutanga kwekudzidza zvakasikwa
Pakati penguva yapfuura neiyi, kune nhamba yakawanda yekusiyana, imwe yacho ndiyo kutanga kwekudzidza kwezvisikwa nevanyori. MuRenaissance, vagadziri vaive vasingachafanire kutevedzera kodhi yemaitiro, vaigona kuwana nyika nepasirese kana vakada. Munhu akakwanisa kutangisazve tsvakiridzo yekuti mitemo yepanyama yepasirese yedu inoshanda sei, nekuda kweizvi ruzivo rwekare rwekare mu geometry, masvomhu, nyeredzi, huzivi, anatomy, botany, nezvimwewo.
Mundima yehunyanzvi hwekuita, zvidzidzo izvi zvakatungamira mukuvandudzwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sechiedza chediaphanous, zvichipa chiaroscuro pictorial tekinoroji, uye spatial geometry, iyo yakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwemutsara maonero uye nzvimbo inonyangarika. Saizvozvowo, kudzidza kwechisikigo kunoita kuti zvikwanisike kuzadzisa naturalism, hwaro hwekuberekana kwemhando dzechisikigo mukutsvaga severisimilitude.
Kubuda kwemhando itsva
Nekuda kwechishuwo chekuvandudza icho chiverengero chose chaive nacho muRenaissance, mhando nyowani dzakatanga kubuda muhunyanzvi hwese, kana kuti, izvo zvaivepo zvakaenderera mberi kugadzirwa kuti zvifukidze mhepo idzodzo dzeshanduko. Mukupenda, nekuda kwekuonekwa kwechiratidziro chehunyanzvi hwekupendwa kwemafuta, imwe nyowani inonzi kupenda pa canvas inogona kugadzirwa.
Izvi zvakaita kuti kuve nekuvandudzwa kwakatevera kwemamwe marudzi matsva akadai sepikicha yemifananidzo. Kudivi rezvivezwa, zvakazokwanisa kuzvimiririra zvachose kubva kune zvivakwa, zvichitungamira mukuzvarwa kwemahara-akamira chivezwa uye kusikwa kwezviyeuchidzo zveveruzhinji.
Muzvinyorwa, mhando inoratidzika iyo ikozvino yakakosha zvikuru: chinyorwa, chakagadzirwa uye chakasimudzirwa nemunyori wechiFrench uye muzivi Michel de Montaigne. Kune chikamu chayo, murwiyo, kusaverengeka kukuru kwemhando itsva kunosimudzirwa, senge rwiyo, ode, eclogue, elegy, satire uye rwiyo.
Murondedzero mundima, epic, romance uye epic nhetembo yakatanga kuitwa; uye murondedzero munganonyorwa, ngano, rungano, ngano uye novhero mushanduro dzayo dzose. Pakupedzisira, mimhanzi yakatanga kuve nekukosha kukuru mukati menzanga, zvichikonzera kugadzwa kwepolyphony, motet, misa, madrigal, ballad, rwiyo rweKisimusi, saladhi, nezvimwe.
aesthetic musimboti
Misimboti yekunaka yenguva iyi yakasiyana kwazvo, nekuti kusave nezvirambidzo zvakafanana muMiddle Ages, maartist aive nerusununguko rwakawanda rwekuita zvavanoda. Mabasa ake aibata nyaya dzakaita sekuzvarwa, wanano kana hupenyu huzhinji.
Rutsigiro rwenzanga rwakava rwakakwirira zvokuti vose vari pakati nepakati nevakuru vakuru vakanga vachitarisira kutenga unyanzvi hwavo hwose kuti vawedzere kukosha kwezvinhu zvavo uye chimiro chavo munzanga. Kuti tirege kutaura pamusoro pezvakajairwa zvakawanda, tinoenda zvakadzama muchidzidzo uye tinobata imwe neimwe yezviratidziro zveunyanzvi. Izvi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita zvitatu; kupenda, zvivezwa uye zvivakwa.
Kupenda
Mukati meiyo inotsanangura maitiro eRenaissance pendi ndeye classicism uye realism. Chekutanga ngatitsanangure kuti chii chinonzi classicism, maitiro kana dhizaini inoratidzirwa nekutsvaga kwekuenzanisa, kugadzikana uye kubatana kweaya mafomu akajairika echinyakare cheGreeco-Roman.
Nekushandiswa kwayo, muvendi akatungamira kune matekiniki echinyakare pendi, ndiko kuti, nyore uye kuenzana pazvakanakisa. Pamusoro peizvi, mabasa akasarudza kushandiswa kwechokwadi chenyama, hunhu hunoshandiswa nekuda kwehuzivi hwesangano rehumanist.
Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti muRenaissance art yakasiya zvishoma kubva kumadingindira echitendero, mabasa anozivikanwa epanguva iyoyo ane hukama nemisoro iyi. Izvi imhaka yokuti Chechi yeKaturike panguva iyoyo yakahaya vanyori vemifananidzo vakawanda vokuItaly, vakadai saMichelangelo, kuti vaite mabasa edimikira akasiyana-siyana ane mifananidzo kubva munhoroondo yechiKaturike.
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, vanyori vakasiya classicism uye vakagamuchira nzira itsva yemaitiro. Muchimiro ichi chehunyanzvi, mafomu akaoma uye asiri emusikirwo akaburitswa, zvinhu zvakadhonzwa zvakapendwa zvakanyanya kuti zviratidzike zvakamonyaniswa.
Vamiririri vayo vakuru vaiva vokuItaly: Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Michelangelo, Rafael Sanzio, Titian, Caravaggio, Tintoretto, pakati pevamwe. Zvisinei, semugumisiro wekuwedzera kwekufamba, dzimwe nhamba dzakakosha dzakatanga kubuda, kunyanya kubva kuSpain neHolland, dzakadai saJuan de Juanes, Luis de Morales, Alonso Sánchez Coello, Pieter Brueghel, Jan van Scorel kana El Bosco. .
Kune chikamu chayo, mukati meiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa mifananidzo yenguva inomira pachena; "Kunamata kweGwayana raMwari", Hubert naJan Van Eyck (1430), "Mufananidzo waGiovanni Arnolfini nemudzimai wake", Jan Van Eyck (1434), "Spring", Sandro Botticelli (1477), "Kudya Kwekupedzisira Kwemanheru." ", Leonardo da Vinci (1496), "La Gioconda", Leonardo da Vinci (1503), "Kusikwa kwaAdam", Michelangelo (1510) uye "Chikoro cheAtene", Raphael Sanzio (1511).
Architecture
Vagadziri veRenaissance, vakasuduruka zvachose kubva kune yakanaka Gothic iyo yanga ichishanda pazvivakwa zvese zveMiddle Ages nemazana emakore apfuura. Zvivako zvavo zvaive zvakachena zvakanyanya, vaifunga kuti zvaive nani kugadzira zvimiro zviri nyore uye zvakaderera, saka, zvakajairika kuona zvivakwa zvinonyanya kutenderedzwa.
Zvisinei, pakanga pasina mutsauko mukuru pakati pezana remakore rapfuura uye iri maererano nekusikwa kunyanya kwemachechi, kuwedzera kune dzimba dzemaguta uye dzakasarudzika mumaruwa evanhu vepamusoro. Mazhinji acho akagadzirwa nemuimbi wekubva kuItaly, Andrea di Pietro della Góndola. Kazhinji, chikamu chekunze chezvivakwa zvenguva yacho chaive chakati sandara uye chakashongedzwa nemhando dzekuchengetedza senge makoramu nemaarch, zvichireva kuGreece yekare.
Vatsigiri vakuru vezvivakwa zveRenaissance vaive munyika yekumusha, Italy. Ava vaiva: Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, Donato d'Angelo Bramante, Antonio da Sangallo Muduku, Andrea Palladio, Jacopo Barozzi de Vignola, naMichelangelo. Iwo akanyanya kukosha ekuvaka mabasa eRenaissance ndeaya; "Cathedral yeSanta Maria del Fiore", Arnolfo di Di Cambio, Filippo Brunelleschi, Francesco Talenti naBernardo Rossellino (1436).
"The Basilica yeSan Lorenzo", Michelangelo naFilippo Brunelleschi (1470), "The Farnese Palace", Antonio da Sangallo Muduku, Jacopo Vignola, Giacomo della Porta, Girolamo Rainaldi naMichelangelo (1534), "The Villa Capra" , Andrea Palladio (1592) uye "Saint Peter's Basilica", Donato d'Angelo Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael Sanzio, Carlo Maderno naGian Lorenzo Bernini (1626).
Chivezwa
Kufanana nekupenda uye zvivakwa, chivezwa cheRenaissance chakafuridzirwa zvakanyanya nemareferenzi ekare, Girisi uye kunyange Roma. Mariri, maficha uye zvakadzama mumabasa zvakatsvakwa kuti zvive zvakanakisa, chokwadi chaive chinangwa chekupedzisira chevavezi vese, kutaura zvazviri, waisawanzowana basa risingakufadze iwe. Zvivezwa zvaifanira kuenzana nechimiro chechimiro uye chakanyatsojeka.
MuItaly, hurumende dzeguta rimwe nerimwe, kunyanya riya reFlorence, ndidzo dzaitarisira kuita mabhindauko makuru emari kuitira kuti vanyori vakwanise kugadzira zvivezwa zvinoshamisa. Saizvozvowo, vanhu vakapfuma vakamuronzesa mabasa emunhu oga evavezi vane mukurumbira kuti ave nawo mumapindu nedzimba dzavo. Munhu wose akatanga kuratidza kufarira zvikuru unyanzvi hwokuveza, zvichiita kuti basa racho rive rimwe remari yakawanda panguva iyoyo.
Sezvazvakanga zvakaita pamifananidzo, chechi yakaedza kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanyori vemifananidzo vachiri kusimukira vaitarisira kugadzira mabasa avo, saka zvakajairika kuona zvivezwa zvemadingindira echitendero. Nekudaro, kugona kwekugadzira kwehunyanzvi uhu hwakanga hwakakura, nekutogadzira magonhi akavezwa nemaoko eFlorence Cathedral, chiitiko chisina kumboonekwa.
Munzvimbo yezvivezwa, nhamba huru yevamiririri inogona kutaurwa, asi pakati pevanonyanya kukosha vanomira: Donatello, Michelangelo, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Giovanni da Bologna uye Andrea del Verrocchio. Zvivezwa zvakakurumbira zvenguva iyi zvaiva; "David", Donatello (1440), "Bartolomeo Colleoni", Andrea del Verrocchio (1488), "The David", Michelangelo (1504), "Vatican Pietà" Michelangelo (1515) uye "Hercules uye centaur Neso", Giovanni da Bologna (1599).
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chaunoda, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: