Sangana nemumwe wevatambi vakuru veRenaissance, uyezve, ari pakati pevarume vane simba uye vane mukurumbira munhoroondo yesainzi Ramba uchiverenga uye uwane nesu, kubudirira kukuru, zvakawanikwa, zvigadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa uye Galileo Galilei mipiro!
Biography yaGalileo Galilei
Musi waFebruary 15, 1564, guta rePisa rakaona kuberekwa kwemusayendisiti mukuru uyu. Panguva iyoyo, guta iri raienderana nenzvimbo iyo panguva iyoyo yainzi Grand Duchy yeTuscany.
Aive mwanakomana wekutanga waGlulia Amannati naFlorentino Vincenzo Galilei, wekupedzisira, aive muimbi aive shasha mumasvomhu. Aive nevanun'una 5 uye pamwe nevabereki vake vakaumba mhuri iyo, kunyangwe yaive mari shoma, yakakwanisa kurarama nekuda kwezvakawanikwa mukutengeserana.
Tichifunga nezvemamiriro ehupfumi ayo mhuri yaive yakatarisana nayo, Florentino Vincenzo (baba vaGalileo) kunyangwe akadzidza dzidziso yemimhanzi, ari munyori uye munyori wemabhuku akati wandei aive nemukurumbira panguva iyoyo, aifanira kuisa parutivi kuda kwake kwechokwadi ( mimhanzi) kuti azvipire zvizere kune zvokutengeserana. Galileo paanosvitsa makore gumi, Glulia naFlorentino Vincenzo vanosarudza kutamira kuFlorence. Achirangarira ichi chisarudzo, Jacobo Borhini, muvakidzani worudzidziso, akatora chigaro chaGalileo.
Mamiriro ako ezvidzidzo
Kudzidziswa kwaGalileo pakutanga kwaiva kumba uye aitarisira vabereki vake kusvikira ava nemakore gumi. Gare gare, Jacobo Borhini, achiva mudzidzisi waGalileo, anoonana neimba yemamongi iri muFlorence inonzi Santa María de Vallombrosa kuti agone kuipinda. Muimba yemamongi iyi, anowana dzidzo yakanaka uye yechitendero chete, ndokusaka Galileo achitanga kupinda muupenyu hwechitendero, achitosvika pavavariro yokuva mupristi.
Baba vaGalileo (vari munhu asingatendi kuvapo kwaMwari), vachidzidza pamusoro peizvi, pakarepo vanopikisa pfungwa yacho. Imwe nguva gare gare, mwanakomana wake anobatwa nechirwere chemaziso uye anotora mukana wechirwere kutaura pamberi pemusangano kuti havana kupa Galileo kutarisirwa kwakakwana uye kuti nekuda kweichi chikonzero, anofunga kumubvisa ipapo.
Vatosiya basa kubva kumusangano, baba vaGalileo vanomunyoresa kuyunivhesiti ine mukurumbira iri muPisa makore maviri gare gare. Ikoko jaya rinosarudza kudzidza uzivi, mushonga uye masvomhu. Iyi yunivhesiti ichiripo nhasi inoramba iri imwe yeakanyanya mukurumbira muItari.
Kuwanikwa kwehunyanzvi hwako
Baba vake pakutanga vaida kuti Galileo azvipire kuchipatara, zvisinei, shamwari yemhuri yeGalilei yainzi Ostilio Ricci ingadai yakagadzira nzira yokuti Galileo wechidiki atange munyika yemasvomhu. Ostilio, uyo akanga ari mudzidzi wenyanzvi yemasvomhu yaizivikanwa zvikuru yeTartaglia, aizivikanwa nokuda kwokuita dzidziso nedzidziso, idi raizokwezva ngwariro yaGalileo uye kuita kuti upenyu hwake hutore rimwe divi.
Hunhu hwaRicci hwakanga husina kujairana panguva iyoyo, sezvo pasina chero ani zvake aishandisa mazwi ekudzidzira kugovera ruzivo, asi aingova edzidziso. Maitiro akashandiswa muzviedzo ainakidza, ane simba uye asina zvachose. Galileo akatanga kuona makirasi zvachose kunze kweyunivhesiti neshamwari yake Ostilio Ricci, panguva imwe chete, aizosiya zvidzidzo zvake zvezvokurapa kuti aise pfungwa dzake zvakakwana pamasvomhu.
Imwe yemipiro yekutanga yaGalileo Galilei ine chekuita nemakanika yaizoitwa muchikamu chake cheyunivhesiti. Akati mupiro waGalileo mubazi iri resainzi (kwaaizoita dzidziso dzakawanda) ingave dzidziso yaizoratidza kuti pendulums ine chekuita nekudonha kweiyo oscillation haina kutsamira pane amplitude. Yaizodaidzwa kuti Isochrony Law.
Nhamba dzinokurudzira muhupenyu hwaGalileo panguva yekudzidziswa kwake
Galileo Galilei kunyangwe ari mudzidzi wechidiki, anotanga kunzwira tsitsi kune ane mukurumbira Plato, Pythagoras naArchimedes, chigadzirwa chekuverengwa kwemabasa avo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, anopikisa zvakasimba uzivi hwaAristotle. Zvese izvi, nekuda kwechokwadi chekuti anonzwa akabatwa uye ane shungu nemabasa uye zvinyorwa zvinogadzirwa neGreek masvomhu Euclid.
Wekupedzisira, zvinogona kutaurwa, aive mumwe wevapesvedzeri vakurusa muhupenyu hwaGalileo, sezvo nekuda kwezvinyorwa zvake, akatanga kumutsa kufarira kune vamwe vanyori kana vatambi vakuru. Izvi zvinoburitsa kuti Galilei haanzwe chero mhando yekukwezva kana kufarira mafambiro emuzivi Aristotle. Izvi, kunyange kuva mudzidzi weyunivhesiti, aizoramba kuunza kuenzanisa nemapurofesa enguva yake, aizonyorawo chirevo chine simba pamusoro pavo. Izvi zvaizoita kuti ave nevavengi vakawanda.
Galileo Galilei anofunga kudzokera kuFlorence muna 1585 asina kupedza dzidzo yake yekuyunivhesiti. Zvisinei, aizodzoka aine ruzivo rwakawanda uye aine shungu huru uye neshungu dzekuenderera mberi achiita zvidzidzo zvemasvomhu. Mugore rimwe chetero, Galileo anonzwa kufuridzirwa uye anotanga kuita zvingave zviitwa zvake zvekutanga zvekuedza. Dzaizonangidzirwa kuchisimbiso chedzidziso dzakanga dzakabatana zvikuru nenzvimbo dzinokwevera zvinhu dzakasimba.
Kufuridzirwa uku kunounzawo nekubuda kwezvakagadzirwa zvakawanda, izvo zvinotevera zvinomira pachena: The hydrostatic balance iyo musayendisiti Archimedes akanga atotaura kare, kudonha kunozivikanwa kwemitumbi, zvidzidzo zvine chokuita nependulum uye chigadziro chaizobatsira kuyera Kurova kwemoyo Mukati memwero wenguva yakatarwa, mudziyo uyu ungadaidzwa kunzi cheki chemoyo.
Galileo nemipiro yake somudzidzisi
Pashure pokunge aita nzvero dzake dzokutanga uye zvaakagadzira muFlorence, Galileo aizogamuchira kokero kubva kuFlorentine Platonic Academy mugore ra1588. Iyi kokero yaizova yechinangwa chokuti Galilei adzidzise makirasi mashomanene paichi Academy. Zvidzidzo zvaakadzidzisa zvinomupa kurudziro inomuita kuti ade kuwana chinzvimbo chapurofesa payunivhesiti.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, anokwanisa kumhanyira kune vanhu vakadzidza zvikuru, avo pakati pavo nyanzvi yemasvomhu yeItaly, muzivi uye nyanzvi yenyeredzi Guidobaldo del Monte inomira. Uyu munhu aizotora Galileo kuna Grand Duke weTuscany, Ferdinand I de' Medici, uyo aizomupa mukana wekudzidzisa masvomhu paYunivhesiti yePisa, achiita kutanga kwake musi waNovember 12, 1589.
Atove kuita basa rake semupurofesa paYunivhesiti yePisa, Galileo akawana kuwanikwa pakati pe1590-1591 ine chekuita nebasa rekudhirowa arch pamabhiriji. Ichi chiwanikwa chakanzi cycloid. Iyi pfungwa inogadzirwa kuburikidza nearc-shaped curve inotamiswa kubva pane imwe nzvimbo ichienda pane imwe yakadhirowewa pamusoro pemutsara wakatwasuka.
Mukutsvaga mahorizons matsva: Guta rePadua
Sekureva kwevamwe vanyori venhoroondo, Galileo Galilei akasarudza kusiya Pisa nekuda kwekufungidzirwa kusagadzikana uye kusawirirana nemumwe wevanakomana vaDuke Fernando I, ndosaka akatora rwendo kuenda kuguta rePadua muna 1592. Paakasvika, Galileo akatanga basa rake somudzidzisi wemakanika, geometry uye nyeredzi payunivhesiti huru yeguta iroro, kusvikira mugore ra 1610. Yunivhesiti yePadua pari zvino inoonekwa seimwe yedzimba dzekare dzekufunda papasi.
Muchikoro ichi, Galilei akadzidzisa makirasi masvomhu, kushandisa mechanics, nyeredzi uye mauto ekuvaka. Panguva iyoyo, guta rePadua rakanga risingazivi nezvematambudziko ari muEuropean kondinendi nekuda kwekubvunzurudza, nekuda kwekuti raive chikamu cheiyo yainzi Republic of Venice uye yaionekwa seine simba uye yakazvimirira zvachose. State.
Kusununguka kwakadaro kwakabatsira Galileo Galilei kuita tsvakiridzo dzake dzakasiyana uye zvidzidzo zvaizoitwa, pasina kukanganiswa kubva kune vadzvinyiriri venguva iyoyo. Zvisinei, gore rakanga rapfuura muna 1591, baba vake vakafa vachipfuura nomuimwe yemamiriro ake ezvemari akaipisisa. Nechikonzero ichi, Galileo anozviwana achisungirwa kubatsira mhuri yake mune zvemari, anokwanisa kuunza mari yakawanda uye anotanga kupa zvidzidzo kumba kuvana uye vechidiki vanobva kumhuri dzepamusoro.
Galileo akanga asina kunyatsonaka nehutungamiri hwemari yakabva kumakirasi ake, nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, rubatsiro rwake rwakanga rusina kushanda zvakakwana. Nekudaro, anokwanisa kudzikamisa mari yemhuri yake nekuda kwezvikwereti uye nekudyidzana kubva kushamwari dzake.
Mugore ra1599 Galileo akaroora Marina Gamba, aizogoverana chikamu chehupenyu hwake naye, zvakatevedzana akazova amai vevana vake, kusanganisira vakadzi vaviri uye murume ainzi Vincenzo. Kuva dangwe Virginia. Vakadaro duo vakagara mumubatanidzwa kusvika zuva ra1610, zuva ravanoita danho rekuparadzana. Mushure mekuparadzana uku, vanasikana vaGalileo vanopedzisira vakuvadzwa, sezvo vasingazivikanwe sevanasikana vepamutemo, vachisiya gotwe uye murume chete semwanakomana zviri pamutemo.
Mipiro yaGalileo Galilei semhedzisiro yezvaakawana
Pakazosvika 1600 mwaka mutsva unotanga uyo une pundutso uye unobudirira kuna Galileo, umo anoita zvimwe zvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvesainzi. Pakati peizvi zvakakosha:
Kudzidza kwemutemo mutsva unonzi uniformly accelerated motion. Mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kuburikidza netarisiro yechadenga, anoona nyeredzi iripo mudenga. Pamwe chete nekuferefeta uku, akagadzirawo mudziyo unonzi thermoscope, chiridzwa chinopa mwero wetembiricha zvichireva kutonhora nekupisa kuripo munharaunda.
Gore risati raparadzana nomudzimai wake, ndiko kuti, mugore ra1610, Galileo akagadzira icho zvino chave kunzi chimwe chezvirongwa zvake zvikuru nokuda kwoutsva hwakachinja nyika yose: kusikwa kweteresikopu. Zvisinei, akanga asiri iye ega aishanda pakugadzirwa kwechikwata chemhando iyi.
Hans Lippershey, kune chikamu chake, akashandawo pakugadzirwa kweteresikopu, uyu hunhu aiwanzo kutsaurirwa kugadzirwa uye kujekeswa kwemagirazi nemagirazi ekuona. Kwairi Galileo akatanga uye akaedza kugadzira teresikopu yakapfuura kunaka kweteresikopu yakagadzirwa naLipperhsey.
Chokwadi, ndiwo maitikiro azvakaita, teresikopu yakagadzirwa naGalileo ine makristasi ane kupinza kwekuona kure kure. Materesikopu ese ari maviri ane misiyano yakati wandei, kubva pakukura kwawo, kusvika kumalenzi aaive nawo, teresikopu yaGalileo yaive nemukana mukuru, nekuti kuburikidza nemalenzi ayo zvinogoneka kuona zvakajeka, pasina kukanganisa uye chero rudzi rwekutsauka.
Asingagutsikane nemhedzisiro iyi, Galileo anoenderera mberi nekushanda pateresikopu, achiedza kunakisa mamwe maidi akajeka zvishoma. Nekuda kweizvi, teresikopu inounzwa muVenice kune imwe veruzhinji, iyo, yakatarisana neyakagadzirwa kudaro, yakabatwa nehuwandu hwemhando yainopa. Kunyanya, Galileo anovandudza kunaka kwema lens kanenge ka8, izvo zvinogoneka kuona uye kutarisa mufananidzo kuti uratidzirwe zvakakwana.
Nemuhoro wepamwedzi wakanaka, nekuda kwerudyi rweteresikopu, iyo Galileo akapa pachake kuVenice, musayendisiti ane mbiri akaramba akadzikama kwenguva yakati, sezvo muhoro waipihwa kusiya basa rake waimubatsira nemari yake yezuva nezuva. . Kubudirira kunoenderera mberi, ruzivo rwaanogadzira nekuda kwekushandisa teresikopu, inomubatsira kurasa dzidziso dzinoverengeka pamusoro penyika nenzvimbo.
Dzokera kuna Florence
Muna 1610 Galileo akadzokera kuFlorence, nzvimbo yakamupa mbiri yekuzivikanwa semudzidzi wemasvomhu wekutanga, kunze kweizvi, akakokwa kumisangano yakawanda, kwaakakokwa kuti aite zviratidzo pamusoro pezvaakagadzira uye zvirongwa zvesayenzi. .
Pasina mubvunzo, Galileo akanga ari munhu akakura zvakanaka zvikuru munzanga yakamupoteredza. Maziviro aakagamuchira akanga akafanirwa zvirokwazvo kuonga kutsungirira kwemabasa ake enyama. Zvisinei, akanga ari murume ane pfungwa dzakasimba uye dzakasimba, nzvimbo yake yakanga yakavakirwa pazvidzidzo zvesayenzi zvaakanga agadzira, zvine chokuita nedzidziso dzaakaita nokududzira pasi pezvirevo zvake.
Aiva nevaimunzwira tsitsi vaitsigira dzidziso dzake, asi paivawo nevaipikisa vaisabvumirana nezvaitaurwa naGalileo. Chokwadi chinozokonzeresa kusawirirana, chinogara chichiongororwa.
Kugadzirwa kweteresikopu inofefetera
Jacques Badovere, aichimbova mudzidzi weGalileo, anotumira tsamba kubva kuguta guru reFrance kune aimbova mudzidzisi wake, kuitira kuti asimbise runyerekupe rwuripo pamusoro pezvinobvira. Telescopio izvo zvinobatsira kuona nyeredzi dziri mudenga. Ichi chishandiso chitsva chaizoitwa muNetherlands naHans Lippershev, aizivikanwa nekuvaka lenzi.
Teresikopu iyi ingadai yakamupa mukana wekuona nyeredzi dziri kure kwazvo idzo kusaona kwadzo kwakaganhurirwa neziso romunhu. Galileo Galilei aizoita mipiro inokosha paanenge achiverenga tsamba yakatumirwa neaichimbova mudzidzi wake wechiFrench, anobva agadzira teresikopu yake pachake, imwe cheteyo, inokunda nyore nyore mumwe wayo wechiDutch nemhaka yokuti haisvibisi chifananidzo kana kuti haipe maitiro akaipa. kumitumbi yomudenga, yaizokwanisawo kukudza mufananidzo wacho kanenge katanhatu, nepo teresikopu yechiDutch yaizoukudza katatu.
Uku kufambira mberi kukuru kwaizoreva imwe yezvipo zvake zvakakosha uye kumberi uye shure kwehupenyu hwaGalileo Galilei. Kunyangwe aita budiriro huru muchigadzirwa ichi, Galileo haagutsikane uye anoenderera mberi achiedza kunatsiridza kugadzirwa kwake, saka, aizogadzira ingave nhamba yake yeteresikopu mbiri, imwe cheteyo, yaizokwanisa kukudza zvinhu zvinoonekwa 9 nguva. Ndapedza chirongwa ichi muna Nyamavhuvhu (kunyanya 21st) ndaizochiratidzira muPlaza de San Marco iri muVenice (Italy).
The Republic of Venice inogamuchira kodzero dzepamutemo dzeteresikopu kubva kuGalileo, ava vachiona mashandisirwo akawanda angave nechinhu ichi (kunyanya munharaunda yemauto) vanosarudza kumupa mubayiro uye kumubvumira kuchengetedza chinzvimbo chake paYunivhesiti yePadua uye kumusunungura. kubva mukutambudzika kwese kwemari nekuda kwemari yako yakavandudzwa. Zvisinei, Galilei akanga asiri shasha yekuona uye naizvozvo materesikopu aakagadzira aisiyana-siyana mumhando, mamwe achitotadza kushandiswa.
Mugore ra1610, aive neakabudirira akawanda uye akati wandei aionekwa se mipiro yakakosha yeGalileo Galilei, nekuda kwekuzvipira kwake kuruzivo rwenyeredzi uye kufambira mberi kwaakaita mukuvaka materesikopu. Kutsaurirwa uku uye zvidzidzo zvakaguma nekusimbisa kuti mapuraneti ose haana kutenderera zuva uye kuti izvo zvinonzi zvisikwa zvekudenga hazvitenderere kutenderera kweNyika.
Kurwiswa uye kuonekwa kwevavengi vatsva
Nekuda kwezviwanikwa zvakaitwa kuburikidza neteresikopu (sekusimbiswa kweiyo heliocentric modhi yakapihwa naNicolaus Copernicus) vakaunza kunetsana kwakawanda semhedzisiro, iyo yakanyanya kubva kuboka revanhu vaitsigira zvakasimba dzidziso ye geocentric mune zvakasikwa. Izvi zvakaburitsawo kurwiswa kwakawanda uye kwakasiyana kwaive kwave kuita zvechisimba zvakanyanya kuna Galileo Galilei.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kunetsana kwakatanga zvese kwakaitika kuburikidza nezvibvumirano uye mabhurocha akaburitswa naGalileo nevanhu vakamutevera, zvisinei, iro rakapesana rakaita mabasa mamwe chete nechinangwa chekuramba mipiro yaGalileo Galilei. .
Kwapera nguva yakati, kurwisa kwakarongwa nevavengi vaGarireya kwaizochinja kwaienda, zvino vakanga voisa pfungwa dzavo pamafungiro ake. Iri sangano rinogona kutaura kuti Galileo (anofungidzirwa) anoshandisa magwaro eBhaibheri panguva yake kutsigira dzidziso dzake. Mhosva idzi dzaizotariswa muna 1611 naCardinal Roberto Bellarmine, uyo aizoraira Dare reKubvunzurudza kuti riite ongororo uye kutevera kwakapoteredza Galileo.
fungidziro yechitendero
Kubva mugore ra1604 (gore iro Galileo akagadzira teresikopu) aizoita zvidzidzo zvaizova nechokuita nokuunganidzwa kwemashoko aizotsigira dzidziso yakafumurwa naCopernicus, inotaura kuti mapuraneti anotenderera nyeredzi (Zuva). )). Dzidziso iyi yaisava nechokwadi nedzidziso yaAristotle uye mirayiridzo yakatangwa neChechi yeRoma. Naizvozvo, mugore ra1612 muprista ainzi Niccolo Lorini aizopa hurukuro apo aizotsoropodza zvakazara (kubva mumurangariro worudzidziso) Galileo Galilei. Izvi zvaireva kutanga kwekurwisa kwechitendero.
Kwapera gore Galileo akanyora tsamba achitaura kuti dzidziso yaNicolaus Copernicus haina kuramba ndima dzomuBhaibheri. Tsamba iyi yakanyorerwa mumwe wevadzidzi vake, iye pachake, akanga achizozviita pachena uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi Bvunzurudzo yakanga ichizotaura kuti nzira yaCopernicus yakanga isiriyo.
Hurukuro dzaizoitika mumakore aizotevera uye mazviri, Galilei mukuzvidzivirira kwake aizotaura chokwadi chaizova nechokuita nezvaakawana. Galileo akaenda kuRoma mugore ra1615, kwaaizoenderera mberi achidzivirira zvakaratidzwa naNicholas Copernicus. Kwapera gore, mumwedzi waFebruary, aizogamuchira masamanisi kubva kuHofisi Tsvene, chinangwa chimwe chetecho chiri chokudzidza kuongorora dzidziso yaCopernicus.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, yaizoongororwa uye Galileo Galilei akaudzwa kuti asaite chero mamiriro ezvinhu ane chekuita nedzidziso uye / kana kudzivirira dzidziso yaNicolaus Copernicus. Iri rakanga riri dambudziko rakaoma kuna Galileo, uyo, kunyangwe akange achirwara zvakanyanya nekuda kwehurwere, aizoenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvake nedziviriro kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana, panguva imwechete achiratidza mabasa mazhinji angave emukurumbira uye akakosha nhoroondo.
Shamwari yakanaka yaGalileo (Maffeo Barberini) aizodaidzwa kuti Pope Urban VIII muna 1623, uyo akamupa mvumo yekuenderera mberi nemabasa ake ezvenyeredzi uye kuashambadza pasi pemamiriro anotevera: Iva asina rusarura uye usakonzerese chero rudzi rwemhirizhonga ine chekuita nedzidziso. Zvisinei, makore mapfumbamwe gare gare aizobudisa basa rainzi Dialogues pamusoro pezvinyorwa zviviri zvikuru zvepasi rose, umo aizotsigira zvakare Copernicus, achiregeredza censorship yakabudiswa muna 1616, izvo zvakamumanikidza kuti ataure dzidziso yaNicholas sekufungidzira. kwete sechinhu chakasimbiswa.
MuRoma vaizodavidza nekukurumidza uye vaizodaidza Galileo kuti aferefetwe, iyo yakatora rinenge gore (pakati paGunyana 1632 naChikunguru 1633). Zvisinei, Galilei airemekedzwa uye haana kuzvidzwa. Mumwedzi waApril 1633, vaizotanga nzira dzokuti Galileo areurure mhosva dzake nokufuratira zvakanga zvabudiswa muna 1616, vaizomutyisidzirawo nokumutambudza. Achifunga nezvekutyisidzirwa kwacho, Galilei akanga achizobvuma mashoko acho oendeswa kudare.
Muna Chikumi wegore rimwe chetero aizotongerwa kugara mujeri kweupenyu hwake hwose sezvo akanga arasa pfungwa dzake. Nokubvuma mitemo yacho, mutongo wacho wakachinjwa uye akatongerwa kugara mujeri, kwaaifanira kutongerwa makore 5 kusvikira muna 1638. Munguva iyoyo aibvumirwa kugamuchira vaenzi vaiva shamwari dzake nevamwe vaaishanda navo, nemhaka yeizvi iye akakwanisa kuzivisa pachena mamwe mabasa nemabasa izvo zvaizoreva mipiro yakakosha yaGalileo Galilei.
Pakutanga kwa1638 mumwedzi waNdira, Galileo Galilei aizova bofu uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi vakabvuma kumuendesa kumba kwake kuSan Giorgio pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa kwaakakwanisa kushanda nevadzidzi vakawanda, pakati pavo Vincenzo Viviani uye. Torricelli anoshamisa.
Rufu
Pazera re77, Galileo Galilei akafa pakutanga kwegore 1642, kunyanya muna Ndira 8. Kuvigwa kwake kwaizoitwa zuva raitevera muFlorence. Anenge makore 91 gare gare, guva raizovakwa muchechi yeSanta Cruz muFlorence, inonzi guva rakanga riri rutivi rwetsauriro kuna Galileo.
Mipiro mikuru
Galileo Galilei akaita mipiro yakawanda uye yakawanda mumapazi akasiyana esainzi, umo nyeredzi, fizikisi uye masvomhu zvinobuda pachena, mipiro iyi yaizomutungamira kuti anzi baba vesainzi yemazuva ano. Pakati pavo, inonyanya kukosha ndeiyi:
mutemo wekutanga wekufamba
Akanga ari piyona wemutemo wakatangwa naIsaac Newton. Nayo, akagumisa kuti miviri yakawanda inomhanyisa pamwero wakafanana uye nekumhanya zvisinei nehukuru hwayo. Pfungwa iyi yakaitwa nemazwi ane chekuita nekumhanya, sekumhanyisa uye kumhanya kuburikidza nendege dzakarerekera. Akagadzirawo pfungwa yesimba semota yekufamba uye akagumisa kuti zvisikwa kana zvakajairika mamiriro ari pakuzorora kana mune homogeneous kufamba.
Muenzaniso wakajeka weizvi ndewekuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine spidhi, yakafanana, ine hukuru hwakaenzana ne zero, iyi mamiriro inonzi zororo. Galileo akaratidzawo kuti zvinhu zvinogona kumira nekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwekufamba uye kwakananga. Iyo yekupedzisira inonzi inertia.
Kufambira mberi mune telescope
Galilei aivewo muvambi mukuru, muenzaniso weizvi ndiko kuvandudzwa kukuru uye kufambira mberi kwaakaita muTeresikopu yeDutch, yaive nekukurisa kwemifananidzo katatu. Galileo akatora kuwedzera ikoko kakapetwa kagumi, achikwanisa kukudza mufananidzo wacho ka3 nekuda kwekutarisa kwaakaita pamalenzi. Nekuda kwekufambira mberi, akakwanisa kuve wekutanga kuona mana satellite eJupiter, iyo Sunspots, pamusoro peMwedzi nemakoronga awo uye zvikamu zveVenus.
Nemhaka yekudzidza kwake nguva dzose nezvenzvimbo dzezuva, akagumisa kuti pasi raigona kutenderera riri roga. Zvakare kuwanikwa kwezvikamu zvepasi Venus yaive mbiru yakakosha kutsigira nekusimbisa dzidziso yaNicolaus Copernicus. Yaiti mapuraneti anotenderera zuva.
Dziviriro kune heliocentric pfungwa yeCopernicus
Chidzidzo pa Natural satellites yeJupiter yakanga iri imwe yezvitsigiso zvikuru zvedzidziso yeCopernican, kunyanya sezvo masatelliti aya achiita kutenderera kweJupiter, izvo zvakaratidza kuti Nyika yakanga isiri musimboti wechisiko chapose pose sezvakarongwa naAristotle. Akaratidzawo basa rake pakutenderera kweZuva uye iyi yaizova imwe yehukuru mipiro yaGalileo Galilei.
Nzira yesainzi
Uyu wesainzi mukuru akaisawo ingave nzira nyowani yekuferefeta yenguva, izvi kuburikidza nenzira ine mukurumbira yesainzi. Iyi nzira yaizoshandiswawo mukuedza kwake kwakasiyana uye zvaakawana. Mazuvano zvakakosha mune chero kuedza kunoitwa nesainzi. Musainzi chingave chimwe chezvipo zvakakosha zvakaitwa naGalileo Galilei.
mutemo wemiviri inodonha
Aristotle akapa pfungwa yokuti simba rakanga riri honzeri yekukurumidza uye Galileo akaipikisa nepfungwa yokuti simba rinoparira kukurumidza uye akagumisa kuti mitumbi inowira pamusoro penyika nokumhanya kunopfuurira. Izvi zvaionekwawo seimwe yevakuru Mipiro yaGalileo Galilei kufizikisi.
Mipiro yemasvomhu yaGalileo Galilei
Rimwe remabasa ake makuru mubazi iri resainzi raive hurukuro zhinji uye kuratidzwa nezve 2 sainzi nyowani dzine hukama zvakanyanya nemakanika. Galileo anopawo kukwidziridzwa kwemiviri kana iri mukudonha kwemahara, kufamba kunoitwa nemapendulum uye basa rake pazvinhu zviri mundege yakarerekera kana pamusoro.
Thermoscope
Chigadzirwa chinoshamisa pasina mubvunzo chakanga chiri thermoscope, yakafanana, yakavakwa naGalileo mugore ra1593 uye yaitsamira padzvinyiriro uye tembiricha kuti ipe muuyo. Chigadzirwa ichi chakaitwa pachishandiswa pombi refu yakanamirwa pagirazi diki rine mvura mukati, uye girazi kana bhora rekristaro raiiswa pamuromo. Nhasi iyi mudziyo unobatsira zvikuru unonzi thermometer. Ichi chigadzirwa chaizozivikanwa semumwe wemipiro mikuru yaGalileo Galilei.
kambasi yemauto
Galileo Galilei akaitawo mipiro munhandare yemauto pakati pe1595 ne1598. Yakanyanya kukosha yaive nechokuita nekambasi yaiita mabasa akawanda, sekuenzanisa uye kukwidziridzwa kwebhari, yaishandiswawo nevatengesi kuita masvomhu mune izvo. zvinoreva kuchinjanisa mari.
Mabasa aGalileo Galilei
Muhupenyu hwake hwese aive munyori wemabasa mazhinji angave ane mukurumbira mukuru uye aizopfuura nhoroondo semipiro mikuru yaGalileo Galilei, pakati payo anotevera akabuda:
- Muna 1604 akaburitsa mashandiro ekambasi yemauto
- The Sidereal Messenger yakabudiswa muna 1610
- Hurukuro pamusoro pezvinhu zvinoyangarara pamusoro pemvura muna 1612
- Tsamba yakanyorerwa Mai Cristina de Lorena, vaiva Duchess of Tuscany muna 1615.
- Muna 1623 akabudisa bhuku rinonzi El essayador
- Basa rine gakava ra1632 rinonzi Dialogues Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
- Sainzi mbiri nyowani muna 1638