Bhasikoro inzira yekufambisa isingade sumo.. Kubva payakabva kusvika nhasi yakave nekusvetuka kunoshamisa kwekushanduka-shanduka, ichipa nzira kune yakanyanyisa kugadzirwa kwemafomu ayo: bhasikoro remagetsi. Imotokari ine hungwaru ine mavhiri maviri anga ari nzira yekufambisa, kunakidzwa uye yemitambo par kugona kwemazana emakore kubva payakabva. Imwe nyaya isingakanganwiki yakamirira, inodzokera kumashure kwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi19.
Kugadzirwa kwayo kwaisanganisira akati wandei hunhu uye kwakashandura zvachose nzira iyo vanhu vaitenderera nayo. Dzidza, pane ino chiitiko, zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezvazvo kugadzirwa kwebhasikoro: chimurenga chekufamba zvichiripo nanhasi. Ngatitange!
Ndiani akagadzira bhasikoro uye vakazviita rini?
Karl Drais: muvambi weiyo yekutanga inoshanda bhasikoro prototype pakati pe18th ne19th mazana emakore.
Uyu mubvunzo usina mhinduro chaiyo, sezvo kugadzirwa kwebhasikoro hakugone kunzi kune munhu mumwe chete kana zuva chairo. Huwandu hwevanhu vakakosha hwakabatanidzwa mukusikwa kwayo uye kushanduka kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwenguva kunoita kuti zviome kudoma zuva chairo rekuzvarwa kwayo semotokari inofamba.
Hongu tinogona kusimbisa kuti yekutanga prototypes ndeye pakati pezana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19 uye mufananidzo uyo Munyori weiyo yekutanga inoshanda bhasikoro prototype ndeyeGerman Baron Karl Drais. Vamwe vese vanosanganisirwa hunhu mukushanduka kwayo semotokari ine mavhiri maviri-inofambiswa nevanhu ichataurwa muchinyorwa chino. Usazvipotsa!
Iwo anotangira bhasikoro: ekare matoyi uye magadzirirwo
bhasikoro risati ratora chimiro charo chemazuva ano, pakanga paine akati wandei ekutanga uye prototypes akaongorora pfungwa yekufamba kuburikidza nekudhonza kwevanhu. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18 nekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19, matoyi ekutanga uye magadzirirwo akagadzirwa airatidza pfungwa dzemotokari dzinofambiswa netsoka.
Midziyo yepakutanga iyi yaiwanzova yechinyakare uye isingafanane nebhasikoro remazuva ano, asi yakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudza mune ramangwana zvaizoita kuti bhasikoro ranhasi rivepo.
Iyo draisiana: yekutanga prototype yebhasikoro (1817)
Kugadzirwa kwebhasikoro muchimiro chayo chinozivikanwa chakatanga ne "draisiana", inozivikanwawo se "running machine" kana "treadmill". Iyo yeGerman Baron Karl Drais inowanzozivikanwa nekuvaka yekutanga prototype kushanda kwemotokari iyi muna 1817.
Draisiana yacho yaisanganisira chivako chemapuranga chine mavhiri maviri akabatana uye chibatiso chekutungamira, asi chaive chisina mapedali.. Vashandisi vaifambisa draisiana nekusundidzira tsoka dzavo pasi.
Chigadzirwa chaDrais chakaunzwa kune veruzhinji muna 1818 uye chakawana mukurumbira, kunyanya pakati pevakuru vevanhu venguva iyoyo. Iyo draisiana yakabvumira vanhu kuti vafambe nekukurumidza kupfuura kufamba uye ikava chiratidzo chechimiro uye kunaka muEurope.
Iyo pedal: yakakosha innovation (1861-1863)
Pasinei nekubudirira kwekutanga kwedraisiana, chimwe chinhu chakakosha chakanga chisipo: pedal. Kuwedzerwa kwemapedali kwaive kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwakashandura draisiana kuita bhasikoro razvino. Uku kukura Izvo zvinonzi kune injiniya wechiFrench Pierre Michaux uye mubatsiri wake, Pierre Lallement, uyo akaita patent yemuenzaniso une pedals muna 1861. Lallement akatamira kuUnited States ndokuwana patent yeshanduro yake yakavandudzwa muna 1866.
Mukugadzirwa uku, mapedali aiiswa pavhiri remberi, uye vatasvi vaigona kuatenderedza kuti bhasikoro riende mberi. Iyi hutsva yakabvumira nzira yakanyatsoshanda yekufambisa uye kurerutsa kuenzanisa, kuisa hwaro hwekugadzira mabhasikoro emazuva ano.
Iyo Penny Farthing bhasikoro: kusvetuka muinjiniya (1870s-1880s)
Nekusuma pedal, bhasikoro rakava neshanduko inoenderera. Ma1870 akaona kukurumbira kwechigadzirwa chakasiyana chinonzi "penny farthing." Bhasikoro rerudzi urwu raiva nevhiri remberi rakanga rakakura kudarika reshure, richibvumira kumhanya kwepamusoro. Nekudaro, yakaunzawo matambudziko ekuchengetedza nekuda kwekukwirira kwechigaro uye kushomeka kwemabhureki anoshanda.
Pasinei nemiganhu yayo, penny farthing yaifananidzira hutsva uye chido chemhando itsva yekufambisa. Kuiswa kwecheni drive kwakavandudza kushanda zvakanaka, uye mabhasikoro akatanga kuwana mukurumbira zvese senzira dzekufambisa uye mumitambo.
Kugadzirwa kwevhiri rerabha uye kusimuka kwebhasikoro rekuchengetedza (1888-1889)
Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha mukushanduka kwebhasikoro kwaiva kugadzirwa kwetai rerabha. Kufambira mberi uku kusati kwaitwa, mavhiri ebhasikoro aigadzirwa nesimbi kana kuti matanda, zvichiita kuti vanhu vasanzwe zvakanaka uye vaine ruzha. John Boyd Dunlop, chiremba wezvipfuyo wekuScotland, akapa patent yevhiri rerabha rinoputika muna 1888, iro rakavandudza zvakanyanya kugadzikana uye kushanda nesimba. yerwendo rwebhasikoro.
Bhasikoro rekuchengetedza raive rakashongedzerwa cheni yekudhiraivha nemavhiri ehukuru hwakafanana, iyo zvishoma nezvishoma yakatsiva iyo penny farthing. Iyi dhizaini iri pakati nepakati yakava hwaro hwebhasikoro remazuva ano, uye muna 1889, John Starley wokuBritain akatanga bhasikoro racho. "Rover Safety Bicycle", iyo yakagadza mwero wemabhasikoro emazuva ano.
Bhasikoro muzana remakore rechi20 zvichienda mberi
Sezvo zana remakore rechi1903 rakafambira mberi, bhasikoro rakazvisimbisa rimene senzira yekufambisa inoshanda uye inogarika, pamwe chete nenzira yakakurumbira yenhandaro nemitambo. Muna XNUMX, kutanga kwe Iyo Tour de France yakasimudza bhasikoro kusvika pachimiro chemutambo wevakuru, uye dhizaini yemabhasikoro yakaramba ichishanduka nekuvandudzwa kwezvinhu uye tekinoroji.
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, bhasikoro rakawana kuvandudzwa kwakakosha semotokari inofamba nekuda kwekuziva kwezvakatipoteredza uye kusimudzirwa kwemararamiro ane hutano. Mabhasikoro emagetsi akawedzera kuwedzera mikana yekufamba, achipa sarudzo inoshanda uye inogadzikana kune zvinodiwa zvekufambisa zvemazuva ano.
R&D&I pabhasikoro: rwendo rwekuenda kune ramangwana rekuenderera mberi kwekushanduka
Nhoroondo yebhasikoro pasina mubvunzo rwendo rwekuvandudza uye shanduko. Kubva pamagadzirirwo ekutanga kusvika kumichina ane mavhiri maviri atinoziva nhasi, bhasikoro rakasiya mucherechedzo usingadzimiki panhoroondo yekufamba.
Kuburikidza nekutanga uye kutsunga kwevagadziri vakasiyana-siyana kwemazana emakore, bhasikoro rakaratidza kuva rinopfuura nzira yekufambisa chete; Mucherechedzo werusununguko, hutano uye kusimba kunoenderera mberi nekufamba kune ramangwana.