Zvinogona kusimbiswa kuti Mhuka dzeAmphibian dzaive dzekutanga dzakakwanisa kusiya nharaunda yemvura kuti dzigadzirise pekugara munzvimbo yepasi. Asi havana kukwanisa kuisiya zvachose, saka vanoramba vachirarama pakati pemvura nenyika. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve mararamiro eAmphibian Mhuka, tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge ruzivo urwu uye ujekese kusava nechokwadi kwako pamusoro pezvipenyu izvi zvakakosha.
Chii chinonzi Amphibians uye vanogara kupi?
Mhuka dzeAmphibian imhuka dzemhuri ine vertebrate uye dzine hupenyu hwekutenderera umo dzinobatanidza matanho emumvura nematanho. Izvo zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugara kwavo zvinorambidzwa nekuda kwekutevedzana kwemaitiro avanorarama nawo, pamwe chete nenyaya yekuti havasi vehomeotherm, ndiko kuti, imhuka dzine ropa rinotonhora.
Kutonhora-neropa kunodzivirira kuti vasave nekushisa kwemuviri nguva dzose. Nechikonzero ichocho kashoma kuti mhuka dzeamphibian dziwanikwe munzvimbo dzakaderera tembiricha. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru nei vasingagari munzvimbo dzakaita seAntarctica kana kuti Arctic, kunyange zvazvo zvisikwa zvisaririra zvadzo zvakawanwa munzvimbo idzodzo, zvichiratidzira kuti munguva yakapfuura zvikuru vaikwanisa kugara munyika idzodzo.
Metamorphosis
Pamusoro pekusakwanisa kwavo kuchengetedza tembiricha yemuviri yakaenzana, vane hunhu hunoda kuziva kwazvo munyika yemhuka uye hunovaita zvisikwa zvinogoneka: metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis ishanduko yekushanduka-shanduka yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuti mhuka dzeamphibian dzishanduke kubva pakuzvarwa sema tadpoles kuenda kumhuka dzakura, zvisingakonzere shanduko ye morphological chete, asiwo shanduko mumhando yekudya nekufema.
Amphibian Classification
Mhuka dzeAmphibian dzakarongedzerwa kuva mirairo mitatu, nekuda kwekuti vane zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadziriswa zvinodiwa, saka, pasinei nokuti vanogona kurarama mukati mehugaro humwe chete, zvinowanzoonekwa kuti vanogara mune zvakasiyana-siyana. Mirairo mitatu iyi ndeiyi:
- Kurongeka gymnophiona (kana asina gumbo amphibians): iyo inosanganisira mhuka huru dzeamphibian, asi dzisina magumo, senge caecilians kana tapaculos. Muchikamu ichi tinogona kuwana apodes, idzo mhuka dzeamphibian dzinoshingirira kutonhora zvishoma, saka dzinogara dzichigara munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa.
- Kurongeka anura: Imhuka dzinonzi amphibian dzine makumbo, asi dzisina muswe semachura kana matatya.
- Kurongeka caudata: Newts, axolotls, uye salamanders zvinosanganisirwa muchikamu ichi.
Amphibians inogara munzvimbo dzine tembiricha yakaderera
Sezvatataura, mhuka dzeamphibian dzinogona kugara munzvimbo dzinotonhora hadziwanzo. Pasinei neizvi, isu tinogona kuwana zvimwe, kazhinji ndeamphibians ayo ari ehurongwa hwe anurans kana salamanders. Imwe nyaya yakasarudzika ndeye Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii), ane nzvimbo yekugara iri kuchamhembe kweSiberia, kana datya remusango (Lithobates sylvaticus), inogara kuchamhembe kweNorth America, inoumbwa neAlaska neCanada.
Nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwekuti imhuka dzine ropa rinotonhora, vanonakidzwa nekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana, nekuda kwekuti vanogona kugara munzvimbo dzinotonhora, imwe yacho kugona kurara pasi peaizi, munguva yechando, kana kuvepo kwezvinhu antifreeze. mukemikari yemasero emuviri wako.
taiga amphibians
Kupisa munzvimbo yetaiga kana yeboreal musango kuchiri kutonhora, kunyange zvishoma pane nzvimbo dzatataura pamusoro, saka zvinokwanisika kuwana mamwe marudzi emhuka dzeamphibian munzvimbo idzodzo.
Mienzaniso yakati wandei yemhuka dzeamphibian dzinogara munzvimbo yetaiga kana musango rakasvibira ndiyo datya rakasvibira (Pelophylax inobata), ingwe datya (Lithobates pipiens), datya remusango (Lithobates sylvaticus), datya rekuAmerica (Anaxyrus americanus), salamander ine mavara ebhuruu (Ambystoma laterale), moto salamander (salamander salamander) kana mutsva wekumabvazuva (Notophthalmus viridescens).
Steppe kana desert amphibians
Nharaunda, savannah kana gwenga inzvimbo dzakaoma uye hazviite kusimudzira hupenyu hwemhuka dzeamphibian. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechokuti vane nzvimbo umo kusavapo kwemvura kunooneka uye chimwe chezvinodikanwa zvikuru kuti upenyu hweamphibian husimbe inzvimbo ine mvura zhinji yakachena, kuitira kuti nhanho dzavo dzegomba dzigone kukura.
Asi, zvisikwa zvinoshamisa uye mamwe anurans akakwanisa kukudziridza kushanduka kwekushanduka-shanduka kunovabvumira kuti vararame mumamiriro ekunze aya uye, chaizvoizvo, kana kuongorora kwehana kukaitwa, tichaona kuti munzvimbo idzodzo dziri panyika, dzemarudzi ose. yemhuka dzeamphibian dziripo, tinongowana amphibians erudzi rweanura.
Zvimwe zviratidzo zvekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekushanduka-shanduka ndeye mukana wekuchengetedza weti kuchengetedza mvura iripo mumuviri uye kusikwa kweosmotic gradient inoita kuti ikwanise kutora mvura kuburikidza neganda, kana zvakare mukana wekugara muvhu. , kubva kwavanogona kutora mukana wemvura yakaunganidzwa, vachiuya pamusoro chete mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura kuti vakwanise kutora mvura yakawanda.
Mhuka dzakaita sechichuru chine doti dzvuku (Anaxyrus punctus), datya regirini (buffotes viridis), mbatya netsoka (Cultripe Pelobates), kuchera datya kana mugodhi wekuMexico (Rhinophrynus dorsalis) kana toad inonzi natterjack (Epidalea calamita).
Amphibians inowanikwa mumasango eMediterranean
Masango eMedithera inzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze ane mwero uye ine mvura zhinji yakachena, ndosaka zviri nyore kuwana mhuka dzeamphibian. Munzvimbo idzi tinogona kuwana matodhi, newts, matatya uye salamanders, senge spadefoot toad (Cultripe Pelobates), chura (kuridza ngonono), datya regirini (Pelophylax inobata), San Antonio datya (hyla arborea), moto salamander (salamander salamander) kana newt marbled (Triturus marmoratus).
Amphibians of tropical or subtropical zones
Nzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa ndidzo dziri padyo ne equator uye ndiyo nzvimbo yaunogona kuwana huwandu hwemhuka dzeamphibian, nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya uye kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura, ichiva iyo yakanyanya kukodzera kukirasi iyi yemhuka.
Nezve genus ye anurans, mhuka dzeamphibian dzinogona kuwanikwa mukuwanda kwakawanda matatya, muhuwandu hukuru kupfuura matochi, akati wandei anove ane chepfu uye ane mavara akanaka uye musanganiswa wechromatic, nekuti matatya ari iwo. . Mimwe mienzaniso inogona kuonekwa ndeye datya rine maziso matsvuku (Agalychnis callidryas) kana datya remuseve (Dendrobatidae sp.).
Mhando dzakawanda dzeapods kana caecilians dzinogona kuwanikwawo munzvimbo idzi, asi iri iboka rakaoma zvikuru kuferefeta, sezvo dzinowanzogara pasi pevhu, pamashizha emashizha kana muvhu rakapfava.
Chii chinorehwa neamphibian?
Amphibia, inobva muchiGiriki amphi, zvinoreva zvose uye bios, zvinoreva hupenyu, saka izwi rokuti amphibian rinoreva hupenyu hwose kana mune zvose zviri zviviri. Musanganiswa uyu wakasarudzwa nekuda kwekwakabva mhuka dzeamphibian, dzakakwanisa kushanduka kana kusiya nharaunda yemvura kuti dzigare panyika. Saka zvinogona kutaurwa kuti amphibians anorarama hupenyu huviri, hupenyu hwekutanga hwemumvura uye humwe panyika.
Iwo anamniotes
Imhando yemhuka dzeanamniotic vertebrate, zvinoreva kuti hadzina amnion, sehove, asi mhuka dzeamphibian dzinogonawo kuve tetrapods, ectothermic, dzine kufema kwegill pavanenge vari muchikamu chavo chelarval uyezve imapapu pavanosvika. kukura kwevanhu vakuru.
Sezvatakambotaura, kusiyana kwavo kukuru kubva kune dzimwe mhuka dzemhuka dzine vertebrate, vanopinda maitiro anonzi metamorphosis, kuburikidza nawo vanoshandura kubva kune imwe mhuka kuenda kune imwe yakasiyana zvachose panguva yekukura kwavo.
Parizvino, amphibians akagoverwa munharaunda yese yepasi, asipo chete munzvimbo dzeArctic neAntarctic, pamwe nemurenje rakaoma kwazvo uye muhuwandu hwezvitsuwa zvegungwa. Nhasi tine 7492 yakatsanangurwa mhando dzemhuka dzeamphibian.
Vane basa rakakosha rezvakatipoteredza zvine chekuita nekutakurwa kwesimba, kubva kunharaunda yemvura kuenda kunharaunda yepasi, pamwe nekukosha kwetrophic mumamiriro avo evakuru, mavanodya arthropods nezvimwe zvipembenene. Mhando dzinoverengeka dzeamphibians dzinoshandisa kuvanzika kwezvinhu zvine muchetura zvakanyanya paganda ravo senzira yekudzivirira kune vanodya.
Evolution uye yakarongeka
Pazasi pane akati wandei ane chekuita nekushanduka kwakaunza kuvepo kwe aAmphibian mhuka:
tetrapods
Matetrapods ekutanga aive nekuzvarwa kwavo kubva kumadzitateguru aive akajairika kwavari uye hove dzaive nezvimbi zvelobe, dzinonzi sarcopterygians, asi dzichichengetedza gill uye makwande, asi zvimbi zvakakwanisa kushanduka kuita makumbo akafara, akapepetwa ane nhamba huru yezvimbi. zvigunwe, izvo zvichiri kuoneka nhasi mumhando yegenera Acanthostega uye Ichthyostega, iyo ine pakati pezvisere neminwe minomwe.
Mhindumupindu yakaunza chinjo muupenyu hwemhuka, pamwe chete nokuchinja kwakabvumira kuti mamwe marudzi arambe achirarama uye kwete mamwe, kuchinja kwakaramba kuchiitika nokusarudzwa kwomuzvarirwo, kumwe kwatingataura ndiko kuuya kwendimi dzinooneka nedzekare, idzo mhuka dzavakadzidza. kushandisa kubata mhuka dzavo.
Kumwe kugadziridzwa kunokonzerwa nekugadzirisa kurudzi rutsva rwehupenyu kwaive kutaridzika kwematehwe eganda anoburitsa chepfu, iyo yakagadzirwa senzira yekuzvidzivirira kubva kune zvikara, kuvandudzwa kwemaziso anofambisa, pamwe nekugadzirwa kweglands yekuchenesa, kudzivirira. uye kuzora maziso uye dzimwe nzira dzakawanda.
Tsanangudzo yeamphibians
Tichiri kukwanisa kuona kuti pane hurukuro yakawanda pamusoro pezviri muamphibian tsanangudzo. Nzvimbo yekare yetsanangudzo yeamphibian, iyo nhasi inokodzera separaphyletic, inofunga kuti mamphibians chete ndiwo anamniotic tetrapods, zvinoreva kuti idzo mhuka dzine zai risina kudzivirirwa neamnion kana shell.
Zvinoenderana neiyo cladistic nzira, zvinoreva amphibian zvakanyanya kurambidzwa, kusanganisira muboka iri chete mhando dzemazuva ano amphibians nemadzitateguru avo epedyo, uye amniotes nemadzitateguru avo epedyo.
Nenzira iyi, tinozoona kuti kune pfungwa yakafara yeamphibians uye imwe inorambidzwa. Mune inotevera cladogram, yakavakirwa pamuti wehupenyu, iwo maviri amphibian pfungwa anogona kuwanikwa, iyo "yakafara" uye "inorambidzwa":
Amphibia (paraphyletic)
Inonzwisiswa seyakafara pfungwa, inosanganisira mhando:
- elginerpeton
- metaxygnathus
- salestega
- Acanthostega
- ichthyostega
- hynerpeton
- tulerpeton
- Crassigyrinus
- Baphetidae
- colosteidae
- temnospondyli
- whatcheeria
- Gephyrostegidae
- embolomeri
Amphibia mupfungwa yakaganhurirwa
Inongobata chete marudzi anotevera:
- aistopoda
- nectridea
- microsauria
- Lysorophia
- Lissamphibia (mazuva ano amphibians)
- Amniota (zvinokambaira, shiri, zvinoyamwisa)
Mazuva ano Amphibians
Sezvinotarisirwa, phylogenetic links inogona kuwanikwa pakati pemapoka matatu eLissamphibians ave ari nyaya yekukurukurirana uye kukakavara kwemakumi emakore. Kuongororwa kwepakutanga kweDNA mitochondrial uye nyukireya ribosomal DNA sequences yakasimbisa hukama hwepedyo pakati salamanders uye caecilians, iyo yekupedzisira ndeyeboka rainzi Procera.
Nechirevo ichi, chikonzero chekugovera maitiro uye zvisaririra zvinyorwa zveLissamphibians zvakasimbiswa, nekuda kwekuti matatya anogona kuwanikwa aripo pamakondinendi ese, nepo salamanders uye caecilians vane kuganhurwa kwakanyanya. munhoroondo ye geological yaive chikamu cheLaurasia neGondwana zvakateerana.
The zvikuru zvechinyakare zvisaririra zvinyorwa matatya uye lissamphibians kwave dated Early Triassic nguva, inowanikwa Madagascar uye zvinoenderana genus Triadobatrachus, nepo yekare zvisaririra zvinyorwa salamanders uye caecilians kwave dated kuti Jurassic nguva.
Pasinei neizvi, nekuda kwemhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvepashure uye zvekare, umo dhatabhesi uye ruzivo rwakasimbiswa, zvese kubva munyukireya uye mitochondrial genetic registries, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwezvose zviri zviviri, zvave zvichisimbisa kuti matatya nemasalamanders vane hanzvadzi. mapoka, ane clade inonzi Batrachia. Chirevo ichi chakatsigirwa netsvakiridzo yezvekufanana kwe morphological, umo mafossil emuenzaniso akaverengerwa.
Yokutanga Hypothesis nezvekwakabva
Zvisinei, mavambo eboka haasati ari chakavanzika chakajeka, uye fungidziro dzinobatwa nhasi dzakakamurwa kuva 3 mapoka makuru. Mukutanga, genus Lissamphibia inoonekwa seboka remonophyletic raive nemavambo aro mune temnospondyls, mune iyo nyaya boka rehanzvadzi rinogona kunge riri genus Doleserpeton, uye Amphibamus, Branchiosauridae kana boka reboka rekupedzisira.
Gare gare hypotheses
Yechipiri hypothesis zvakare inotanga kubva pahwaro hwekuti Lissamphibia iboka remonophyletic, asi kuti vaive nemavambo avo mune lepospondylos. Wechitatu fungidziro inoratidza polyphyletic hunhu, riri diphyletic uye mune zvimwe zvidzidzo triphyletic, ari lissamphibians, nekwavakabva matatya uye salamanders, kutanga kubva temnospondiles, asi kuti caecilians, uye dzimwe nguva salamanders, aizova mavambo.kwakabva lepospondyles .
Amphibians nhasi
Nhasi mhuka dzese dzeamphibian dzinosanganisirwa muboka reLissamphibia, iro rinoumbwa nemaclades Gymnophiona, Caudata naAnura, uye anogoverwa zvinoenderana nekirasi ye vertebral chimiro uye magumo avo. zvisingawanzoitiki, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa uye zvinoshamisa zvemazuva ano mhuka dzeamphibian.
The Cecilias uye Caudates
MaCaecilians imhuka dzine vermiform dzinochera dzisina makumbo, asi dzine muswe unotanga uye mamwe matende ane basa rekufemba. Igaro rayo chete inzvimbo dzinopisa dzine hunyoro hwepamusoro. Kune rumwe rutivi, caudate amphibians, idzo itsva uye salamanders, dzine muswe mumwechete nemakumbo. Vakuru vakafanana zvikuru netadpoles, kunyange zvazvo vakasiyana pakuti panzvimbo yegill, vane mapapu, uye mune kuti vane kukwanisa kubereka uye kurarama kunze kwenzvimbo ine mvura.
Zvinoshamisa chaizvo kuti mumvura anogona kufamba zvine hungwaru, nekuda kwemafambisirwo aanoita nemuswe wadzo, kana ari panyika achifamba achishandisa makumbo mana kufamba.
the anurans
Pakupedzisira, anurans, anosanganisira matodhi nematatya, ane makumbo asina kuenzana pakureba uye kana asvika pakukura kwavo, haana muswe, achiratidza, sechigadziriso mukusvetuka kwekushanduka-shanduka, musana. Inonzi urostyle Pavanenge vari padanho remakonye, vanogona kuva nedanho rakaita sehove.
Vanowanzo kudya nyama, kufanana nemhuka zhinji dzeamphibian padanho revakuru, kunyangwe muchikamu chavo cherukova dzinenge dziri mhuka dzesango. Kudya kwavo kunosanganisira arachnids, makonye, hozhwa, tumbuyu uye chero chero chinhu chipenyu chinogona kufamba uye kuita chidiki zvekuti chinomedzwa chakazara.
Nzira yekugaya muvanhu vakuru ipfupi, inova hunhu hwemhuka zhinji dzinodya nyama.Zvese mhuka dzemufibhii idzi dzine kwadzinogara mumadhamu nenzizi, asi dzimwe dzakakwanisa kujairana nehupenyu hwemusango uye dzimwe dzinogara munzvimbo dzemugwenga dzichiratidza kuita basa panguva chete. mwaka wekunaya kwemvura. 206 mhando dze caecilians dzinozivikanwa, nepo caudates uye anurans inomiririrwa neanosvika mazana matanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemasere uye nezve 698 mhando, zvichiteerana.
Morphophysiology
Muchikamu chino chechinyorwa tichabata mamwe emhando dzakanyanya kukosha dzemhuka dzeamphibian, sekuti:
Ganda
Datya dzvuku nebhuruu museve (Oophaga pumilio) imhungu ine huturu inonzi anuran amphibian inoratidza ruvara rweyambiro. Ganda remapoka matatu makuru emamphibians, anove anurans, caudates uye gymnophians, rakafanana, asi kusiyana nemamwe amphibians, magymnophyans ane dermal scales, inopindira mumvura, yakatsetseka, uye. iyo isina chero mhando yekuwedzera yakawedzera, senge bvudzi kana zvikero), neiyo yatove yakaganhurwa, uye ine hukuru hukuru hwematehwe.
Skin Mabasa
Iri ganda rine hunhu rinoita akati wandei mabasa akakosha pakurarama kwavo, nekuvadzivirira kubva kune abrasion uye pathogenic agents, ivo vanoitawo basa rekufema kuburikidza neganda, vanotora uye kuburitsa mvura, uye vanobatana mukushandurwa kwe pigmentation ganda.dzimwe mhando. Izvo zvakakoshawo pakuvanzika kwezvinhu kuburikidza nazvo, uye, pakupedzisira, vanobatsira kudzora tembiricha yemuviri weamphibians.
Pamusoro pezvo, ganda rinogona kuzadzisa basa rinowanzo dzivirira kana kuregedzesa kurwisa zvikara, nekuti rine huwandu hwehupfu kana hunogona kutora pigmentation inoburitsa yambiro kuvavengi vayo.
Muganda ravo vanotaridza hunhu hwemhuka dzepasi pevhu, hunova huvepo hwematanho ekunze ane cornified. Ganda remhuka dzeamphibian rine zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana uye rinodururwa nguva nenguva, rakafanana, kazhinji, rinopinzwa nemhuka, iyi nzira yekuchinja kweganda inodzorwa nemarara maviri, ayo ari pituitary uye thyroid.
Izvo zvakajairwawo kuwana kumwe kukora kwenzvimbo, sezvinoitika mune anurans yeBufo genus, iyo yakavashandira senzira yekushanduka-shanduka kuchinjika kuhupenyu hwepasi.
Matumbu ari paganda
Izvo zvipembenene zviri muganda, zvakagadziridzwa kupfuura munyaya yehove, uye kune marudzi maviri: mucous glands uye maronda ane chepfu. Iyo mucous glands inokwanisa kuvharira isina ruvara uye yemvura mucus ine chinangwa chekudzivirira kudzika kwayo uye kuchengetedza iyo ionic chiyero. Inofungidzirwawo kuti zvinokwanisika kuti ichi chakavanzika chine fungicidal uye bactericidal properties.
Kune rumwe rutivi, matinji ane chepfu ane chinangwa chekudzivirira chete, semhinduro yekukwanisa kurwisa zvikara zvawo, sezvo achigadzira zvinhu izvo mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinogumbura uye mune zvimwe zvine chepfu.
Imwe nyanzvi yeganda remhuka dzeamphibian ruvara rwadzo. Icho chigadzirwa chezvikamu zvitatu zvemasero epigment, anonziwo chromatophores. Aya matatu anoenderana maseru akaturikidzana ane, mukurongeka ikoko, anonzi melanophores, ari muchikamu chakadzika cheganda.
Mavara
Iwo anoteverwa nema guanophores, ayo anoumba yepakati layer, ine maumbirwo emagranules ayo, nediffraction, anoburitsa ruvara rwebhuruu-girinhi, uye lipophores, ayo anoburitsa iyo yero uye anowanikwa mune yakanyanyisa layer. Kuchinja kwemavara kunogona kuonekwa mumhando dzakawanda dzeamphibians kunokonzerwa nekuvharidzirwa kwepituitary gland.
Kusiyana nehove dzebony, amphibians haana zvakananga tsinga yekudzora masero epigment uye, nechikonzero ichocho, kuchinja kwemavara avo kunogona kunonoka.
Ruvara runotorwa nemhuka dzemumvura kazhinji kacho ndere cryptic, zvichireva kuti chinangwa chavo ndechekuvhara mhuka yemhuka neyakaitenderedza. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvakasiyana-siyana girinhi predominate, kunyange zvazvo marudzi akati wandei vane ruvara mapatani anobvumira amphibian kuti zvachose kuoneka, sezvinoitwa moto salamander kana Salamandra salamandra kana chii chinoitika pamwe museve matatya (Dendrobatidae).
Aya mavara anoshamisa anobatanidzwa, kazhinji, nekukura kunoshamisa kweparatoid huturu huturu uye, nokudaro, kugadzira aposematic coloration, kana yambiro yengozi, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuti zvizivikanwe nekukurumidza nevanogona vavengi vavo.
Mhando dzinoverengeka dzematatya paanenge achisvetuka kamwe kamwe anoratidza mavara ane mavara akajeka pamakumbo awo ekumashure, ane basa rekushamisa uye rinotyisa zvikara zvawo. Uyewo, sezvatakatoratidza, ganda remamphibians rine basa rekudzivirira pamusoro pemigumisiro iyo chiedza chinogona kukonzera kana, kana iri yemavara akasviba, inobatsira kutora uye kuchengetedza kupisa kwavanotora kubva kune zvakatipoteredza.
Skeleton
Skeleton yemhuka dzeamphibian inogona kukamurwa uye inotsanangurwa seizvi:
Waist
Zvatingadana bhanhire remapfudzi emakirasi ekutanga emamphibians rakanga rakada kufanana nemadzitateguru avo, osteolepiforms, kunze kwekuvapo kweganda idzva, interclavicular, iyo isisipo mune amphibians yemazuva ano.
Iri bhanhire repafudzi raiva nemativi maviri ekusiyanisa, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinhu zvakabva kune endochondral zvinhu zve precursor ancestor fin yaiva pisciform uye yaiva nebasa rekupa nzvimbo yekutaura kwekupedzisira; kune rumwe rutivi, mhete yemapfupa ane dermal yakabva, iyo yatinogona kudana makanda eganda uye iyo yakanga yapinda mukati memuviri.
Nezve bhanhire repelvic, tichaona kuti rakanyanya kukwana. Mune dzose tetrapods inoumbwa nemapfupa matatu makuru, ayo ari ilium, iyo iri dorsally uye ventrally, pubis, iyo iri mberi, uye ischium, iyo iri shure. Ikoko mapfupa matatu aya anosangana, acetabulum mafomu, iyo iyo musoro wemukadzi unotaura.
Extremities
Anurans uye urodeles, sekutonga, vane makumbo mana, asi caecilians haana. Mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzeanuran, makumbo avo eshure akarebesa, izvo zvinoumba shanduko inoshanduka yekukwanisa kusvetuka nekushambira.
Kuiswa kwemabhonzo nemamhasuru anowanikwa kumberi neshure kwe tetrapods kunoenderana zvinokatyamadza, semashandisirwo akasiyana aanoisirwa.Panhengo imwe neimwe tinogona kuwana majoini matatu, bendekete kana hudyu, zvichienderana nekuti i kumberi kana kumashure kumucheto, gokora kana ibvi, uye wrist kana chiziso.
Mitezo mutetrapods ndeyemhando yechiridium. Mavari tichawana yakareba basal bone, iyo inogona kushanda sehumerus kana femur uye iyo inotaura pakuguma kwayo kure mapfupa maviri, iyo inogona kuva radius uye tibia ine ulna, kana ulna kana fibula ine fibula.
Mabhonzo aya anobatanidza wrist kana ankle necarpus kana tarsus, zvichiteerana, iyo, kana yanyatsogadzirwa, inova mitsara mitatu yemaossicles, ine matatu mumutsara weproximal, mumwe pakati, uye mashanu mudistal. . Imwe neimwe yekupedzisira inobata munwe, inoumbwa neakawanda phalanges.
Digestive system
Muromo wemhuka dzeamphibian unosvika pakukura kukuru, uye mune mamwe marudzi anopiwa mazino maduku uye asina simba. Rurimi rwayo rwune nyama uye mune mamwe marudzi runonamirwa kumberi uye rwosunungurwa kumashure, kuti rubude kunze, kuti rushandiswe kubata mhuka. Hunhu hweamphibians ndehwekuti imhuka dzinofamba, nekuti dzinowanzo pinza mhuka dzadzo dzese munzira yekugaya, pasina kuicheka kuita zvidimbu.
Nhengo yavanoburitsa tsvina kubva mumuviri wavo inonzi cloaca. Igomba umo magadzirirwo ekudya, weti uye kubereka anowanikwa uye ane gomba rimwe rekubuda kunze; nhengo iyi inogona kuwanikwawo mune dzimwe shiri nezvinokambaira.
Mhuno dzeAmphibian dzine mhino mbiri dzinotaurirana nemuromo uye dzinopihwa mavharuvhu anodzivirira kupinda kwemvura, kuburikidza nekuita kufema kwepulmonary.
Circulatory system
Sezvambotaurwa, amphibians anotarisana nemararamiro ehupenyu hwavo, nokuti pakutanga vane fomu yelarval, yakafanana nehove kazhinji, asi kana vasvika pakukura kwavo, imhuka yakasiyana zvachose, uye izvi zvakare. inoratidzwa muropa rako.
Kuva mhute, mhuka dzeamphibian dzine kutenderera kwakafanana nehove, tsinga ina dzinobuda kubva mumhepo inonzi ventral aorta, nhatu dzacho dzinoenda kumagill, nepo yechina inobatana nemapapu, ayo asina kugadzirwa, saka anotakura ropa rine okisijeni.
Asi pavanenge vakura, mhuka dzeamphibian, kunyanya anurans, dzinomira kushandisa gill uye kukura mapapu avo, ipapo kutenderera kunova kaviri, nokuti kutenderera kuduku kunooneka, kunowedzera kune yakakura yatovapo. Izvi zvinogoneka nekuti vane moyo we tricameral, wakagadzirwa ne ventricle uye maviri atria.
Kutenderera kukuru kunoita mafambiro akajairika kuburikidza nemuviri, asi mudiki anongoenda kumapapu uye nenzira isina kukwana, nekuti ropa rinosanganiswa mumhepo, uye kana richifamba nemuviri rinongove nechikamu cheokisijeni. Uyu musanganiswa weropa re venous ne arterial blood, kana uchibva pamwoyo, unoiswa padivi nespiral valve inonzi sigmoid valve, uye ine basa rekutakura ropa rine oxygen kunhengo nematishu uye neropa rine deoxygenated kumapapu. Kuti valve iyi inoshanda sei hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
Kubereka, Kuvandudza uye Kudyisa
Mhuka dzeAmphibian dzine dioecious, zvinoreva kuti dzine varume vakasiyana, uye chiratidzo chepabonde dimorphism chinogona kuonekwa mumarudzi akawanda. Zvichienderana nemhando yemhando, kubereka kunogona kuva mukati kana kunze, uye nhamba huru ndeye oviparous.Kukandira, nokuti mazai haana kudzivirirwa kubva kune desiccation, inowanzoitwa mumvura yakachena uye inoumbwa nenhamba huru yemazai maduku akabatanidzwa. gelatinous zvinhu.
Iyi gelatinous mass inobatanidza mazai, zvakare, ichavharwa neine imwe kana kupfuura membranes inovadzivirira kubva pakurova, pathogenic organisms uye zvikara.
Kune marudzi mashoma kwazvo anopa tarisiro yevabereki kuvana vawo. Pakati pezviitiko apo pane nzira yekuberekesa ndeye Surinam toad (Pipa pipa), Darwin's datya (Rhinoderma darwinii) kana rudzi rwemhando Rheobatrachus.
Ma "embryos" ane holoblastic segmentation isina kuenzana, isina extra-embryonic membranes.Kubva mumazai anochochonya pwere padanho remakonye, iro kazhinji kacho rinonzi tadpoles. Amphibian larvae anogara mumvura yakachena, nepo paanova vanhu vakuru, anowanzo rarama hupenyu hwepasirese, kunyangwe achigara munzvimbo dzine hunyoro.
Iyo metamorphosis yemhuka dzeamphibian inozadzikiswa nenzira inotevera: pavanenge vachikura, makonye anoramba achirasikirwa nemiswe yawo, chigadzirwa che cellular autolysis, kudzamara vawana chimiro chehafu-yepasi uye semi-aquatic mhuka yavari. Muzvipenyu zvakawanda, vanhu vakuru vanochengeta tsika dzemvura uye kushambira.
Hupenyu hupenyu
Mhuka dzemhuka dzeamphibian dzinopfuura nematanho matatu ekukura, yekutanga kuva pre-metamorphic, umo kukura kunogadzirwa nekukurudzira kwepamusoro madosi eprolactin inogadzirwa neadenohypophysis. uye inopera nechikamu chechitatu, umo metamorphic zenith inoitika iyo inopera nekushandurwa kwegonye kuita mhuka duku.
Kudyiswa kwemhuka dzeamphibians kunochinjawo, nekuti inodya herbivorous muchikamu chemalarval, kuve yakavakirwa paArthropods nemakonye kana vatove muchikamu chavo chevakuru. Chikafu chikuru chevanhu vakuru zvipembenene, butterfly makonye, earthworms uye arachnids, pakati pevamwe.
Kuchengetedza
Kubva muna 1911 zvave zvichibvira kuona kuti kwave nekuderera kwakanyanya kwehuwandu hweamphibians kutenderera pasirese. Izvo zvakasimbiswa kuti kudonha muhuwandu hweamphibian uye kuparara kwevanhu vakawanda kwakaitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Zvikonzero zvekuderera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu izvi zvakasiyana, sekuparadzwa kwenzvimbo yavo yekugara, marudzi akaunzwa, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye zvirwere zviri kubuda. Zvimwe zvacho zvanga zvisati zvave chinangwa chekuongorora kwakatevedzana, kuitira kuti vakwanise kunyatsoziva mhedzisiro yavakaburitsa, ndosaka masayendisiti kubva kumativi ese enyika ari kufamba iyo nzira panguva ino chaiyo.
85% ye100 amphibians ari mungozi zvakanyanya haagamuchire hanya uye kudzivirirwa kushoma. Pakati pemarudzi gumi ari mungozi zvikurusa munyika, pamapoka ose, matatu imhuka dzomusango; uye pakati pezana rinonyanya kutyisidzirwa, kune makumi matatu nenhatu amphibians, uye mupfungwa iyi, kuti upedze, tinokupa iwe runyoro rwavo, pamwe nekusiyana kwavo kwengozi yekunyangarika:
- Andrias davidianus ("chiChinese hofori salamander")
- Boulengerula niedeni ("cecilia Sagalla")
- Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ("pepuru datya")
- Heleophryne hewitti uye Heleophryne rosei ("ghost matatya")
- Proteus anguinus ("olm")
- Parvimolge townsendi, Chiropterotriton lavae, Chiropterotriton magnipes uye Chiropterotriton mosaueri uye 16 mamwe marudzi eMexico asina mapapu salamanders.
- Scaphiophryne gottlebei ("Malagasy rainbow frog")
- Rhinoderma rufum ("Darwin's Chilean frog")
- Alytes dickhille ("Betic nyamukuta toad")
- Sechellophryne gardineri, Sooglossus pipilodryas, Sooglossus sechellensis and Sooglossus thomasseti ("Seychelles matatya")
Kana waifarira nyaya iyi, tinokurudzira izvi zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinonakidza: