Chokwadi"paleolithic kudya” Murume weNeanderthal (Neanderthal) anotiudza, kuburikidza nemasara echikafu kubva ku70.000 makore apfuura, chakawanikwa mubako reShanidar, muIraq. Ndicho chikafu chakabikwa chekare kudarika chambowanikwa munyika.
¿Ndechipi chikafu chaidyiwa nevaNeanderthals?? Kusvikira ikozvino isu tagara tichitenda kuti kudya kwezvipenyu zvakararama kusvika makore ane zviuru makumi mana apfuura muEurope neAsia zvaisanganisira chikamu chepamusoro chenyama, uye kukosha kwekudya kwemiriwo kwakaderedzwa. Ichi chikamu chechokwadi, asi kuongororwa kwezvakatsva zvakasara zvechikafu chekare chinowanikwa munyika chinoratidza kudya kwakashanduka uye kwakaoma kupfuura zvaimbofungwa.
Mafungiro ekutanga uye kukanganisa kweNeanderthal
Haisi chokwadi kuti vavhimi vePaleolithic vaidya zvinenge nyama chete: sZvokudya zvavo zvaisiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo uye mwaka.
Zvino, ichokwadi kuti vaivhima uye vakadya nyama. Muchokwadi, mavanga ezvombo pamapfupa emhuka anoratidza kuti Homo aibayira nyama kare semamiriyoni maviri emakore apfuura. Asi kudya kwavo kwakanga kwakakura zvikuru uye kwakaoma zvikuru.
Tine chokwadi here kuti Paleolithic (2,5 mamiriyoni-10 makore apfuura) vavhimi-vaunganidzi vaidya nyama yakawanda uye carbohydrate shoma? Hakasi kekutanga kuti nyanzvi dzibvunze mubvunzo uyu (uye vakapindura mune zvakaipa). Herman Pontzer, nyanzvi yezvemhindumupindu paDuke University, USA, akasvikawo pamhedziso dzakafanana nevamwe vake: l.Zvokudya zvemadzitateguru edu zvakanga zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvaipesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira mamiriro okunze, nzvimbo, uye mwaka wezvokudya.
Chisvusvuro cheNeanderatl…
Neanderthal yedu "cousin" yaive nyanzvi yechokwadi mukuvhima mhuka hombe, senge mhuka huru nenyati. Kana dzangobatwa, mhuka dzaiparadzaniswa nepakati, dzokamurwa kuita zvidimbu uye dzoendeswa kumisasa. Zvichakadaro, mubako umu maive nevaive mubishi rekuvesa moto. Nekubatsirwa kwematanda kana mapfupa akareba (ayo akashanda se skewers), "steaks" kana zvidimbu zvine pfupa zvakaunzwa kumarasha anopisa. Pamativi emoto, iyo offal (mitezo yemukati) yakabikwa zvishoma nezvishoma, ichionekwa sechinhu chinonaka chaizvo.
Kubata kwemubiki? Chipikiri matavi emiti inonhuhwirira akakandwa mumoto kuti awedzere kunaka. Chikafu chacho chaingogadzirwa, kunyange zvazvo zvaizova zvisinganzwisisike pakuda kwedu iye zvino, munhu wose aitora nhindi yenyama oruma mukati mayo, achibvarura bhonzo nemazino avo nemaoko. Zvidimbu zvakaomesesa zvaigona kutemwa nema scrapers (ndicho chega chekucheka panguva iyoyo), vamwe vanhu vakatyora mapfupa marefu kuti vatore mwongo unovaka muviri. Uku kutsanangura kwakaringana kwezvakaitika pakudya kwemanheru pakati peNeanderthals, asi nhasi tinoziva kuti pakanga paine zvakawanda kwazviri kupfuura izvo chete ...
Kune vanoda hutano
Kuchera kwakaitwa neboka revasayendisiti, rinotungamirirwa naChris Hunt, purofesa wetsika paleoecology paLiverpool John Moores University, paShanidar Cave, nzvimbo yekare yeNeanderthal, iri mujinga meMakomo eZagros (800 km kuchamhembe kweBaghdad), muIraq. , inotimanikidza kuchinja pfungwa dzedu nezvekudya kwavo, kusvika zvino yaionekwa seyakashata uye ichinyanya kudya nyama.
Kuwanikwa kwemasara akatsva echikafu kubva makore angangoita 70.000 apfuura kunoratidza kuti maNeanderthals aive. "utano paleo conscious". Zvechokwadi, mumasara echikafu pane zvinyorwa zvekicheni yakaoma, iyo yaisanganisira kushandiswa kwezviyo, marimu nemiriwo.
Asi ... Ndeipi paleo kudya kana Neanderthal kudya?
Muhurukuro nemagazini Inoziva, Pontzer anotsanangura zvaakadzidza kubva pakuvaona uye akaona kuti ndezvipi zvikanganiso zvakatiita kuti titende kuti kudya kwepaleo kwakavakirwa pakudya nyama chete.
Sekureva kwaPontzer, pane zvikonzero zvakati kuti nei kana ukafunga nezvemurume wePaleolithic unobva wamusanganisa nekuvhima uye kudya kwakapfuma munyama yemhuka.
Pakutanga, chaizvo chokwadi chekuti munhu anofunga nezve murume: "Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, mabhuku akawanda eethnographic akanyorwa nevarume uye akanangana nebasa revarume," inotsanangura kudaro nyanzvi. Asi kana chiri chokwadi varume vacho kuvhimwa, vakadzi vakaunganidza: nokudaro musiyano uri muzvidzidzo uye kutenda kuti kuvhima ndiko kwainyanya kuwana chouviri.
Chikafu cheNeanderthal chaienderana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo yavaive
Chechipiri, iyo ethnographic data inowanikwa kwatiri inonyanya kureva vanhu vari kuchamhembe (iyo Arctic, semuenzaniso), avo vaidya nyama yakawanda kuti vararame mumamiriro ekunze akaoma. Asi vanhu vaigara pedyo negungwa kana nzizi vakadya hove zhinji; avo vaigara mumasango kana kuti munzvimbo dzakapfuma nezvinomera vaidya zvikurukuru zvirimwa.
Maitiro epamberi eNeanderthals
Zvimedu zvekudya zvakatsva, zvakaongororwa nemakorosikopu erekitironi, zvakaratidza kushandiswa kwe zvimedu zvemhodzi, masero ezvirimwa anobva mugorosi nemaruva: Zvichida vaNeanderthals, mushure mekuenzanisa pakati pemari uye zvikomborero, vakanga vakwanisa kuziva miriwo yemiti yakasvibirira, iyo yavakashandisa sezvokudya zvekutanga, zvakapfuma mumakhahydrates, asiwo zviri nyore kuunganidza nekugadzirira.
Uyezve, zvichida kuenderera mberi nekuedza uye kukanganisa, maNeanderthals akanga aita izvozvo kubika zvokudya zvinogadzirwa zvinobatsira: kutanga kwezvose zvakasvibiswa (kunyange zvazvo vakanga vasingazvizivi), vakava tastier uye kupisa kwakashandura mapuroteni ezvokudya, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanyanya kudyiwa. Kubika muriwo kwaiita kuti mastachi nemapuroteni anyanye kufanana nemuviri, ukuwo bhachi yakanaka yenyama yemusango yakaita kuti collagen irasikirwe nechimiro chayo chine fibrous, zvichiita kuti mapuroteni ave nyore kutora.
Kuenzanisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekubika…
Kusimbisa fungidziro yekuti a kudya kwakasiyana-siyana uye kwakanyatsonaka, timu yakaongororawo zvimwe zvimedu zvekare zvakapiswa, zvakawanikwa mubako reFranchthi kuGreece, nzvimbo yekuchera matongo yakaitika makore angangoita 12.000. Nekuenzanisa mibairo miviri iyi, masayendisiti akaburitsa kuti maPaleolithic akaomesesa akadii uye akawana zvakare kuti aisanganisira akati wandei ekugadzira chikafu.
"Panzvimbo mbiri idzi, kekutanga, tine humbowo hwekuti mbambaira dzaitota dzisati dzabikwa uye kuti mhodzi dzaipwanywa dzosanganiswa dzisati dzadyiwa, zvese neNeanderthals uye yekutanga Homo sapiens," akadaro Muzvinafundo Ceren Kabukcu, anochera matongo paCenter. Yunivhesiti yeLiverpool inyanzvi mune archaeobotany, akatungamira iyo kuenzanisa kudzidza.
Mapako eFranchthi inzvimbo yekuchera matongo muGreece (Argolida) inotaridza kuvepo kwevanhu kubva kuPaleolithic kuenda kuMesolithic. Zvakawanikwa zvinopa mufananidzo wakadzama we pre-agriculture pakati pe13.000 ne11.000 BCE. Mafupa ekare anozivikanwa emunhu muGreece anobva kumireniyamu yepfumbamwe, munzvimbo yakagwadama, humbowo hwekuita kwakapararira tsika muMediterranean Europe, uye obsidian flakes kubva kuchitsuwa cheMilos, chinoumba chimwe chekare chekufamba kwemugungwa.
gastronomic tsika
"Migumisiro yekuongorora kwedu inoshamisa," anopedzisa Hunt, uyo akaronga kucherwa kwaShanidar, "ndivo chiratidzo chekutanga chekudya kwakaoma, uye nekudaro kuvapo kwechikafu chekudya, pakati peNeanderthals. Ini nevandinoshanda navo takatomboedza kudzokorora imwe yekubika, tichishandisa zvataigona kuunganidza padyo nebako reShanidar. Zvakaguma nei? Inonaka: rudzi rwehazelnut-flavoured focaccia."
Uchapupu hwakarasika nekufamba kwenguva
Chinhu chekupedzisira chakafarira kusimbiswa kwepfungwa yekuti madzitateguru edu airarama zvakanyanya kubva mukuvhima humbowo hwekuchera matongo hwakaramba huripo nanhasi: "Zvishandiso zvematombo uye zviratidzo zvemapanga pamapfupa emhuka zvinoramba zvakanaka nekufamba kwenguva"anodaro Pontzer. Miti yemapuranga inoshandiswa pakuchera nekudyara, kune rumwe rutivi, inokurumidza kuipa.
Hazda, hwindo kune zvakapfuura
Pontzer akadzidza zvakadzama tsika dzevaHadza, nharaunda yemazana mashoma evavhimi vanogara kuchamhembe kweTanzania.
Zvigumisiro zvekudzidza kwake, rakabudiswa muAnnual Nutrition Magazine, taura nezvehuwandu hwevanhu vanorarama sezvavairarama muPaleolithic, kudya nyama inovhimwa nezvombo zvepakutanga uye kuunganidza michero, michero uye kunyanya uchi. Varume vanovhima neuta nemiseve, vakadzi vanounganidza zvokudya zvezvirimwa nemaoko kana kuchera netsvimbo. Kucherechedza mararamiro emarudzi aya zvino kunoita kuti tinzwisise mararamiro evanhu munguva yakapfuura, nokuti vanhu ava vari kure neteknolojia yemazuva ano uye zviri nyore uye vanozvibata sezvaizoita madzitateguru edu.
Hakuna kudya kumwe kunovaka muviri.
Chikafu cheHadza chinoshanduka zvakanyanya nekushanduka kwemwaka: muna Kukadzi vanonyanya kudya uchi (chikafu chine makabhohaidhiretsi nemacalorie), muna Chikunguru pamabheri uye munaGunyana panyama. Chikuru chatinodzidziswa neHadza inyaya yekuti munhu anogona kuva neutano hwakanaka nekutora kudya kwakasiyana. Zvokudya chete zvekudzivisa kuti ugare uine hutano ndizvo zvatinoziva nhasi sezvokudya zvisina kudya.