Muchinyorwa chinotevera uchakwanisa kudzidza zvishoma nezve nhoroondo, hunhu uye zvakakosha izvo zvaive chikamu che egyptian architecture, kumwe kutaura kunofadza zvikuru uye kunokatyamadza munhau yechisiko chose.
egyptian architecture
Universal architecture yagara ichionekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kufadza mataurirwo pasirese nekuti ine basa rekusanganisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mukuvaka kwezvivakwa zvemonumental. Muchinyorwa chanhasi tichave tichidzidza zvishoma nezve hunhu hweEgypt Architecture.
Mavakirwo eEgypt anogona kunzi anoratidzwa nekugadzira hurongwa hunovaka muzvivako zvayo zvehukuru, kushandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira ashlar yakavezwa mumatombo uye makoramu akasimba. Kuti tinzwisise kukanganisa kukuru kwezvivakwa zveEgypt, zvakakosha kufunga nezvemamwe mamiriro epfungwa, kunyanya simba rezvematongerwo enyika.
Haisi chakavanzika kune ani zvake kuti simba rezvematongerwo enyika panguva iyoyo rakanga rakanyanya kukoshesa pakati uye hierarchical, izvo zvakaratidzwa mune zvivakwa zvikuru zvezvivakwa zvenguva iyoyo. Imwe yemisiyano yepfungwa yakapesvedzera kuumbwa kwezvivakwa zveEgypt yaive pfungwa yechitendero yekusafa kwaFarao mune "humwe hupenyu".
Asi kuti tinzwisise kuti chii chakakosha mukuvakwa kweEgypt, zvakakoshawo kufunga nezvezvimwe zvekugadzirisa zvinhu, kunze kweiyo ideological. Mavakirwo eEgypt akapesvedzerwa nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi: ruzivo rwemasvomhu nehunyanzvi, dzimwe nguva hunovhiringidza kwenguva; kuvapo kwevanyori vane ruzivo rwakanyanya uye mhizha; kuwanda kwematombo ari nyore kuveza.
Mukati mekuvaka kweEgypt zvinokwanisika kuwana zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuvaka, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakakonzera kukanganisa kukuru pasi rose. Nhoroondo inotidzidzisa kuti chimwe chezvivakwa zvekutanga kuvakwa mukati megadziriro yezvivakwa zveEgypt zvakakura zvaive izvo zvinonzi mapiramidhi.
Kutaura nezvemavakirwo eEjipitori kutaura kune mamwe marudzi ezvivakwa zvakakosha, semuenzaniso, matembere nemakuva, ayo hukuru hwayo hwaienderana nerudzi rwemagariro emunhu anovigwa. Mazhinji emakuva evafarao akavakwa nenzira yemapiramidhi uye akanyanya kukosha ndeaya anonzi Seneferu, Cheops naKhafre.
Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti piramidi yaKhufu inotsanangurwa seyo chete yezvishamiso zvinomwe zveNyika Yekare iyo yakakwanisa kuramba iri munguva. Iri basa nderimwe remienzaniso yakanyatsojeka yehupamhi hwepamusoro hwakakwana hunowanikwa mumashandisirwo esainzi.
Munhoroondo yavo yese, vaIjipita vaive nebasa rekuvaka zvivakwa zvakakura zvine mwero unoshamisa wekukwana. Mutsika iyi, zvivako zvekukudza vanamwari zvaive chimwe chezvakakurumbira. Munzvimbo ino, mamwe mabasa akadai seaya eKarnak kana Abu Simbel anogona kutaurwa, ayo anomira zvakanyanya nehukuru hwekufananidzira.
Chimwe chinhu chinomira pachena mumatemberi aya akavakwa nevaEgipita ukuru hwezvivakwa izvi uye kuwirirana kukuru nekushanda kwenzvimbo dzazvo. Kune chikamu chavo, vagadziri vehumambo, vachitsigirwa nezvakaitika uye kudzidza kwefizikisi uye geometry, vakavaka zvivakwa zvinokatyamadza uye vakaronga basa remapoka akasiyana-siyana evanyori, mhizha nevashandi.
Kuvaka rudzi urwu rwechivako kwakanga kusingafananidzi chimwe chinhu chiri nyore kune vavaki venguva iyoyo, pane zvinopesana, huchenjeri hukuru uye ruzivo rwaidiwa kuti vakwanise kuita basa rekuvaka kwemaitiro aya. Vaifanira kuita basa rekuveza, kutakura zvinhu kubva kunzvimbo dzinocherwa dzeAswan, uye kuisa maobelisk egranite anorema kana kuti zviumbwa zvakakura zvikuru.
Basa rose iri raireva basa guru kune vagadziri vezvivakwa zveEgipita, pamwe neruzivo rwepamusoro. Vaivawo nebasa rekuvaka mizinda yakakosha kuitira kuti vanafarao vagare vakasununguka, asi hupenyu hwepanyika hwakanga husina kukosha zvakanyanya kana kuti kwete zvakanyanya sehupenyu hwepashure perufu, saka dzakanga dzisina kugadzirwa nematombo uye dzakanga dzisina nguva yakafanana. semakuva netemberi.
Zviratidzo
Makore ekutanga ekuvakwa kweEgypt akaonekwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekusavapo kwezvinhu zvekuvaka temberi uye zviyeuchidzo. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti chimwe chezvinhu zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya munguva yekare yeIjipita yaive adobe (zvidhinha zvedhaka), kunyangwe ibwe, kunyanya limestone, raishandiswawo kazhinji.
Kushaikwa kwezvinhu zvakaita kuti maEgypt ekare ashandise rudzi urwu rwemidziyo kuti vakwanise kumisa zvivakwa zvavo. Zvakanga zvakajairikawo kuonga zvivakwa zvichibva pamatombo ejecha negranite, ayo aimboshandiswa muhuwandu.
Kubva panguva inozivikanwa seHumambo hwekare, zvivakwa zveEjipitori zvakatora maitiro matsva. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvakafanana zvakanga zvichiri kushandiswa, kana iri dombo, raingochengeterwa kushandiswa mumakuva nematemberi. Kune chikamu chayo, adobe yainyanya kushandiswa pakuvaka dzimba, kusanganisira mudzimba dzehumambo, nhare, madziro emadziro etembere, pakati pemamwe mabasa.
Paiva nemaguta akawanda eEgypt aigona kuvakwa nemhando iyi yezvinhu, zvisinei, chikamu chikuru chezvivakwa izvi hazvina kugara kwenguva, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuda kwenzvimbo yavo. Ngatiyeukei kuti mazhinjisa aaya maguta akanga ari pedyo zvikuru nenzvimbo dzokurima dzomumupata waNire, idzo dzaiwanzowirwa namafashamo.
Chimwe chikonzero chakaita kuti maguta akawanda ekare eEgypt asagare imhaka yekuti zvidhinha zvaishandiswa pakuvaka zvaishandiswa sefotereza nevarimi. Kunewo zvimwe zvivako zvisingasvikike, sezvo zvivakwa zvitsva zvakavakwa pamusoro pezvisakara.
Chinhu chaifarira icho chivakwa cheEgypt panguva iyoyo yaive maitiro emamiriro ekunze, akaoma uye nekupisa. Ichi chokwadi chemamiriro ekunze chakabvumira zvakawanda zvezvivakwa zvakavakwa muEgypt yekare kuti zvirarame nekufamba kwenguva. Tinogona kutumidza musha weDeir el-Medina, iyo Middle Kingdom guta reKahun, kana nhare dziri kuBuhen neMirgissa.
Zvakakoshawo kutaura kuti chikamu chakanaka chedzimba dzeumambo uye zvimwe zvivako zvakavakwa muEgypt yekare zvakakwanisa kugara nenguva nokuti zvizhinji zvezvivakwa izvi zvakavakwa nezvinhu zvinopikisa zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso dombo, kana nokuti zvakagara munzvimbo dzakakwirira. , uko kwakanga kusingabviri kuti mafashamo eNairi avakuvadze.
Mavakirwo echiEgypt ekare ainyanya kudzorwa nematombo echitendero, kunyanya temberi dzakatsaurirwa kuna vamwari vavo kana vanhu vechitendero. Aya marudzi ezvivakwa akaonekwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nehukuru hwazvo hunoshamisa. Aiva matombo makuru ezviyeuchidzo, ane madziro akati chechetere uye maburi mashoma.
Zvizhinji zveizvi zviyeuchidzo zvechitendero zvaive chikamu chezvivakwa zveEgypt zvekare zvakavakwa zvichitevedza patani imwechete kana manyorero. Zvinotendwa kuti vagadziri venguva iyoyo vakadzokorora nzira yakajairika yekuvaka uye kuti yaikwanisa kupa kugadzikana kukuru muzvivako zvine madziro eadobe.
Saizvozvowo, kuvezwa kwepamusoro uye muenzaniso wezvivakwa zvematombo zvinogona kunge zvakasimuka kubva pamhando uye kushongedza kwezvivakwa zveadobe madziro. Kunyange zvazvo ichokwadi kuti kushandiswa kwearch kwakaitwa munguva yeimba yechina, zvivakwa zvose zvakakura zvakavakwa nemakona ane masvingo uye mbiru.
Zvivako zvose zvikuru zvenguva iyoyo zvakanga zvine matenga akati sandara akaumbwa nematombo makuru aitsigirwa nemadziro okunze uye mbiru huru, dzakanyatsoparadzana.
"Zvese madziro ekunze uye emukati, pamwe nembiru uye sirin'i, akafukidzwa ne hieroglyphics uye akafananidzirwa ne-bas-reliefs uye zvivezwa zvakapendwa nemavara akajeka. Chikamu chakanaka chezvishongedzo mukushongedza kweEgypt zvinofananidzira, zvakadai sezvitsvene scarab, solar disk uye gora ».
Muchivakwa cheEgypt zvaivewo zvakajairika kuona mamwe marudzi ezvishongedzo, semuenzaniso mashizha emichindwe epapyrus plant, uye buds nemaruva elotus. Hieroglyphs chaive chikamu chekushongedza pamwe nemabas-reliefs airondedzera zviitiko zvenhoroondo kana kududzira ngano dzengano.
Imba
Chimwe chezvivakwa zveEgyptian chainyanya kuoneka dzaive dzimba.Sezvatakambotaura, dzimba idzi dzainyanya kuvakwa nemarara, sezvo matombo aive chinhu chakachengeterwa kumisa zvivako zvidiki kupfuura chero chinhu.
Nezve dzimba muEgypt yekare, idzi dzakagadzirwa nemakamuri akasiyana. Pakapoteredza makamuri aya imba huru yakanga ine mbiru uye chiedza pamusoro chakavakwa. Dzimba dzeEgipita dzaivawo nemateru, dzimba dzepasi pevhu uye bindu guru kuseri kwemba.
Paiva nedzimba dzakavakwa nenzira yakasiyana, kureva kuti, vakawedzera zvimwe zvinhu zvekushongedza, semuenzaniso wemukati wemukati. Chiedza chakabva mumapatio aya emukati, ane makamuri ose akaiswa kumativi ose, uye asina mahwindo kunze, nekuda kwekudiwa kwekudzivirira zuva.
Mavakirwo edzimba dzekuIjipita aive akafanana zvakanyanya, kana asina kufanana, neayo edzimba dzevafellah dzemuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX: madziro ezvidhinha adobe uye materu akati sandara ehunde dzemichindwe dzakabatanidzwa. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti zvivakwa zvakakurumbira zvakaratidzwa nekugadzirisa kwayo kwakanaka kune yakaoma uye inopisa mamiriro ekunze eEgypt.
Parizvino kunobvira kuwana mamwe masara edzimba dzeEgipita uye ari mumugariro wakanaka zvikuru wokuchengetedza. Iyo yakanyanya kuchengetedzwa inogona kuoneka muDeir el-Medina uye Tell el-Amarna.
Tembere
Chimwe chezvivakwa zvakanyanya hunhu mukati meEgypt zvivakwa matemberi. Zvaiva zvivakwa zvakatsaurirwa kuna vamwari kana vanhu vechitendero chetsika iyi. Munguva yepredynastic nguva, mazhinji ematemberi aya akange asina zvinoshamisira zvepamusoro zvinokwezva, ndiko kuti, zvaive zvivakwa zviri nyore.
Matemberi ekutanga akavakwa panguva iyoyo aingove machapel ane sirin'i yakavezwa akavakwa nezvinhu zvemiti. Yakanga iri chaiyo panguva yekutanga dynasties apo matemberi ekutanga akavakwa neadobe akatanga kuoneka.
Nhau inoratidza kuti akanga ari Imhotep, nyanzvi yakatanhamara yeEgipita yoUmambo Hwekare, uyo aitarisira kumisa chivako chokutanga chemariro makuru nematombo akavezwa, achitungamirirwa nepiramidhi ine nhanho, nokudaro zvichiita kuti pave netemberi dzematombo dzokutanga, dzichitevedzera dzimba dzokunamatira. ine chimiro chemuriwo, kunyangwe chiri chekufananidzira.
Dzaive dzekufananidzira sezvo waisagona kupinda madziri. Mumaguta akasiyana akadai seGiza zvinokwanisika kuwana mamwe matombo akasara etembere dzeCheops, Khafre naMycerinus, mafarao edzinza rechina. Zvivako izvi zvaive chikamu chezvivakwa zvemariro zvinotarisirwa zvinotungamirwa nemapiramidhi makuru.
Makore gare gare Tembere yeSolar yakazvarwa, kunyanya panguva yekutonga kwaUserkaf, akafunga kuti farao wekutanga wedzinza reV, kumiririra tsika dzevaprista kubva kuHeliopolis kuna mwari Ra. MuMiddle Kingdom, iyo monumental complex yeHawara zvakare inomira pachena, muEl Fayum, inozivikanwa se "labyrinth".
Yakatumidzwa zita romunyori wenhau dzakaitika wechiGiriki Herodotus, uyo akava nomukana wokurishanyira. Nhasi hapana kana zvisaririra zvetemberi iyi yenhoroondo yezvivakwa zveEgipita. Kunyange zvazvo akanga ari zvivako zvinokosha, temberi dzakakura zvikuru dzakazvarwa muUmambo Hutsva. Typologically, ivo vanoumbwa ne:
- Nzira ine sphinxes kumativi ese maviri: iyo dromos
- Kupinda, pakati pemapylons maviri (mahombe trapezoidal madziro) akashongedzwa nepolychrome bas-reliefs, maviri obelisks, zvidhori uye mabhena.
- Patio yakavhurika ine makoramu akamira-akasununguka kana kuumba mativi emadziro: iyo hipetra kamuri.
- Imba hombe ine makoramu, yakafukidzwa: iyo hypostyle hall
- Kamuri diki, diki, ine chiedza chisina kujeka: nzvimbo tsvene
- Dziva rinoyera raishanda kuita zvetsika uye sedziva remvura yekunwa
- Matemberi madiki akabatanidzwa, akatsaurirwa kuna vamwari vakasiyana-siyana, vakadai semammisi "dzimba dzekuzvarwa namwari"
Mumatemberi aya yaivewo tsika yekuvaka imba yevaprista, makirasi evanyori, matura-maraibhurari uye matura ezvekudya nezvekushandisa. Iyo yakaoma yakachengetedzwa nemadziro emadziro. Idzi nzvimbo dzaive dzakanakira kuita tsika dzakanyanya kukosha dzechitendero chetsika dzeEgypt.
Mavakirwo akaitwa temberi akaita kuti zvikwanisike kunyatsoona kupatsanurana kwevanhu kwaivapo panguva iyoyo. Vanhu vaigona chete kusvika pambiru, vakuru vakuru nemauto vaikwanisa kupinda mukamuri rehippetra; mhuri youmambo yaigona kupinda muhoro ye<em>hypostyle, nepo vaprista naFarao vaikwanisa kupinda munzvimbo tsvene.
Munguva yeHumambo hwekare, temberi dzaive chikamu chepiramidhi yakaoma, kana tembere dzeZuva. MuUmambo Hutsva temberi huru zvikuru dzinoumbwa muDeir el-Bahari, Karnak, Luxor, Abydos, uye Medinet Habu; gare gare muEdfu, Dendera, Kom Ombo uye File.
the spoos
Iwe unogona kunge usati wanzwa nezve El Speos, zvisinei iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti ndiyo imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa epasi pevhu zvivakwa mumariro eEgypt. Iyo inoumbwa setemberi yemariro, yakavezwa mudombo, ichitevera rudzi rwe hypogeum.
Zvivakwa zvakawanda zverudzi urwu zvakavakwa, zvisinei izvo zvakave nekunyanya kukosha uye kukosha ndeizvo kubva panguva yaRamses II muAbu Simbel, yakagadzirwa nemifananidzo mikuru kunze uye horo hombe ine mbiru, nzvimbo tsvene uye crypt.
Ramses anomiririrwa semumwe mwari, akagara pakati pavo munzvimbo tsvene, akakura akabatanidzwa nemapilasta eimba huru uye akakura muhukuru pamusuwo, zvivezwa zvina zvezvimiro zvinokatyamadza zvakakomberedzwa nenhamba dzakaderedzwa dzemhuri yake.
funerary architecture
Usati wataura nezve hunhu hwekuvakwa kwemariro, zvakakosha kuti uongorore kubatana uko vaIjipita vekare vaive nevakafa vavo, kuti vanzwisise zvishoma kukosha kwerudzi urwu rwekuvaka. Maererano nezvinotendwa nevaIjipita, mutumbi waive chikamu chakakosha uye waifanira kuchengetedzwa kuti uve nechokwadi chehupenyu hwemufi "mushure merufu".
Nenzira iyi, kubuda kwezvitunha zvinogona kutsanangurwa. Nekudaro, kuita aya maitiro akaomarara, pasina yakagadzikana uye yakachengeteka nzvimbo yekuchengetera amai, hazvingaite chero pfungwa. Nechikonzero ichi, zvivakwa zvemariro zvaifanira kuramba zvichishanduka zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvitatu zvakakosha:
- Gadzirisa rwendo rwemufi
- Rondedzera dzimwe ngano dzechitendero
- Dzivisa masuo evapambi avo pfuma uye trousseaus zvaiyevedza kwazvo.
Munguva yepredynastic uye protodynastic nguva, makuva akaumbwa nenzira iri nyore. Aingova maburi akapfava akaita seovhari, dzimwe nguva aiiswa matehwe, apo mutumbi wemushakabvu waikandwa pamwe chete netrousseau diki mumidziyo. Pakupedzisira rakanga rafukidzwa nechikomo chejecha. Nekufamba kwenguva, murwi uyu wakatanga kutsiviwa nechidhinha chinonzi Mastaba.
mastaba
Mastaba akaumbwa sechidhinha chakauya kuzotsiva icho chainzi chitunha. Yakazvarwa panguva yeprotodynastic uye inoumba typology yekuvaka yakabatana nemukurumbira par kugona. Chimiro chayo chekutanga chine superstructure muchimiro chepiramidhi yakaderedzwa, ine rectangular base yakagadzirwa nezvidhinha zveadobe mbishi nehuswa.
Mukova waipa mukova weimba yekunamatira iyo hama dzemufi dzaigona kuisa zvipo kune vakafa, shure kwacho kwaive negonhi renhema rakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yaimiririra "musuwo wemhiri": Mukati meiyo superstructure maivewo ne kamuri rainzi Sedhebhi.
Mumba umu makanga makachengetwa chiumbwa chaimirira "ka" yemufi. Nechepasi pechivakwa chikuru, tsime, raiwanzovharwa nemikova, rakatsiviwa neimba yokuviga yaiva nesarcophagus. Nekufamba kwemakore, rudzi urwu rwechimiro rwakava rwakanyanya kuoma, mamwe makamuri epasi pevhu akawedzerwa, machira anoyevedza, mamwe mitumbi akaitwa nemarara pane zvidhinha.
Kana dziri shongedzero dzaiitwa mukati memakamuri aya, dzinenge dzagara dzichishandisa kumiririra madingindira ane chekuita nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemushakabvu, pamwe chete nemagwaro matsvene, ese chinzvimbo chekuvimbisa budiriro muhupenyu hwapashure perufu.
Mapiramidhi
Zvirokwazvo mastabas aionekwa semakuva ehumambo ane mukurumbira uye kutonga kukuru, asi zvisinei neizvi, aive mapiramidhi aiumba chimwe chezviratidzo zverufu rwaFarao. Aive mavakirwo ekuvaka anoyevedza akabuda muOld Kingdom.
Kuberekwa kwemapiramidhi kwakatanga sechishuwo chekumiririra danho rekudenga kana rampu yakagadzirwa nemasikati, iyo Farao aifanira kukwira kudenga. Saizvozvo, summit yayo inoratidzwa sechiratidzo chechikomo chepakutanga, sezvaive zvakaita mastaba uye kuvigwa kwechinyakare.
Mumwe weanonyanya kukosha mafaro edzinza rechitatu aive Dyser uye anorangarirwa nekuraira kuvakwa kwePiramidhi yeSaqqara. Basa iri rakapiwa kumugadziri Imhotep. Inoonekwa seimwe yemapiramidhi akanyanya kufananidzira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekuti yaive nguva yekutanga kuti kushandiswa kwezvidhinha zvevhu zvakabikwa kwakatsiviwa nematombo eraimu.
Ichokwadi zvakare kuti rudzi urwu rwekutsika chimiro rwakave neshanduko nekufamba kwenguva, kuyedza kutsvaga iyo geometrically yakanaka ramped piramidhi. Ichi chinangwa chaizozadzikiswa panguva yeIV dzinza, mushure mekuvakwa kwePiramidhi yeCheops, yakanyanya kukwana kupfuura ese.
Kubata uye kukwana kwePiramidhi yeCheops yaive yakakura zvekuti yakazivikanwa seimwe yeZvinomwe Zvinoshamisa zveNyika uye kusvika zvino ndiyo yega yeaya manomwe akakwanisa kuramba ari munguva kunyangwe aine makore mazhinji ekurarama.
Kwemakore, uye tichifunga nezvekukurumidzira kuderedza mari, mapiramidhi akatanga kuvakwa nenzira iri nyore uye isingadhuri. Dzakanga dzakavakwa sedeko reraimu mukati mezvidhinha zvemadobe. Hukuru hwemapiramidhi aya hwakaderedzwawo.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti rudzi urwu rwechivako haruna kuvakwa roga, asi kuti mapiramidhi aive chikamu chechimiro chakakura. Iyi tata yaiwanzo kuvakwa kumadokero kwemahombekombe eNairi, uye inofanira kunge yaive padyo nenzvimbo yeraimu yaizopa panguva yese yekuvakwa.
Chinangwa chikuru chemainjiniya nevavaki venguva yacho chaive chekugadzira mapiramidhi asingaonekwi, zvisinei zvimiro izvi zvakaramba zvichiyevedza kumakororo emakuva, airamba achiisa mungozi kugadzikana kweamai. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vafarao veHumambo Hutsva vakasarudza kudzokera kunovigwa mitumbi, uye nokudaro Mupata weMadzimambo wakamuka.
iyo hypogeum
Mushure mokunge guta guru ratamira kuThebes munguva yeHumambo Hutsva, vafarao vakaita kuti makuva avo afukunurwe muMupata weMadzimambo uye akaparadzaniswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemariro. Aive maberere akavhurika muruware, ane zvivharo zvakanamirwa pamukoto mukuru, uchienda kukamuri resarcophagus.
Aya maberere epasi pevhu ainzi Hypogeum. Munhoroondo yose vakashandiswa nemasangano makuru, panguva yeChalcolithic yeIberian Peninsula; muIjipiti yekare; kana navaFenikiya.
Unogonawo kufarira zvinyorwa zvinotevera: