Izazi-mlando zama-Arab zaba ngabokuqala ukukhuluma ngamaViking eSpain. Ngonyaka ka-844, phakathi kokuphela kukaJulayi nokuqala kuka-August, i- Inhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, yabona ukufika kwenqwaba yemikhumbi, kwakungolunye lohambo oluyingqopha-mlando emlandweni wamatilosi aseNordic. Lo mcimbi uphawule ukuqala kwenkathi yokuhlasela nokuphanga España ngabasatshwayo vikings.
I-Viking Age in España
Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX neleshumi, amaViking ahlasela iSpain. Ngaleso sikhathi, yayihlala eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia U-Al Andalus kanye nemibuso yasendulo yobuKristu. Ekuqaleni, amaNorman athola, endleleni yawo, imiqhele Pamplona y Asturias, kanye nengxenye yendawo ye- Umbuso waseCarolingian, lo uhlobo lwe-hispanic.
Kamuva, ohambweni olwalandela, babezofika Umbuso kaLeon. Phakathi kokuhlasela kokuqala nokugcina kwamaViking eSpain, kwakuzodlula iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, azikho izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezenzeka eNhlonhlweni, ngenxa yokuthi uMbuso waseGranada, indawo yokugcina yamaSulumane, wawuzohlala kuze kube yiminyaka yokugcina yekhulu leshumi nanhlanu.
Ukugasela kuqhubeke España
AmaViking ahamba ukuze ahlasele España ezikhathini ezintathu zomlando: eyokuqala, noma "ukungena ngokungaqondile" lapho abazinikele khona ekufuneni ulwazi nokuhweba ngezigqila; ngemva kwalokhu kwaba nokuhlasela okubili okulandelanayo ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, kwahlasela amaSulumane aseSpain, nekhulu leshumi, kwahlasela iSpain yobuKristu, kwalandelwa isigaba sesithathu sokuhlala okucatshangwayo.
Itholakala ogwini lwase-Atlantic
Abahloli bamazwe baseScandinavia benza uhambo lwabo lokuqala lokuya España ngonyaka 844. Kwakuwukuhlasela on the I-Iberian peninsula befika ogwini lwayo lwe-Atlantic, base besuka baya emfuleni iGuadalquivir.
Inqwaba yemikhumbi yamaViking, eyangena eningizimu yeFrance eMfuleni iGaronne, yakwazi ukufika ogwini lwaseCantabria ngemva kwesiphepho esiyingozi.
Imikhumbi eyikhulu yamaViking eyakha umkhumbi owesabekayo yabonwa ngo-August XNUMX ngasogwini lwaseGijón. AmaViking agcwala amanzi futhi ahamba, ngaphandle kokudala isigameko esingesihle.
Ezinsukwini ezithile kamuva, abantu baseScandinavia babezozinikela ekuphangeni endaweni ezungezile La Coruña. Ekugcineni, lokhu kuhlasela kufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngoba ibutho le URamiro I wase-Asturias anqobe amaViking, aphoqeleka ukuba abuyele emikhunjini yawo ahambe.
Lena indaba evela ekulandiswa kwesihloko esithi “Castilian Annals Seconds”, eyaziwa nangokuthi Ama-Annals aphelele, le mibhalo iyiqoqo lezindaba, futhi ibhala lokhu kuhlasela njengoba babekubona ngeNkathi yamaViking España.
Inhloso yokuhlasela kwamaViking
Ngemuva kwengxabano emfushane La Coruña, abahloli bathola ababekufuna kukho Lisboa. Idolobha elikhulu, futhi balivimbezela izinsuku eziyishumi nantathu phakathi kuka-August no-September, lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwafika amabutho amaSulumane ezowaxosha. Ngaleso sikhathi amaViking ahamba ewela ugu lwase-Iberia ebheke eningizimu, efika eGulf of Cádiz.
ukwazile ukunqoba CádizBakhuphuke ngomfula I-Guadalquivir, bephanga wonke amadolobha abawathola endleleni yabo, futhi babulala bonke abantu bendawo ukuze bangabaxwayisi ukuba khona kwabo. Ngemva kwalokhu, empini ye cabtalBanqoba amaSulumane.
Eqhubeka nomzila wawo ezansi nomfula, amaViking ayizinkulungwane ezine noma ngaphezulu ayafika Isbiliya, Sevilla, ngezinsuku zokugcina zika-September. Izakhamuzi zase SevillaBabaleka bethukile UCarmona, lokhu kulandisa kungenxa yomlando we-Andalusian Ibn al-Qutiyya, eliveza embhalweni wakhe wesandla "Umlando wokunqotshwa kwe-al-Andalus".
Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, kwafika ibutho livela Córdoba, amadoda angaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesithupha, athunyelwe Abderraman II. Lona kwakungu-emir ka Córdoba, futhi wayala leli butho Musa ibn Musa al-Qasi, owayedume kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukusabela kwe- U-Al Andalus
ama-viking ku España Bahlala ekamu I-Tablada, base behlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane. Iqembu, elakhiwe amadoda angu-200, lahlasela Moron; owesibili, washaywa Benilaiz; olandelayo washaywa Umthombo Oculayo; kanti owokugcina wahlasela Córdoba.
Ibutho elikhulu la Musa ibn Musa, iqede iqembu lokuqala ekuhlaseleni kwe Moron yathatha inqaba I-Tablada, abantu baseScandinavia abayinkulungwane bafela lapho. AmaSulumane abamba futhi abulala amanye amaViking angamakhulu amane ngemva kwalezi zimpi.
Abaningi banqunywa amakhanda, futhi “amakhanda abo alenga ezihlahleni zesundu zaseSeville”. Elinye iqembu langcwatshwa liphila, amakhanda alo evuliwe, ukuze linyathelwe ngamahhashi laze lafa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bashisa imikhumbi yamaViking engamashumi amathathu.
AbaseScandinavia abakwazile ukuphunyuka, bavuma izingubo, ukudla futhi bakwazi ukuhlehla ogwini, ukuze babuyisele abathunjwa kanye nempango abayithathile. Bephathwa kabi kanjalo, laba abasinda babaleka banqamula iMedithera, becekela phansi amazwe aseByzantium baze bafika e-Aleksandriya.
Ezinye iziboshwa azizange zibulawe, abaguqukela Islam, kanye nalawa maViking phakathi España kuthiwa bahlala emapulazini. Ngemva kokuhlasela, Abderraman II, yahlola futhi yaqinisa iSeville, ukuze ithuthukise izivikelo zayo, futhi yakha imikhumbi yokuvikela ugu U-Al Andalus.
Kwafakwa nesistimu yezokuxhumana egibele amahhashi ukuze ikwazi ukuqaphela ngokushesha lapho abahlaseli befika. Uma unentshisekelo yokufunda ngezinkolelo zezinganekwane zamanye amasiko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde izinkuni nymphs.
Uhambo luka-Bjorn Ragnarsson
Okwesibili amaViking abonwa España, lolu hambo lwayalwa UBjorn Ragnarsson, eyayaziwa ngokuthi I-Iron Side. Indodana ka I-Ragnar Lothbrok, eyathatha imikhumbi engaba yikhulu, futhi nalo mkhumbi yalibangisa eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia.
Kwakungunyaka ka-858, umkhumbi we Okusha wehla ngomfula I-Arosa, ngiya I-Santiago de Compostela, lapho befika bawuvimbezela lo muzi obiyelwe ngezindonga. Naphezu kokuba amaKristu ekhokha intela kuwo ukuba ahambe, amaViking aqhubeka nokuvinjezelwa.
Kusuka Asturias, Inkosi Ordono I, wathumela amabutho, eyalwa ngokubala Peter Theon, lokhu kunqoba abahlaseli, futhi umkhumbi wamaViking owakhiwa imikhumbi eyikhulu, engu-62 kuphela ekwazile ukuphunyuka.
Ngemva kwalokhu kunqotshwa okwenziwa amaViking emazweni obuKristu, imikhumbi yaseScandinavia yalibangisa eningizimu. Bazama ukuwela ogwini lwamaPutukezi, kodwa behluleka, balahlekelwa imikhumbi emibili lapho, enye engamashumi ayisithupha yafika Ama-Algeciras. Kulo muzi baphanga, futhi bacekela phansi mosque.
Bahambe ke bangene I-North Africa, lokhu ngaphambi kokuhlasela iziqhingi I-Balearics y Orihuela,efika ngasemfuleni Segura. Bahlehla ogwini lwaseFrance ebusika, base bebhekisa amabombo Italia.
Ukuthunjwa kwenkosi yase Pamplona
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, indodana Ragnar yayizobuyela emazweni aseSpain. Imikhumbi ye bjon ragnarsson bakhuphukela emfuleni Ebro,efinyelela ku Pamplona. Sebelapho bayithumba inkosi Garcia Iniguez wasePamplona, okwadingeka akhokhe isihlengo sezinhlamvu zegolide ezingu-70000 XNUMX ukuze athole inkululeko.
ama-viking ku España, kwakuqabukela asebenzise lokho okubizwa ngokuthi intela yaseDenmark, eyayihlanganisa ukukhokhisa imali ukuze adlule futhi angaphangi idolobha. Elinye lamacala abhalwe phansi elokutakulwa kwenkosi yasePamplona. Lo mkhuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waba yinto evamile kweminye imibuso nayo ecekelwe phansi amabutho amaViking.
Ngemuva kwale mpumelelo, leli gagasi lesibili lamaVikings ku ESpain, wabhekana nobunzima obukhulu. Ukuwela iStrait of Gibraltar ukubuyela ekhaya, Okusha wahlangana nemikhumbi ye-emir yaseCordovan.
Kule ngxabano, amaViking alahlekelwa imikhumbi ecishe ibe ngu-40. Imikhumbi ephunyukile yafika ekhaya ngo-862, nengcebo enkulu kakhulu. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana namanye amasiko amaqhawe athokozisayo, landela isixhumanisi esingezansi ama-mayan legends.
isigaba sokugcina
Ukuhlasela okulandelayo nokugcina kwamaVikings España, iqala ngonyaka ka-966. Lokhu kwakuhlukile kweyangaphambili, kulokhu kwenziwa imizamo eminingi yokuhlasela. Imikhumbi emincane yamaViking ibonakala phakathi I-Alcácer do Sal, ezinhlangothini ze Lisboa, yayinemikhumbi engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili kuphela.
Baxabana namabutho endawo futhi abaseScandinavians banqoba, bathumba inqwaba yeziboshwa. Ngokushesha, bazingelwa olwandle besuka eSeville futhi ezinye iziboshwa zatholwa. Le mpumelelo iphazamise kakhulu isimilo samaViking.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, umholi Gundraed ikhuphuka ichweba nemikhumbi eyi-100 okufanele ihlasele ISantiago de Compostela. Amasosha okuzivikela ayeholwa nguMbhishobhi sisnando, bahlulwe phakathi I-Fornelos futhi balahlekelwa umkhuzi wabo. Iminyaka emithathu eyalandela yachithwa amaViking ephanga, ngaphandle kokuphikiswa.
Ngo-971, umbuso we Asturias abhekane nabo. Amabutho ayeholwa nguMbhishobhi rudesindo kanye nokubala Gonzalo Sanchez, Leli butho linqoba amaViking empini enkulu, ukubulala Gundraed.
Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, umkhumbi omkhulu wemikhumbi wabhekisa amabombo Lisboa, ngenhloso yokugasela befuna ingcebo. Abazange bathembele kukho ukuthi iminyaka yokuphanga nokuhlasela yayishiye ukuqeqeshwa okuhle kuma-Andalusians, ajoyina izindiza zezindiza. I-Atlántico futhi i IMedithera waphuma ukuyohlangabeza amaViking.
Ngale ndlela umzamo wokugcina wamaViking wokuqhubeka nokucekela phansi iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ngaleyo ndlela kuvalwe inkathi yobudlova obungalawuleki nokuphanga okwashiya izimpawu ezijulile kuwo womabili amasiko.
Izindawo zokuhlala e- Viking España
Naphezu kwakho konke, amaViking ahlulekile ukushaya España ngobukhulu obufanayo ne E-England o EFrance. Ahluleka ukumisa amakoloni, futhi awazange akwazi ukungena esikweni laseSpain.
Kunemibono eqinisekisa ukuthi bezingekho izindawo zokuhlala zamaViking España. Nokho, endaweni Galicia, bathola izinsalela zemivubukulo efana namakamu adlulayo, lawo amaScandinavians awafaka lapho engena emazweni angaphandle.
Le ndawo engenzeka yaseScandinavia itholakala I-Mountillos, eduze nolwandle ISan Romane Vicedo Lugo. Abacwaningi basamba futhi bahlaziya indawo. Kuze kube manje iyona yodwa etholakele, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ziningi.
Ekuqaleni kwalokhu kutholakala, bekucatshangwa ukuthi le ndawo ingaba yinqaba kodwa konke kubonakala kukhomba ukuthi yisihlalo sesikhashana samaNorman, esifana nalezi ezitholakala eNgilandi. Okuhlanganisa indunduma ephakanyisiwe enodonga nomsele.
Inhloso enkulu yohambo lwamaViking kwakuwukuphanga nokuthumba izigqila, lapho zihamba kwakungeyona inhloso yokuzinza, ingasaphathwa eyokuba abalimi. Lesi mhlawumbe yisizathu esenza kungatholakali amasampula amakhulu okudlula kokuhlala kwamaViking España.
Njengoba kwakuyisiko ukufika, ukushisa nokuphanga, kwakungenakwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi amaViking angene España, bazobe bematasa bakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezihlala isikhathi eside.
Ubufakazi bezindawo zokuhlala VIkings eSpain
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuba khona kwezinye izindawo zamaViking España. Kuyo yonke inhlonhlo, kungase kube nezinye zazo.
Zikhona izindaba zezinye izindawo okungenzeka zahlala kuzo, kodwa njengoba zaziyizakhiwo ezakhelwe ukuhlala isikhathi esifushane, mancane amathuba okuba zihlale njalo nokongiwa kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zazivame ukwakha indawo yokuhlala ngezinsuku ezine noma ezinhlanu.
Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe i-onomastiki yendawo, kufanelekile ukutadisha i-etymology yamagama afanele endawo. Esifundeni sesifundazwe Lugo, kunezindunduma eziningi phansi, futhi zibizwa "amabala", leli gama laziwa ngokuthi livela olimini lwaseNordic, kulo ungabona ukufana negama Motte & Bailey, esetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ezinqabeni ezisezintabeni.
Ngokuvamile, yonke inkomba yezincwadi ezikhona kumaVikings España, nokunye okuningi ngqo Galicia, yakhiwe imisebenzi emidala kakhulu, enendlela engaphelele, egcwele ukuphikisana, kanye nokubhekisela kumandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukudlula kwabantu baseScandinavia eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, njengoba idatha ayinakho ukwesekwa okwanele komlando ukuze kuqinisekiswe. Ziyimisebenzi yekhulu le-XNUMX, ngendlela engokwesiko eyethula amaqiniso ngombono ophikisana nemibono enikezwe ucwaningo lwakamuva kakhulu ngezwe lamaViking enyakatho ye Europa.
Kunoma ikuphi, bethula idatha enentshisekelo enkulu futhi ebalulekile ukuze bakwazi ukuphenya indaba, yokuthi bekunjani ukuba khona kwamaViking España, futhi ekugcineni ingasiza ekutholeni ezinye izindawo zokuhlala. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngamaViking, sikumema ukuthi ufunde izimpawu ze-viking.