Christian Art, zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezvenyaya yacho

El christian art, Imhando yehunyanzvi hwechitendero inotungamirwa pasi penzvimbo nedzidziso dzinoronga dzidziso yechiKristu. Inoratidzwa kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai se: zvivakwa, kupenda uye zvivezwa, izvo zvakashanduka nekufamba kwenguva pasina kurasikirwa nechitendero chavo.

christian art

Chikiristu Art imhando yeasinganzwisisike art, uko mabasa nemabasa anoitwa anoshandiswa senzira yekubhadhara mutero uye anotungamirwa pasi pedzidziso uye zvivakwa zvezvino zvechiKristu. Kana iwe uchida kuziva dzimwe nyaya dzakafanana dzetsika, unogona kuverenga Vikings muSpain

Chimwe chezvinangwa zvikuru zvinotevedzwa nehunyanzvi hwechiKristu kugadzira patsva, kuburikidza nemifananidzo, zvimwe zvikamu, zviitiko kana meseji yechiKristu inotaurirwa kuvatendi vakatendeka vezvino zvechitendero. Kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwechiKristu, meseji yechitendero inogona kumiririrwa, iyo inoratidzwa kuburikidza nekupenda, zvivakwa, kuvezwa, pakati pedzimwe nzira.

Kubva muzana ramakore rechina, chiKristu chazvino chakava chitendero chikuru chebudiriro yekuMadokero. Kukura kwayo kukuru kwakaitika mukati meMiddle Ages uye Yemazuvano Age, kuve nekusimudzira kwakakosha mukati Europe iyo yakazopararira munzvimbo.

Muchikamu, izvi zvaireva kuti mafungu makuru eunyanzvi akatanga kubuda mukati meNguva yeContemporary aive akaiswa chiratidzo chakasimba uye akapesvedzerwa nehunyanzvi hwechiKristu, hune hunhu hwakabatana nekuzadzisa kunamata kwechitendero.

Mavakirwo ezvivakwa, mapendi nemifananidzo, zvivezwa kana zvimwe zvinhu zvitsvene, zvinocheneswa, zvichirega kuva mabasa eunyanzvi chete. Dzimba dzemamongi, temberi nenzvimbo tsvene dzaionekwa sezvisaririra zvechokwadi, kunyanya panguva dzekare dzechiKristu kusvika kuMiddle Ages, uko kukudzwa kwaibhadharwa kune vakafira kutenda uye nevatsvene.

Mifananidzo yakafemerwa nehupenyu hwe Jesucristo Vakasvika pakuva nomukurumbira wokuva nenenji, vachikurudzira vatendi vakatendeka navakazvipira vouyu rudzidziso kuti vaite nzendo tsvene. Zvisinei, rudzi urwu rwounyanzvi rwakanga rwuri manyuko emisiano mukati mavasimudziri vorudzidziso vamene, kunyange kuparira kukamukana kwomukati pakati paavo vaitsigira kuzvipira uko aya mabasa ainyandura naavo vairwisana nokunamata zvidhori nokudavira mashura kunobva muiyi miitiro.

Mapoka echiKristu akasvika pakushandisa unyanzvi neimwe nzira kuratidza zvitendero zvavo nekunamata kwavo, vaine pfungwa dzakanyanya maererano nerevo iyo rimwe nerimwe rinoripa, zvichiita kuti pave nemusiyano wezvipimo pakati pevaPurotesitendi nemaCatholic.

Mimhanzi uye mavakirwo echitendero ndiwo mamwe marudzi eunyanzvi hwechiKristu, kuburikidza nawo chero meseji inotsvakwa kuti iparadzirwe munharaunda inoratidzwa. Kana zviri zvezvivezwa zvechitendero uye mifananidzo, inoonekwa semhando inomiririra yeunyanzvi, iwo madingindira anowanzoitika ari kutenderera kwehupenyu. Jesu Kristu, pamwe chete nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuTesitamende yekare.

Mumakereke echiKatorike echinyakare, munhu anogona kuona kuwanda kwezvivezwa uye zvinomiririra zveunyanzvi hwechiKristu, pamwe nehodgepodge yezvakasiyana zvinomiririra, zvese mudiki akapoterera chapel uye paatari yakakwirira.

Zvinonyatsooneka mumavakirwo enzvimbo yekubhabhatidzira, mahwindo makuru egirazi ane mavara, pakati pezvimwe. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvivakwa zvezvivakwa zvinoshanda sehwaro hwezvivezwa, zvichisiyaniswa zvakafanira maererano nezuva renguva yenhoroondo inoenderana.

Kushongedzwa kwemakereke eOrthodox kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvishongo zvechitendero, mosaics uye zvipfeko, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo dzavo dziwedzere. Mukupesana, maatari eevangelical anoratidza kupfava kwakatorwa kubva muzvivako zvitsva zvechechi yeRoma, kubvira panguva ya Vatican Council II.

Zviratidzo zvinoratidzwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwechiKristu zvine zviratidzo zvinonyanya kusiyanisa izvo zvinonongedza zvakananga kuzvinhu zvechiKristu, vachishandisa imwe nzira, zviitiko, magwaro kana pfungwa, izvo zvavanomiririra neimwe nzira.

muchinjikwa we Kristu nemimwe mifananidzo ye Jesu, kazhinji irevo yezvinyorwa iyo inonyanya kushandiswa muunyanzvi hwechiKristu, kunyangwe yakasanganiswa nemafungiro akajairwa ehupenyu, pakati pawo rudo, hupenyu husingaperi, ruponeso rwemunhu nemweya wake, nezvimwe.

Nezvekumiririrwa kwemifananidzo, hunyanzvi hwechiKristu hunosiyaniswa nekusimbisa iwo maficha emifananidzo achiita kuti zvive nyore kuziva. Chikamu chayo chimiro chechiso uye chakasiyana chemunhu mumwe nomumwe, ndiko kuti, kana vakapfeka ndebvu, bvudzi ravo.

Kunewo zvipfeko zvake, mavara, maitiro ake, zvinhu zvemhoteredzo yake zvinomumiririra, somuenzaniso, nzvimbo yemaoko ake, nguo dzake, kushandiswa kwechimwe chinhu chechitendero, nezvimwewo; zvinhu zvinoratidzira izvo hunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakapihwa kusiyanisa kubva kune vamwe.

Historia

Nhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwechiKristu inofambidzana nenhoroondo yezera re christianity. Humbowo hweizvi ndiko kuwanikwa kweChristian iconography, ine zuva rakanyorwa makore akapoteredza 70 AD. C., mipiro iri chikamu chezvinyorwa zvekuchera matongo zvinotsigira chitarisiko chekare chechiKristu uye inotsanangurawo kuti muitiro wacho wemhindumupindu wakaitika sei.

Iyo sarcophagi yakanyorwa semhando yezvivezwa zvechiKristu, zvine zvinyorwa kubva pakutanga kweXNUMXrd century. Pakati pezana remakore reXNUMX neXNUMXth, zvivakwa zvakatanga kukura, muenzaniso wazvo uri mafacade emachechi akauya kuzotsiva matemberi ekutanga.

Munguva yehurumende ye Constantine, umambo hwakanga hwatogamuchira dzidziso yechitendero chechiKristu, uye nekukura kwevateveri vakatendeka uye vakazvipira, kudiwa kwakamuka kuti vagare muzvivako zvine chimiro chevanhu uye nesimba guru, kuitira kuti vapemberere zvitendero.

Ipapo kudikanwa kwakamuka kwekuvaka makereke echiKristu matsva, asi kwete kutora hunhu hwetembere dzechihedheni dzaive dzatovepo, asi mhando dzemakamuri eruzhinji ekuitira misangano, ndiko kuti, mabasilica, kutevedzera zvaidiwa, izvo zvaive nzvimbo ine chiwedzero chikuru, apo vatendi vakatendeka vanozvipira vechitendero che Chikirisitu, vaigona kuuya kuzonamata.

Mumakore iwayo, mabhesilica akazadzisa basa rehurumende, asi nekuda kwechido chakamuka, basa rawo rakashanduka, rikava nzvimbo yekupemberera magungano echiKristu, uye hurongwa hwepasi hwebasilica hwakava chimiro chavaizotora kuvaka makereke matsva.

Zvichienderana neizvi, zvimwe zvivako zvakawedzerwa kumabasa echitendero, asi nzira yavo yekugovera yakanga yakasiyana nebasilica, ine nzvimbo yepakati inonzi "baptisteries", pamwe chete neimwe nzvimbo iyo mausoleums kana makuva aivepo.

Nzvimbo idzi dzaishandiswa kupemberera rubhabhatidzo munguva dzepachivande uye dzakapatsanurwa kubva kutsika dzekereke. Mukuratidzwa kwemifananidzo uye murals, hunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwekupenda hunogona kuoneka huchiratidzwa.

Pavement mosaics aive mashongedzero aishandiswa nemakereke, aine semisoro mikuru zviitiko uye ndima dzechiKristu dzaishandiswa sezviratidzo nezviratidzo. Makapeti eMosaic akaiswa munzvimbo yegalari yevasilicas akazova makereke, ane nyaya dzemifananidzo yezvakarehwa kupenda yaive dzidziso yekutenda kwe. Jesu Kristu

Kubva pamazuva emifananidzo iyi yakabva muzana remakore rechitanhatu, kunyange zvazvo yakazomira kuitwa tichifunga kuti mifananidzo yacho yaiva nechinhu chinoera chaigona kusaremekedzwa nokutsika pairi.Kumwe kutaura kwounyanzvi hwechiKristu kwaiva “zviduku”. zviratidzo zvakashandiswa sechishandiso mukati mezvinyorwa, nechinangwa chokuti vanhu vanzwisise zviri nani zvinyorwa, zvikurukuru vasingagoni kurava.

Kodhekisi yematehwe yakatanga kutsiva mupumburu wenhokwe pakati pezana remakore rechipiri nerechina, sezvo waigona kusonerwa nokusungwa, zvichiita kuti mifananidzo miduku iitwe uye kuchengetedzwa. MuVatican Apostolic Library mune zvinyorwa zviviri zve Virgilio Ivo vanobva muzana ramakore rechina uye vakachengetedzwa zvakanaka.

Mamwe manyoro orudzidziso ane migariro yakafanana, anotangira muzana ramakore rechitanhatu. Ikopi yebhuku rechitendero re Genesisi, iri muNational Library ye Vienna. Zvimedu zveBhaibheri rekare rechiGiriki, zvinodzokera kuzana ramakore rechitanhatu, ndizvo zvakasara mu British Museum, mushure mekukuvadzwa mumoto wakaitika mu library ye Sir Robert Cotton, kwayaiva pakutanga, muna 1731.

Mamwe manyoro akasara akanyorwa mumutauro wechiSyriac anowanika mu Florence uye Paris, muraibhurari Laurentian uye National Library zvichiteerana. Munguva dzeHumambo hweRoma, vagari vemo vaipfeka zvipfeko zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yechitendero chechimiro cheevhangeri, chakaitwa ne polychrome mvere dzemakwai uye silika zvinhu, zvaionekwa semhando yemucheka weumbozha usina kungoshandiswa kupfeka chete, asiwo kushongedza zvivako.

Pasinei hapo neidi rokuti vafundisi venguva idzodzo vaishora rudzi urwu rwokushandiswa, zvipfeko zvine machira ezviono zvorudzidziso zvichiri kuchengetwa munguo dzavaprista uyewo muupholstery yemamiziyamu anokosha kupota nyika.

Zviratidzo

Munguva yeUmambo hweRoma, unyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakazivikanwa se kutanga kwechiKristu art, ine mavambo ayo mufungo wokufukidza kudikanwa uko vateveri veiyi dzidziso yorudzidziso vaiva nayo, kuungana mumagungano ndokukwanisa kuita kunamata kwavo. Imwe nyaya inofadza ndeye Zvinhu zvese Mind

Mabasilica akatanga kushandiswa senzvimbo nyowani dzekusangana kwemaKristu uye mabiko eEucharistic, zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa izvo zvishoma nezvishoma zvakagadziridzwa sechikamu chemhemberero dzechitendero, vachishandisa atari inotakurika iyo yakagadziriswa muzana ramakore rechinomwe.

Kwemakore akawanda, zvaidavirwa kuti hunyanzvi hweRoma hwakaramba huchienda kuhunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwepakutanga, kunyanya mukati menyika yeunyanzvi hwepurasitiki. Nokufamba kwenguva, pfungwa iyi yakajekeswa, tichifunga kuti hunyanzvi hwechiKristu kana hwePaleo-Christian hwakabva mukubatanidzwa kwemaitiro aivepo muzana ramakore rechina, akatorwa kubva Alexandria neAndiyoki, maviri emaguta makuru echiGiriki, mukuwedzera kunharaunda yokumabvazuva.

Huwandu hwezvese, hwakakonzera rudzi rwakazozivikanwa se "classical realism", iyo yakapfaviswa nevaAsia, vachikwanisa kugadzira yakanyatso cherechedzwa uye yakasarudzika maitiro maererano nekujeka uye kudzikama kwemitsara, pamwe nerunako rwakatanhamara. mumafomu.

Asi, izvi zvese zvingangove nhanganyaya yekuzvarwa kweiyo exuberant artic movement, iyo yakagadzirwa mune dzimwe nyika dzatinogona kudoma. Egypt, Asia Minor, Syria, uye Europe kumadokero, pakati pezana remakore reXNUMX neXNUMX.

Nekudaro, zvinoenderana nenzvimbo dzavanobva uye nenguva dzavanofamba nadzo, kusanganiswa kwezvinhu kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana, kureva, iyo Paleo-Christian art ye. Ijipiti Yakasiyana zvakanyanya neSyria, asi inogamuchirwa mukati mehurongwa hwekusiyana kwetsika.

Mabasilica ekare eRoma akatsiviwa pakutanga zvishoma nezvishoma, zvino nekamwe kukurumidza, kubatanidza zvivakwa zvine denderedzwa uye zvakachinjika zvirongwa. Chimwe chiito chinomira pachena mukati mechikwata chitsva ndechekuti kuedza kwakaitwa kuvhara zvivakwa nema turrets.

Pasara ipapo maitiro ezvivakwa zvakatemerwa zvekuvaka kuMadokero, nepo kuMabvazuva, chimiro chevhavha chinogamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya panguva yeZera. colossalism.

Hunhu "hunotyisa hwekusava nechinhu" huri mumifananidzo yekumabvazuva, inotsanangura chishongo chebasilica chinopesana nekujekesa kwezvimbo zvechiGiriki maitiro. Zvinomera zvinofadza, mhuka, shiri uye kuisa, maruva emaruva, pakati pevamwe, chikamu chehupfumi hunoshongedza hunobudiswa kuburikidza neunyanzvi hwechiKristu.

Paleochristian

Mhando yeunyanzvi hwakaitwa nevakatendeka vekutanga nevatendi ve Kristu, kubva kuXNUMXnd kusvika kuXNUMXth century, kana XNUMXth AD, inozivikanwa nezita rePaleo-Christian kana Christian art. Kuvapo kwechiKristu, kufanana nechiJudha, kunorangarirwa munyika yose sechimwe chezvitendero zvikuru zvokudavira Mwari mumwe.

Chitendero chinodavira kuti kuna Mwari mumwe chete chinoreva kuti vazvipiri vacho vakatendeka vanodavira kuvapo kwomumwe bedzi Mwari. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei, nechitarisiko chayo, mataurirwo eunyanzvi akanga aripo kare achinja zvikuru.

Unyanzvi hwechiKristu hunobva pakudiwa kwekuparadzira nekudzidzisa nenzira yakapfava asi yakananga, zviri mukati, misimboti, hunhu hwehumwari uye dzimwe dzidziso dzechitendero chechiKristu, kusanganisira vanhu vasingagoni kuverenga. Pakati peaya misimboti uye kukosha ndiko kunyanya hukuru hwe Mwari, asiwo kunaka kwake netsitsi dzake.

unyanzvi hwepakati pemakore

Yakadaidzwawo kunzi medieval art, uye yaive imwe yezvikamu zvakapihwa mukati mehunyanzvi, kune imwe yenguva dzayo dzakanyanya kukosha uye iyo yakawedzerwa pasi rose. Nguva yaisanganisira yaive kubva muzana remakore reV kusvika kuzana remakore reXV, rakamira kunze kwematunhu e Africa, Europe uye Middle East.

Hunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakatanga mukati meMiddle Ages, hwaive nehunhu kana ongororo yerunako, yaiitwa maererano nedzimwe nzira dzaive dzichiwedzera kuchinja. Ichi chikamu cheunyanzvi chainzi "nguva yerima" nevamwe vatsoropodzi, asi vamwe vakaitumidza "makore ekuvandudzwa."

Nenzira imwecheteyo, munguva dzeMiddle Ages, mafambiro akasiyana ehunyanzvi akamuka, nekuwedzera kwakasiyana kwenzvimbo, ndiko kuti, kwaive nemapoka akasiyana-siyana airatidza masitaera akasiyana, kubva kune yakasarudzika pesvedzero yepasirese, kune yenyika, yedunhu uye yedunhu arts. .

Aya masitayera akawanda anounza kusiyana kukuru kumabasa eunyanzvi aive chikamu chemhando dzakasiyana dzemhando. Aya maitiro matsva akashanda senzvimbo yevanyori vakaramba vasingazivikanwe kwenguva yakareba nekuti maitiro avo ebasa aive ehunyanzvi, izvo zvakashanduka muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu, kwavakatanga kuve nekudzidziswa kwehungwaru, vachiuya kuzoonekwa sevarimi veArt yakaisvonaka. .

Imwe hunyanzvi hwekugadzira yakasimuka mukupera kwekare, yakabva mukubatanidzwa kweiyo classical art style yakagarwa nhaka kubva kuHumambo hweRoma, yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu. Pakati pavo pane hutsika huri kubudirira hwevanhu vakasvika panguva yekurwisa, uye vakatama kubva kuchamhembe kwe. Europe uye kumabvazuva kwekondinendi yakati.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, tsika dzevanhu veko dzakatorwa Germanics, Slavs, Arabs, pakati pezvimwe, akawedzera kuzvipo zvechiKristu chepakutanga. Iko kudyidzana pakati pezvinhu zvese zvinobuda kubva kune izvi zvakakosha zvetsika zvinyorwa, izvo zvinopa hwaro hwepfungwa kunhoroondo yehunyanzvi hweMiddle Ages kana medieval.

Vanamazvikokota vakaiisa maererano nenhambo nenhambo, vachitsanangura zvinotevera: Kudhirowa kwechiKristu chepakutanga; Pre-Romanesque; Romanesque; Gothic (Western Europe/Latin chiKristudhomu); Byzantine (Byzantine Empire / Eastern Christianity) uye Islamic Art (munyika yechiIslam), ine zvinodzokororwa.

Pamusoro pazvo, zvitayera zvepanzvimbo zvakaonekwa zvakare izvo zvakazoiswa mumapoka uye akasiyaniswa nenzira imwechete. Iyi nguva yehunyanzvi, yakakwanisa kuzviratidza kuburikidza nenhau dzakasiyana uye kuratidzwa kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana siyana, hunyanzvi hwekuita uye matekiniki.

Pakati pemashoko aya ndeaya: manyoro ane mifananidzo, anomiririrwa mucalligraphy nemifananidzo miduku; kugadzira goridhe, kudhirowa, zvivezwa, zvivakwa, zvimisikidzo, pakati pezvimwe, pakati pezvimwe zvinosanganisira hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi husingaonekwe sechinyakare, sekugadzira zvipfeko zvekare.

byzantine art

Unyanzvi hwechiKristu, kazhinji, hunogona kutorwa sechibviro chezvakasara zveunyanzvi hweRoma, izvo zvinozvipa simba rakatanhamara remaitiro. European. Kugadzirwa kwemhando yeunyanzvi hutsvene kana hutsvene hwakatsigirwa nevakuru vechitendero venguva idzodzo, iyo nhasi inova hurongwa hweChechi yeKaturike, mushure mekudonha kwe. Roma uye pakati pekurwira masimba mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Mukati meKumabvazuva kweRoma, Chechi yeOrthodox ye Constantinople yakanga ine kugadzikana kukuru, chinhu chinokosha kuti ishande sorutsigiro munyika yezvenyanzvi, ichibvumira pesvedzero yayo kuti icherechedzwe maererano nekushandiswa kwayo kuwana huremu hwechiKristu.

MuHumambo hweByzantium, unyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakakudziridzwa nokushandisa kumwe kuyevedza, nzira yakakurumidza kutsiva dzidziso yechisikigo yakanga yatovapo pakushandisa unyanzvi. Hellenic. Donzo riri seri kwouyu mutoo mutsva rakanga richisimbisa zvikuru, richizivisa kupfurikidza neratidzirwo yawo, ratidzirwo nerevo yorudzidziso yechinhu chimwe nechimwe kana kuti munhu, munzira yakarurama zvikuru.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, nzira itsva yakasarudza imwe nzira iri nyore kushandisa geometric shapes, yakatosimbiswa tsika uye maonero akatsauka pakugadzira patsva chiitiko chechitendero kana kugadzira mufananidzo weunhu, kusiya padivi nzira dzechiedza uye ruvara, kuenzana kwenzvimbo. uye pfungwa yemaonero echokwadi.

Nguva yeByzantine iconoclasm yakapinda mudambudziko rakasimba iro rakashanda kuenzanisa mifananidzo yekushandiswa kwechitendero mukati medzidziso dzekuMabvazuva, pamwe nekududzirwa kwakaitwa murairo wechipiri mune iyi hunyanzvi maitiro uye gakava rakamuka nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemifananidzo. serious.

Kufurira muEastern Europe neAfrica

En Africa, vanhu vechiSlavic vakaitwa vechiKristu, nokuti Roma kubva kunharaunda yekumadokero, uye Constantinople, munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba. The characters of Methodius naCyril ndivo vaiparidza vhangeri kuvaranda. Somugumisiro weizvi, mapoka eRussia, Bulgarian uye Serb vakatamira kune dzimwe nyika vakatanga kuvimba netsika neByzantine, pamwe chete neunyanzvi hwavo nechitendero.

Kune rumwe rutivi, Moscow yakataura kuti yakatora nzvimbo yeRoma pashure pokuwa kweguta reConstantinople, iro neimwe nzira rakapesvedzera mifananidzo yeByzantium kuti isafa mukati mokudhirowa kweRussia, ichiva mutoo wokubereka nawo kokorodzano zvakare ndokudziita kuti dzisafa. Matekinoro ehunyanzvi hweByzantine aive neyakajeka pesvedzero pamaitiro ekuvaka eRussia architecture.

Mushure mekupinda kwechiMuslim, chiKristu cheEgypt neEthiopia chakaramba chakavharirwa kubva kuEurope, kunyanya kubva Roma uye guta re Constantinople, kuwana kuzvitonga kuzere. Nekudaro, mhando dzeByzantine dzaivepo mukunaka kwayo, zvichiita kuti chivakwa chechitendero cheEthiopia chimwe chinhu chepakutanga.

pre-Romanesque art

Pre-Romanesque art ine mavambo ayo mu Western Europe, uye chikamu chekuratidzwa kweunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakaitwa mukati menguva yekutanga huru yehunyanzvi muMiddle Ages, iyo nguva inotangira kubva muzana ramakore rechitanhatu kusvika kune rechigumi, kana kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechishanu kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechigumi nerimwe. , vachichipa zita renhoroondo. Izwi iri rakagadzirwa na Jean-Hubert, mugore ra1938.

Rudzi urwu rweunyanzvi hwechiKristu hunoreva kutaura kwakajairwa kunobatanidza zvinhu zvese zvinosanganisira Chikristu cheLatin sechinyorwa chekugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi, chigadzirwa chemusanganiswa pakati peRomanesque nePaleo-Christian art, pasina kudomwa kwechero danho rakambotsanangurwa rekunaka.

Kuenderera mberi kweHumambo hweRoma mudunhu rekumabvazuva kwakapa nzira kufambiro mberi kwehunyanzvi hweByzantine, zvinopesana nezvakaitika munharaunda yekumadokero, uko kurwiswa, kwakawedzera pakudonha kweWestern Roman Empire, kwakagadzira nharaunda yekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. tsika kuderera.

Ichi chikamu chenhoroondo yehunyanzvi chaizivikanwa se "nguva yerima", iyo yairatidzwa nekushomeka kwezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa uye kusaenderera mberi kwevamwe, mamiriro akatorwa mukana nevanhu veGerman, vakabatanidza tsika nehunyanzvi hwavo. netsika dzechiGreeco-chiRoma dzechinyakare dzaivepo panguva idzodzo, dzakabvumiranwa nemasangano matsva kubatanidza nheyo dzechiKristu.

Kune chikamu chayo, hunyanzvi hwechiIslam hwakawana budiriro yayo, yakakonzerwa nekuwedzera kweArab kwakagara pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba, ichiparadzanisa nzvimbo yeMedithera kubva. España vakakwira Siriya, chiitiko chakaitika pakati pezana remakore rechinomwe nerechisere. Pane humwe uye hwakajairwa maitiro mukati me pre-Romanesque art.

Chimwe chinonyanya kucherechedzwa kusavapo kwemapurojekiti makuru ekuvaka, kusanganisira kushandiswazve kwezvivakwa zviripo. Pamusoro peizvi, mashoma mashoma ezvivezwa zvakakura anogona kuoneka, nezvaanofarira zvakatsamira kumifananidzo iripo mumabasa nezvinyorwa, pamwe nezvidimbu zvegoridhe.

Zvimwe zvimiro zvinonzwisiswa nekushanduka uye chiratidzo chemifananidzo yemifananidzo, kubva kune yepamutemo kuenda kune yakapusa, ichipfuura neimwe schematization. Nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi uhu, chinangwa ndechekuwana kujekesa kwakanyanya, kuratidza akasiyana madingindira ekushongedza muhuwandu, achisiya parutivi realism.

Zvisinei nekuva nezvinhu zvese izvi, hazvisati zvakwana kuti zvizvitsaure pakati pemhando dzehunyanzvi hwemuno, zvichiuya kuzokosheswa mukati memaitiro epasi rose, sezvazvinoitika mune yeRomanesque neGothic art.

Vapambi vakaisa pfungwa nyowani yeEuropean yakazara, pavakapa mukwende wavo wetsika mumwe nemumwe, nekugara munharaunda zvachose. Kuomerera kwavo kuChristian Romanity kwakaratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana, kuchinjira kune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzavaigara.

Romanesque art

Munguva dzekubuda kwehunyanzvi hweRomanesque, Chechi yeKatorike ndiyo yaive protagonist, sezvo yakatanga kupa nhungamiro maererano nehunyanzvi, panguva iyo nzanga yakagadzikana yekuMadokero kweEurope yakanga ichisimuka munguva yepakati.

Ichi chitendero chechitendero chakashandisa zviwanikwa, simba uye hutongi hwazvaive nazvo kuraira kugadzirwa kwezvivezwa nependi. Rudzi rwezvivakwa zvine chirongwa chepasi muchimiro chemuchinjikwa wechiLatin chakava chimiro chechimiro muchimiro chekereke dzepilgrimage, iyo yakakurumidza kupararira muWestern Europe.

Shanduko kubva kuRomanesque kuenda kuGothic uye Cistercian art

Mumwe wevatangiri veunyanzvi hwechiKristu huripo panguva yeMiddle Ages aive Saint Bernard wekuClairvaux, aive nemafungiro akadzama ekuti basa rekunaka rinofanira kunge riri rei kuitira kuti aratidze humbowo hwechitendero chechiKristu.

Chinangwa chake chaive, kubudikidza nechikumbiro chake, chekubvisa hunyanzvi hwechiKristu pane izvo, maererano naye, zvaive zvekushongedza zvakanyanyisa, achitozviona sekutsauka kubva padzidziso yakataurwa. Maitiro ake akarerekera zvakanyanya pakureruka kwemitsara uye kushandisa zvakanaka kwechiedza. Iyo iconographic inomiririra Kristu yaive muenzaniso wake wakanakisa wehunyanzvi.

Gothic art

Mukati meunyanzvi hwechiKristu hweMiddle Ages, tinosvika pakurongwa kweGothic art, iyo inoratidzwa sechimiro chehunyanzvi chakagadzirwa muWestern Europe pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nembiri, nguva apo kupera kweMiddle Ages kwakafambira mberi uye kushandiswa kwayo kwaienda kusvika. Renaissance.

Inosanganisira yakawedzera hunyanzvi nguva, iyo yakatanga kuChamhembe kweFrance, kuzozopararira munzvimbo yese yekumadokero. Nzira yaro yekushanda inorongwa maererano nematunhu uye nyika uko sangano iri rakagadzirwa maererano nenguva, richiwana kusiyana kwakadzama semugumisiro.

MuFrance, imwe yematanho ebudiriro yakaitika iine hunhu hwakachena, uhwo hwakaratidzwa muProvence hwakasiyana pane hweParis. MuItaly, yaive nemusiyano padhuze netsika dzechinyakare uye dzakachinjika, kunyangwe paine muenzaniso weparadigmatic inova Milan Cathedral.

Uye pakupedzisira, munyika dzakaita seEngland, Germany neSpain, inozviratidza neine zvinhu zvemuno kubva kumatunhu iwayo. Kana iwe uchida kuverenga imwe nyaya yakafanana pamusoro petsika, tinokukoka iwe kuti uongorore White Brotherhood

Shanduko kubva kuGothic kuenda kuRenaissance

Kupera kweMiddle Ages kana medieval, yakava nguva yakazununguswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwezviitiko zvakati kuti zvakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru sedenda dema uye dambudziko rezana ramakore regumi nemana. Kukamukana kweMadokero kwakakanganisa chikamu chechitendero, kuchiisa maKristu ese muWestern Europe mumamiriro ezvinhu asati amboonekwa, asina kumboitika.

Zvaiva zvekuti vamwe vanaPope vairamba kudzingana, uye vaingozviita nevateveri vavo. Nguva idzodzo dzaimiririrwa nenziyo uye kutamba, sezvo nziyo dzaiimbwa nevaridzi vegoriya uye mufananidzo wekutamba kwerufu, dzaiva chiyeuchidzo chekuti upenyu hunokurumidza sei.

Art of the Modern Age

Hunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakazviratidza mukati menguva dzeNguva Yemazuvano, hunogona kutorwa sehukuru hweunyanzvi uhu, sezvo yaive nguva yekuvakwa kwemabasa makuru ezviratidzo akavakirwa pachitendero chechiKristu.

Mumakore 1656-1667, mutambi ane mukurumbira anonzi Bernini, akavaka vharanda rekufananidzira rinoonekwa senzira yekupinda pakati pechiKristu cheKaturike. Uyu mugadziri mumwe chete ndiye akagadzira sikweya uye mukati mebhaldachin, achishandisa baroque zvinhu chete.

Muna 1626, chirongwa chepakati chakave chakatangwa kuti chive neBasilica ye San Pedro muna 1506, uye iyo nzvimbo yedome inoisa chimiro chepamusoro pe Roma kusvikira nhasi.

Iyo Renaissance uye Renaissance art

Renaissance ibato rakakura rehunyanzvi rine hwaro hwehuzivi. Sangano iri, rinova chikamu cheunyanzvi hwechiKristu, rakazvarwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu muEurope, kunyanya muItari. Hunhu hwake hukuru hunoratidzwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi, zvichijekesa kuyemura kwake kukuru kwechinyakare chekare, chinhu icho, kunze kwekutora semuenzaniso, anobereka mumabasa ake ese.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zita Renaissance rakapihwa kwairi sezvo chinangwa chesangano iri chinoratidza kuzvarwa patsva, kana chiito chekuzvarwa patsva kweGreco-Latin tsika.

Pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu neregumi namatanhatu, uye mumaguta eFlorence, Roma neVenice, iyi mutoo wounyanzvi wakawana hukuru hwakadai hwakanga husati hwamboonekwa munhau yose. Nenzira imwecheteyo, yaive nehukuru hwekusangana kwevanyori, kubva panguva idzodzo dzinocherechedzwa uye dzakakosha shanduko mukati mehunyanzvi, kunyanya muRenaissance yeItaly.

Iyo Renaissance muItari

MuItaly, kutaura kwetsika uye zviratidzo zvinomutsa nyika yekare zvakagara zvine nzvimbo yakasarudzika. Muenzaniso weizvi ndiko kuvapo kwenhamba yakawanda yematongo yakachengetedzwa kusvika nhasi.

Munguva dzekare, maguta eItaly uye nyika dzaive dzakapfuma kwazvo, saka, nekufamba kwemakore, kuchengetedzwa kwavo kwave rudzi rwemakwikwi ekurwisana nemasimba makuru, akaunza hupfumi hwakawanda, nechinangwa chemari tsika.

Munharaunda iyoyo, boka rinomira pachena sevadziviriri vasingaenzanisi vehunyanzvi, iyo Medici, pamwe neFlorentines, panyaya yezvivakwa. Vaiti vemifananidzo vanoverengeka vakatanga kuva nemukurumbira vakatsiva mhizha dzekare, vaiita mabasa avo nechinangwa chokukudza Mwari, asi sangano ravo rakanga ratopera simba.

Kubwinya kwakatanga kugoverwa nevanyori vemabasa, avo vaifarira kukunda kwavo uye mukurumbira, kunze kwemiganhu. Kukwanisa kuwana ruzivo rutsva kwaivewo chinhu chakakosha, kubuda mukati meboka iri revanyanzvi chishuwo chekuongorora nyika kuburikidza nemaitiro esainzi, ayo anoshanda kuvandudza mafomu nemhando dzeunyanzvi.

Zvikonzero zveRenaissance

Zvinhu zvakabuda muunyanzvi hwechiKristu zvakapa nzvimbo yakavhurika kusvika pakubuda kwesangano reRenaissance. Zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvakapa nzira yekuzvarwa patsva ndezvi:

• Kuvapo kwamanyoro anokosha zvikuru akanyorwa naVaRoma navaGiriki, ayo akachengetedzwa mumugariro wakakwana namakonivhesiti omuMiddle Ages namayunivhesiti.
• Kuverengwa kwemabhuku echinyakare kwakagoneka nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemutauro wechiLatin, waionekwa semutauro une mukurumbira.
• Kurudziro yakabva mukuda kuziva kwevamwe kuziva nezvebudiriro dzaivepo kare uye dzaikwanisa kuvaka zvivakwa kubva mumatongo eRoma aionekwa munharaunda yeItaly.
• Kugadzirwa kwemuchina wokudhinda kwakabatsira zvikuru kuita kuti zvinyorwa zvevachenjeri, vazivi uye vadetembi zvizivikanwe, zvaivapo kare uye nhasi.

Matanho uye maitiro eRenaissance

Nezvematanho eRenaissance, tinogona kutaura kuti kune matatu: The Pre-Renaissance kana inozivikanwawo se trecento, inoumbwa neXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore; iyo Quatrocento yakaitika kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu; uye Cinquento.

Pakati pezvinhu zvakatanhamara zvehunhu hwayo tine kudzokororwa kwemuenzaniso wezvivezwa uye zvivakwa zvakaratidzwa muRoma neGirisi. Iko kufungisisa kwekunaka kwerunako, maererano nezvinogadziriswa nemaparamita echikonzero.

Muiyi kufamba kwounyanzvi hwechiKristu, dzikamo norunyararo izvo zvaichengeta chinhu chiri chose chiri mutsinhirano zvaitsvakwa. Mabasa akasikwa aipindura kumitemo yekukwana uye kujeka, hunhu hwaienderana netsika dzepasi rose dzekusingaperi musimba.

Iwo anozivikanwa masisitimu ekuvaka: column uye architrave, uye arch uye vault, zvakasanganiswa neGreco-Roman mhando yekuvaka zvinhu, maficha airatidza zvivakwa panguva yeRenaissance.

Iyo hemispherical dome, vault uye semicircular arch ndiwo matatu anotenderwa echinyakare maodha nenzira yechiRoma. Muenzaniso wechechi yeRenaissance ine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakakosha mudome yayo: yakavakwa nezvidhinha uye ine arched shape; inopetwa kaviri, imwe mukati meimwe.

Mukati mezvivakwa maererano neRenaissance architecture, yakanyorwa seyakanyanya kukosha maChechi nedzimba dzemadzimambo. Machechi anofemerwa nechimiro chimwechete chinopihwa neRoma basilica, ichitevera senge nzira yekuvaka kuvakwa kwepurani yepasi muchimiro chemuchinjikwa wechiLatin, magwara akareba uye mamwe akapatsanurwa nembiru nemaarch, ane furati uye sirin'i yekuyamura.

Baroque Art

Unyanzvi uhwu hwakatanga muna 1600 huchizviratidza sebato rekupikisa, iro raitsvaga kudonongodza hunyanzvi hwekuparadzira, kuita zviitiko zvemazuva ese rive dingindira rekumiririra kuburikidza nehunyanzvi, nenzira yakapfava asi inonyatsoratidza. Akatofungawo mamwe mashoko ayo, kunyange zvazvo aingoerekana avapo uye achirwara, aiva rutivi rwoupenyu.

Asi, ichi chaingova chikamu chezvinyorwa zvayo zvekutanga, sezvo nekufamba kwenguva, zvinangwa zvaro zvakashanduka, zvino yava nepfungwa yekuratidza hukuru hwaishandiswa neChechi yeRoma mumakore iwayo. Yakapfuurawo nechikamu chekushandisa zvakanyanya mukushongedza iyo yainzi "decorative baroque", iyo kutenderera kwayo kwakapera muzana ramakore regumi nemasere.

Unyanzvi hwechitendero hwakawana kusimbaradzwa kwakasimba kubva kuMonarchy nevamwe vamiriri vakakosha venzanga vane simba guru, izvo zvakaita kuti hunyanzvi hweBaroque hushande kumisa chiratidzo chairatidza dzidziso nemaitiro.

Kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvese zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi mukati Europe, Vakasvika pakuzorongerwa sebaroque art, kusanganisira Dutch pendi uye chiRungu chivakwa, kunyangwe zvimiro zvezvivakwa zvechitendero zvinogonawo kuonekwa muDutch zvivakwa, izvo zvinopa maitiro ehunyanzvi hwechiKristu, kunyanya Protestant baroque.

Kana iri yekolonial baroque, yakaratidza maitiro matsva, kubereka rudzi rutsva rwekubatana uye syncretism, kupfuura maitiro eEurope, inoratidzira mativi echitendero chakakurumbira chakanga chiri kuberekwa panguva iyoyo.

Imwe yechitendero mimhanzi ye baroque art yakamukawo, iyo yakakurumidza kuve yakakurumbira kwete chete nekuda kwevamiriri vayo, pakati pavo paiva. Bach uye Vivaldi, asi nemhaka yemagamuchidzanwa orudzidziso evaKaturike navaPurotesitendi ayo akabatanidza nawo.

Art of the Contemporary Age

KuMadokero kweEurope, hunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwekare uye hwekare hwakatanga kuunganidzwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, nekubatanidzwa kweruzivo rutsva rweunyanzvi, rusiri rwesekete uye rwepasirese rweunyanzvi, rwaisanganisira kupa kukosha kwehunyanzvi kumabasa, kupfuura kunamata kwechitendero. .

Kune chikamu chayo, hunyanzvi hwechiKristu hwemazuva ano hwaive huchitorwa sehwepakati, uye maartist epasirese uye anomhura akatanga kuburitsa madingindira echiKristu nguva nenguva, kunyangwe muimbi wechiKristu aisawanzo kuverengerwa munhoroondo. Nekudaro, vazhinji vemazuvano maartist vakagadzira zvimedu zveunyanzvi zvemakereke anozivikanwa pasi rese.

Neoclassicism uye historicisms

Munguva yekuvandudzwa kwehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, chimiro chitsva chakajairwa chehunyanzvi chakabuda nerukundo, neoclassicism, bato rakachengetwa panguva yehunyanzvi danho reContemporary Age, nekuda kwekuda kwayakaita academy.

Zvisikwa zveunyanzvi hwechiKristu zvakazadzisa chinangwa chekuchengeta vateveri vavo, uye vakanyatsochinjira kune iyi chitaera chitsva, pasina kubvuma shanduko dzehunyanzvi, zvigadzirwa zvemarevolutions, izvo zvakaunza mamwe matambudziko ekunaka.

Kuburikidza nemataera aya, yakatsanangurwa seimwe nzira, kubatanidza zvimwe zvinhu zvekare uye zvakabudirira zvakanyanya munguva yavo, zvinoratidza kuti zvaive pachena muhunyanzvi hwekuvaka nemaitiro akacherechedzwa muhunyanzvi hweNeo-Byzantine, neo-Romanesque, neo-Gothic, uye kunyangwe mune eclecticism, iyo inosanganisira musanganiswa wezvinhu izvo kwakabva kwakasiyana.

Kusikwa kweaya mabasa kwakatambanudzira kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX nenzira yokutevedzana kwenguva. Zvose mukuveza uye mukupenda, simba guru reunyanzvi rakasiiwa nesangano iri rinogona kuratidzwa, kunyange mukati menyika dziri kure nekwakabva neoclassicism. Izvi zvakaburitsa musanganiswa wemazwi ehunyanzvi kwete eEuropean chete, asiwo Hispanic uye mestizo.

Pre-romanticism uye romanticism

Sechimurenga uye hunyanzvi hwekufamba, asiwo zvematongerwo enyika, chokwadi cheFrench chakatsanangurwa, mamiriro akaiisa zvinopesana nemanzwiro uye zvishuwo zvinoratidzwa nevateveri vetsika dzechinyakare uye maitiro echiKatorike. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kumisa vanyori kuti vataure ivo pachavo uye kugadzira mienzaniso yechokwadi yehunyanzvi hwechiKristu.

Saizvozvovo, pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe, kurudziro yechiKristu yezvinomiririra zvine zviri mukati mezvinyorwa zvechitendero zvechinyakare, yakanga isiri pachena, kunyange kusvika pakuva nezvimwe zvinokurudzira kunze kweizvo basa raibvumira kuona. Vamwe vanyori vakatora madingindira echitendero mumabasa avo, nechinangwa chakabva chabuda pachena, chokukonzera kudenha uye kunyange kuratidza kusaremekedza kwavo.

Mafambiro ehunyanzvi akamuka muEngland neGermany, uye ainzi pre-Raphaelites neNazarenes, akatsvaga chinhu chekuchena mukati menhoroondo yehunyanzvi, mune zvehunyanzvi uye muchikamu chechitendero, chakavharwa kubva kuhunyanzvi hwedzidzo uye baroque. .

Impressionism, post-impressionism uye modernism

Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, mafambiro akati wandei ekushongedza akatanga kusimukira, ayo aive nemavambo mukati meiyo yakakurumbira hunyanzvi mamiriro, asi airatidza kusava nehanya nechitendero uye kune vafundisi.

Pasinei neizvi, mweya wemaitiro echiKristu wakaramba uripo mukati mezvigadzirwa zveunyanzvi nenzira inopokana. Zvivako zvechechi zvakanga zviri muenzaniso wakajeka weiyi nheyo, apo dingindira rechitendero rakaratidzirwa nenzira yakadzama uye yakabatanidzwa.

artistic vanguards

Kuburikidza nemabasa echitendero, chikamu chenzira yevamwe vanyori vane chokuita nemhando dzakanyanya kukosha chakaonekwa. Kwakanga kuri nokuda kwoudzame hukuru hwakabudisa chimiro chezvivakiso chakagadzirwa navo mukati mezana ramakore rapfuura, kuti unyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakavandudzwa. Ufakazi hwaikoku hwaiva zvivako zvorudzidziso zvenguva iyoyo.

Mugore ra1922, machechi akati wandei e“Christocentric” akatanga kuvakwa, mabasa aitungamirirwa nesangano rechitendero, iro raiva nesimba guru pakushandurwa kwekunzwisisa kwechiKristu, rakarongwa muchimiro chenzvimbo dzacho. zvezvitendero zvavo.

Iyi nhanho yakagadziridzwa, ichipupurira mune akati wandei mavakirwo samples ari chikamu chezvivakwa zveKatorike uye zvekare zvevaPurotesitendi. Kuvandudzwa kwakadzama kweCatholic kwaifungidzira Second Vatican Council, zvakaratidzwa mumifananidzo yose yemifananidzo, muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechiXNUMX.

Hunhu hwemavakirwo emazuva ano

Rudzi rwezvivakwa zvakavakwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX rakanga risina chimiro chakasimba, ndiko kuti, chakanga chisina kutakurwa neimwe nzira. Pfungwa huru yaive yakavakirwa pakubatsira kwemudziyo uye basa raizoitwa kuitira kubatsira boka.

Nekuda kweizvi, pfungwa nyowani yemhando yehunyanzvi hwekuvaka inogadzirwa, iyo inobatanidza iyo academy nemaitiro emaitiro, ichisiya parutivi kusiyana kwavo. Zvinhu zvitsva zvinowedzerwa pakuvaka, pakati pazvo ndezvi: matombo ekugadzira, formica, aluminium, simbi, simbi yakakandwa, fiberglass, kongiri, pakati pevamwe.

Asi, pakati pezvishandiso izvi zvese, mukati mezvivakwa zvemazuva ano, kushandiswa kwesimbi nesimbi kunomira semidziyo yakakosha mukuita uku. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwayo kuri mukati mekuvakwa kwechivako chimiro, icho chinoreva skeleton inoumbwa nekuiswa kwematanda munzira dzakachinjika uye dzakamira, uye dzakasimba dzakasimba.

Ichi chigadziko ndicho chine kupikisa kunofanirwa, izvo zvichabvumira kuvakwa kwemasvingo ane chiedza chechiedza, kuisa mahwindo makuru egirazi, anopa chiedza chakanakisisa kune nzvimbo dzomukati dzebasa.

Mukuwedzera, chimiro chesimbi chine kupikisa kukuru kune kuputika uye kukanganisa, uyewo kuva neunhu hunobvumira kuti itore chero chimiro chaunoda kupa, maererano nekugadzirwa kwakasarudzwa. Iri skeleton rine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaita sesimbi, simende, tsvimbo, nezvimwe.

Izvi zvivakwa zvekuvaka zvinogara zvichiiswa pasi pekukotama uye kudzvanywa, iyo iyo kongiri inobudirira kuramba. Humwe hunhu hwezvivakwa zvazvino uno hunomira pachena ndehwekuti zvinhu zvawo zvinoshanda zvinoonekwa, zvine zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinozvisiyanisa zvakaita se: magadzirirwo, ruvara, chimiro, modhi, nezvimwe, zvakachinjirwa kune inodiwa hunyanzvi maitiro.

Iyo yemazuva ano yeunyanzvi hwechiKristu, hwakasiyana kubva kune mamwe maitiro, zvichipihwa hunhu hwayo hwekuita, hwakanga hwakasiyana mune imwe neimwe yenyika dzayakagadzira. Zvakadaro, yaive nemapoinzi akati wandei aive akajairika uye akajairika, sekusanganiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sezvidhinha nematombo.

Chimwe chemaitiro ayo kwaive kushandiswa kweasymmetrical uye yakamonyoroka maumbirwo; yewavy lines; dense kushongedzwa kwakaitwa nekushandiswa kwemaruva nemimwe miti, pakati pezvimwe; kumira kunze nehunyanzvi hukuru maererano nemahwindo nemadhizaini emasuo.

contemporary christian art

Nzvero yokuzivisa kubatsira nokumwe kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva mumunda wokuvaka rakanga riri rimwe remativi akaita kuti unyanzvi hwechiKristu hwepanguva iyoyo hubude pachena. Mhedzisiro yekuferefeta yakagumisa kuti zvivakwa zvine saizi diki zvinofanirwa kuvakwa, zvekugara, mafekitori kana nzvimbo, zvine kugovera kudiki kwenzvimbo dzazvo.

Saizvozvo, basa remhando iyi yebasa, yekongiri, simbi uye aluminiyamu zvinhu, uye sezvimwe zvakasara, girazi. Zvimiro zvavo zvakatora maumbirwo ejometri yerudzi rwecubic, iyo simba rayo raive pamatemo chaiwo. Vaive maGerman avo, muna 1970, vakatungamira kana zvasvika pakushanda nemamodheru eichi chivakwa chitsva.

Devotional zvinhu uye folk art

Chinhu chakakosha chakakonzera kupararira kwetsika dzechiKristu dzakakurumbira kwaive kutengesa kukuru uye kudhindwa kwemabasa etsitsi, izvo zvakazogoneka nekushandiswa kwekudhinda. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, chiitiko ichi chakaitwa nevapendi vezvikuva, avo vaive nyanzvi mumhando yezvinyorwa.

Kunowedzerwa kune iyi fambiro mberi huru kuwedzera mukugadzirwa kwezvitambi zvine minyengetero kuvasande, izvo zvakaitwa noruvara, zvichishandiswa kugadzirwa kworuzivo rwokuzviwanira. Vakatanga kugoverwa senzira yokuwana nayo mari yokugadziridza temberi nedzimwe nzvimbo tsvene dzechitendero.

Gare gare, iyi nzira yokuzivisa yakava chitubu chinokosha chedzidzo, chakashandiswa mukatekisimo nezvimwe zvikoro zveSvondo. Zvichienderana neizvi, vanyori vakatanga kuzvitsanangura sevaKristu, vaiwana kubudirira kukuru mune zvekutengeserana, vainyanya kuzivikanwa munzvimbo iyi vari vekuAmerica neSpanish.

Iconographic themes

Nguva yeContemporary isati yasvika, chikamu chikuru chevagari vemo chakanga chisingazivi kuverenga, saka zvakanga zvakaoma kuti vaongorore magwaro matsvene akanga akanyorwa muchiLatin. Zvino zvakaita seunyanzvi hwechiKristu, zvinounzwa nekuvapa imwe nzira inowanika kuitira kuti vanzwisise zvinoreva mameseji echiKristu.

Chechi yakatanga kushandisa hunyanzvi zvakanyanya, senzira mukudzidzisa kwekatekesi. Mupiro wake waive mukuru zvekuti chivezwa cheRomanesque chakasvika pakunzi "evhangeri yedombo". Unyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakava chiratidzo chakakosha, icho chakaita kuti zvizivikanwe zvemunhu wese mutsvene, aine izvo, nekungovaona chete, zvaive zvatozivikanwa kune vanozvipira vakatendeka, senge, semuenzaniso, makiyi e. San Pedro kana maruva emu Mhandara Maria.

Mukati mehunyanzvi hwechiKristu, iwo anonyanya kufarirwa zvidhori madingindira ndeaya anoreva kutenderera kwehupenyu hwaJesu neMhandara Maria. Kune zvakare iyo yehupenyu hwevasande veKatorike uye vakafira kutenda, kunyanya avo vane kuzvipira kutenderera pasirese.

Miratidziro yakajairika yevasande inogona kuoneka yega kana pamwe nevanoverengeka, pasina kudikanwa kwekumiririrwa kwechiitiko ichocho chakatorwa nehunyanzvi, chaive chaicho kana kwete. Mumwe weakanyanya kubudiswa mufananidzo uyo munhu wose anofanira kuva pamwe chete ndokubatanidzwazve muumambo hwokudenga.

Testamente Yekare Cycles

Misoro yakawanda inotaurwa mukati meTestamende Yekare inowanzomiririrwa muunyanzvi hwechiKristu, kunyanya magwaro eEkisodho naGenesisi, akadai semifananidzo yeParadhiso uye kusikwa kwenyika; uyewo kubva munhoroondo dzevachenjeri vairemekedzwa nevaprofita vepanguva iyoyo.

Paive nemadingindira chaiwo aifarirwa zvikuru kuti abudiswezve nevanodhirowa vepurasitiki nevapendi, vachiita mabasa aya ekuravira kunokwezva akakunda vatengi vanoshanda pakati pehuwandu.

Izvi zvakakonzera kuvhurwa kwemusika wakafanana wekutengeserana wemakomisheni akaitwa chete nemasangano echechi, ayo aibvumira rusununguko mumabasa, ayo zvino airatidza mushwi uye zviitiko zvechisimba, izvo zvakaonekwa zvakabatana nenguva yeRenaissance.

Ngirozi, vanhu uye mapoka

Mumwe musoro wakazova wakakurumbira zvikuru muunyanzvi hwechiKristu wakanga uri mufananidzo wengirozi namakerubhi, mumwe nomumwe kana kuti pamwe chete nedzimwe kwaya dzengirozi. Uyewo, mabasa aiitwa apo zvose chivi netsika zvaiitwa somunhu, zvichiita kuti misoro iyi iwande.

Pakati pemapoka, vaimiririrwa nenhamba dzakajairwa, senge, semuenzaniso, nyaya yevaapositori gumi nevaviri, mirairo yegumi, varapi vechisere vekereke, ngirozi huru dze12, nezvimwe.

Kutenderera kwehupenyu hwaKristu

The artic characterization yehupenyu hwe Jesu Kristu, Zvinotanga nekuratidzwa kwedzinza rake, kwete nekuzvarwa kwake, aine mienzaniso inocherekedza mifananidzo inotaura nezvechiziviso chengirozi yemweya pamusoro pekubata pamuviri kunoshamisa, uye zvimwe zviitiko kwaunogona kuona. Mhandara Maria nhumbu.

Iwo akatanhamarawo mukati meaya madenderedzwa, iro richinongedzera kuKuberekwa kwaJesu, uko zviono zvine mashoko anoratidzira rukudzo rwakadzama zvinobatanidzwa. Nokudaro, ipapoka, kune rukudzo rwavafudzi kumwana Jesu nemhuri tsvene; kunamata kwa varume vakachenjera; kumiririra kuurayiwa kwevatsvene vasina mhosva; tiza uye uzorore Ijipiti.

Unyanzvi hwechiKristu hwakanyanya mukumiririra kwakakosha kwezvikamu zvakasiyana muhupenyu hwe Jesu kubva paudiki hwake kusvika pakukura kwake, kusvika pamakore makumi matatu nematatu. Kubva pauduku hwake unogona kumuona mumifananidzo nemifananidzo, nguva dzose achiperekedzwa nevabereki vake, pamwe chete nechikamu chebhaibheri chekushanya kwake kutemberi, zvose paakapiwa mharidzo yake uye paakarasika uye akasangana nevadzidzisi vechitendero vakuru. nguva idzodzo..

Semunhu mukuru, zviito zvake zvinomira pachena kubva pamusangano nemukoma wake Johane Mubapatidzi uye rubhabhatidzo rwake, pamwe chete nenguva yezvishamiso zvake nokuparidza, paanosangana nevateveri vake vakatendeka, vaapostora. Iwo anomirirwawo muunyanzvi hwechiKristu, mifananidzo yake yakakurumbira zvikurusa.

Pakati pezvishamiso zvake, nhambo yaanoporesa ane maperembudzi, bofu navakaoma mitezo inotanhamara. Uyewo michato yezviratidzo zve Nzimbe uye kuwanda kwehove nezvingwa. Mufananidzo we Jesu kufamba pamusoro pemvura uye nguva apo dutu rakasimba regungwa rinodzikama, ndezvimwe zvezvikamu zvakadhindwa.

Saizvozvo, mukati mehupenyu kutenderera kwe Kristu, mira pachena muunyanzvi kumuka kwa Razaro, zvakafanana nemufananidzo wejasi rake reKumuka mukati me crypt paaiva, iyo yakava chiratidzo chekuda kwake uye rufu.

Kushandurwa kwaKristu

Pasina kupokana, misoro yakadhindwazve zvikuru mumifananidzo yechiKristu yave iri mazuva okupedzisira pasi pano. Jesucristo, zvakadai sokudzingwa kwevatengesi muTemberi, uko, mukuwedzera kukumirira ichi chiitiko chinokosha munhau yorudzidziso, chimiro choumwari chairatidzirwa nemirangariro yomumwe munhu upi noupi.

Kugezwa kwetsoka dzake, pamwe chete neKudya Kwemanheru Kwokupedzisira, chikamu chemabasa echinyakare anosanganisira kutenderera kwePassion of Kristu, uko kunewo kunetseka kwake mubindu, kutsvoda padama kwaakapiwa naJudhasi, uye zviono zvakasiyana-siyana zvoKutonga kwake.

Kutevedzana kwezviteshi gumi nenhatu umo viacrucis yake yakamiririrwa nehunyanzvi, yakatorwa nenzira dzakasiyana, sezvo pane dzimwe nguva, inoratidzwa nenhamba uye dzimwe nguva nemichinjikwa.

Iyi nhevedzano inotsanangura kuburikidza nemifananidzo inobva mumutsara wake, ichipfuura nemumusangano wake naAmai vake uye kana achinge agamuchira rubatsiro Cyrenean, kusvikira avete pamuchinjikwa pamwe chete nembavha mbiri.

Ndizvo chaizvo chikamu cherudo nerufu chinoumba kutenderera kwehupenyu hwe Jesu, uko kudhirowa kwechiKristu kwakagadzira mimwe mifananidziro, kutora chimwe nechimwe chezviitiko zvakaitika mumazuva ake okupedzisira, uye kuenda nayo kumucheka kuti irege kufa.

Mifananidzo ye Kristu paCalvari, paakataura mazwi manomwe ane mukurumbira akazova munamato, akatanhamara mumhando dzose dzehunyanzvi: kuvaka, kupenda, zvinyorwa, pakati pezvimwe. Kutaurirana kwaanoita Jesu kubva kuna Johane kuenda kuMhandara Mariaa saamai nemwanakomana, ndeimwe yezvinowanzoitika zvinomiririra.

Kune mamwe asina akawanda anomiririra ayo, zvisinei, akabata pfungwa dzevakawanda vechiKristu maartist aive, mazuva ayo J akaramba afa.ndiKristu, sezvakaita chiitiko chePietà, icho chakazonzi "chinonzwisa tsitsi" nenyanzvi dzemifananidzo.

Madingindira akasiyana-siyana akatorwa mukuvigwa kutsvene aifarirawo maartist akazvipira kushanda pahunyanzvi hwechiKristu, zvichikonzera kuomarara kwehunhu hwakadai semufananidzo we. Kristu paakanga akasimudzwa nemakerubhi kudenga, a Jesu pesive, kana chiratidzo maronda mashanu.

Kutevera kutenderera kwehupenyu hwe Kristu, tine chikamu chinomiririra zvikuru, icho mukuwedzera pakusarudzwa nevoruzhinji rwechiKristu uyewo nevasingatendi, chakashanda seshoko rine tariro. Ndezvekumutswa kwevakafa Jesu uye kuoneka kwake kunoshamisa paruzhinji, pashure pokunge amutswa.

Ikoko unogona kusanganisira mifananidzo inoratidza kusatenda kwakakurumbira kwaSaint Thomas, kana Kukwira kwaJesu kudenga, kwaanogara achiiswa akakomberedzwa nevadzidzi vake, sedare rekuonekana achisiya chivimbiso chemusangano mutsva muumambo hwekudenga.

Kunewo kuwa Jesu kugehena uye kugamuchirwa kwayo kudenga, iyo yakava chikamu chechiratidzo icho Utatu hutsvene. Kune mifananidzo inomiririra yehupenyu hwe Kristu izvo zvisina kunyatsoitwa mukutariswa kwevhangeri, pakati peiyo nhaurirano ye Mutsvene Pauro kana kufira kutenda kwakatambudzwa nako Mutsvene Stefano, ayo anorondedzerwa ndokutorwa mubhuku raMabasa eVaapostora.

Kumiririrwa kwezviono zvakawanda zvichireva Apocalypse uye maonero epfungwa yakagoverwa kune yaive Kutonga Kwekupedzisira, inowedzerwa kumhando iyi yemabasa, asi haana kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo mune chero chinyorwa chebhaibheri.

marin cycle

Nekuva Jesu Kristu uye Mhandara Maria, mavara ehumwari ane mukurumbira mukuru pakati pevakatendeka vanozvipira, sekutenderera kwehupenyu hwaKristu kwakapihwa munyika yehunyanzvi, nenzira imwechete yakafungwa kutenderera kweMarian.

Yakapa nzira yekubuda kweiyo pfungwa "Marian Art", iyo yakava bazi rehunyanzvi hwechiKristu, iro dingindira guru rehunyanzvi raitenderera Mhandara Maria Kutenderera uku kunosanganisira kumiririra kwe Mhandara Maria, achiratidza mufananidzo wake kuburikidza nekupenda uye kuveza, izvo zvakaumba chikamu cheMarian iconography inozivikanwa nhasi.

Panyaya yezvivakwa, hunyanzvi hweMarian hwakaratidzwa muchimiro chakatorwa nemachechi eMarian nezvimwe zvivakwa zvakaita semaconvents, temberi, mamongi uye zvimwe zvechitendero, izvo zvakavakirwa kunamatwa kwekutsaurira kwakasiyana kweMhandara.

Muchitenderera ichi cheMarian, nziyo dzekunyora dzinomira pachena, imwe nyaya yenhetembo dzechitendero kana nhetembo yeMarian, pamwe nezvidimbu zvemimhanzi, zvakatsaurirwa kune. Mhandara Maria kumurumbidza. Dingindira reMarian rakatozoshandiswa mukati memabhodhi ebhaisikopo uye paterevhizheni yenyika.

Kubva mumazana emakore ekutanga, Mhandara Maria, akabhabhatidzwa saAmai vaMwari, airemekedzwa nekuzvipira kukuru, uko kwakawedzera kuburikidza nemifananidzo yake yemifananidzo yakawedzera pfungwa yaAmai vepasi rose. Uku kupararira kwemufananidzo wake kwakabatsira zvakanyanya mukusimudzirwa kwedzidziso yechiKristu, zvichiita kuti awane budiriro yakakurumbira.

Uku kukurumbira kunotangira muzana ramakore rechigumi nembiri, kwakaitika kubva kuMabvazuva kupfurikidza nokudhirowa kweByzantine, kusvika kuMadokero, pashure peChinjo yePurotesitendi. Nzvimbo dzechiCatholic dzakawedzera kuzvipira kwaMarian, zvichiita kuti mifananidzo yeMhandara iite chikamu chezvinyorwa zvakatemwa neDare reTrent.

kutenderera kwehupenyu hwevatsvene

Kutenderera kwehupenyu hwevasande kwainzi mukati mehunyanzvi hwechiKristu “hagiographies”, izwi rinoreva kuti mutsvene uye kunyora, iro rinobva ratorwa semuumbirwo wehupenyu hwevatsvene. zita rinopiwawo vaya vakanyora Bhaibheri nemamwe mabhuku eTsvene.

Zvinyorwa zveKaturike zveBhaibheri zvinotsanangura hupenyu hwevamwari vakasiyana-siyana, vanorangarirwa sevasande vechiKaturike. Vatsvene vakatambura kufira kutenda muhupenyu zvakare inyaya yekufarira kukuru kune vechiKristu maartist, avo vakavamiririra kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzemifananidzo.

Ivo vakanyoreswa mune yevanofira kutenda, yakatumidzwa zita rerudzi rwerondedzero ine zita remumwe nemumwe weava vakafira kutenda uye vasande, veChechi yeKatorike, vachiperekedzwa nenyaya dzavo, vachisimbisa misi inoyeukwa mitambo yavo.

Izwi iri rakava nemavambo mururimi rwechiGiriki, iro mudzi waro uchiti “martyr” zvinoreva kuti “chapupu”, uye chivakashure chokuti “logos” zvinoreva “kutaura”. Iro rinorangarirwa sebhuku guru revasande nevakafira kutenda rine misi yokurangarira kwavo, yakawedzerwa kuzviitiko nezvakavanzika zvine nyaya dzavo, yakatenderwa neChechi yeKaturike.

Rondedzero iyo misi yendaza yakatangwa nayo inowirirana nemisi yamakarenda, sezvo kuzhinji kwokufira kutenda kwakanga kuri kutambudzwa uko vatendi vakatendeka vechiKristu vakanga vari vanyajambwa vako, avo vakapa upenyu hwavo kuti vadzivirire rudzidziso rwavo.

christian architecture

Mukati meunyanzvi hwechiKristu, zvivakwa zvakatanga kuva nzira inokosha yekutaura, iyo yaionekwa mukuvakwa pauriri hwemachechi echiKatorike nedzimwe temberi dzechitendero, dzakagadzirwa zvichibva pane zvakarongwa.

Kunyangwe mafomu aya akavakwa kubva kunguva dzeLate Antiquity Era uye Middle Ages, achipfuura nepakati pezvikamu zvese zveRenaissance, uye nemuenzaniso wakacherechedzwa weBaroque art, ichiri munguva dzazvino, yakaramba iri mukuvandudza nguva dzose.

Zvido zvakarerekera kune dhizaini ye chirimwa muchimiro chemuchinjikwa wechiLatin, iyo yakanga ichizvimanikidzira pamagadzirirwo ayo aioneka ane chimiro chepakati, achiasiya parutivi, nechikonzero chokuti aishandiswa kunamata zvidhori.

Pakati pemamwe magadzirirwo akaunzwa panguva iyoyo yaive modhi ye basilica chirimwa, ane chimiro chinotevedzera zvivako zvaiva netemberi yeRoma, zvine zvinhu zvaisiyanisa unyanzvi hwePaleo nechiKristu.

Hunhu hwavaisanganisira hwaive chinzvimbo chegwara repakati, iro raigona kunge riri roga kana nemamwe magwagwa ari pamativi uye kure nepakati nekuda kwekurongeka kwearcade, iyo yakaitwa denderedzwa chimiro nembiru. , uye mune dzimwe nguva, inogona kuva ne polygonal shape yakagadzirwa kuburikidza nekuiswa kwembiru dzayo.

Munzvimbo iyoyo makanga mune vatendi, izvo zvakagadzira mukati mezvimbo, chimiro chekuti aive musoro wetembere kana chechi. Aritari huru nedare repamusoro zvaivawo ipapo. Pa "tsoka" dzechechi, magonhi ekupinda aive aripo, anonzi technically atrium uye porch.

La centralized plant, kana nechepakati, yaizivikanwa se "roundabout". Yaiva nematemo akawanda ekuenzanisa, ayo ainyanya hunhu hwerudzi urwu rwechimiro, zvichibva pamagadzirirwo aitora chimiro chedenderedzwa kana chepolygonal, icho chiverengero chevanamati chaive pakati pechivako.

Munguva dzeRenaissance, iyo yepakati chirongwa modhi inova nzira yekutsvaga kukwirisa kunaka kwezvivakwa zvechiKristu. Miti yematemberi nemamongi yaiva muenzaniso weizvi.

Nekudaro, iwo mamodheru aive akasiyana zvakanyanya maererano neaya ekuMabvazuva nekuMadokero, aine pamwe chete kuvapo kwevharovha, asi ine maumbirwo akasiyana. Kwemazana emakore, kuvakwa kwezvivako zvechitendero kwakatambanudzwa, kunyange zvazvo zvizhinji zvacho zvine mipimo yokuvaka yakasiyana muzvirongwa zvadzo.

islamic architecture

Mukati mezvivakwa zvechiIslam, zvirimwa zve "mamosque" zvakamira pachena muunyanzvi hwechiKristu, aive machechi umo chitendero cheIslam chaidzidzwa. Mukati mezana ramakore rechinomwe nerechisere, chiIslam chakava nekukura kukuru uye pamwe chete nazvo kuvakwa kwemamosque.

Chimiro chavo chaienderana nezvinodiwa zvechitendero ichi, saka vakagadziridzwa kuti vaenderane nezvinodiwa zvechitendero. Vaive nehunhu huri mutsika dzekuvaka dzenzvimbo, neByzantine, Persian, Hindu maitiro, pakati pevamwe..

zvivakwa zvemauto

Chimiro chakagadziriswa muchikamu chemauto ezvivakwa zvaive zvidyarwa zvine maumbirwo enguva dzose, uye mabhesi ayo aive quadrangular. Zvivako zvihombe zvakavakwa munguva dzeMiddle Ages, uko nhare dzakatanhamara, dzakachinjirwa kuti dzienderane nepamusoro penzvimbo yadzaivakirwa, dzichiwana uriri husina kujairika.

Kana iwe wakafarira chinyorwa ichi, iwe unogona zvakare kuongorora mukati memapeji eblog redu, iyo musoro we Zvitendero zvechiKristu