Ama-universe ahambisanayo igama elisetshenziselwa ukuchaza umbono obonakalayo okhuthaza ukuba khona kwamayunivesiti ambalwa noma izinto ezingokoqobo ezizimele ngokuqhathaniswa, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunombono wokuthi kunezindawo ezizungezile eziningana ezifanayo ezakha izinhlobonhlobo.
Kuchazwa Imvelo Efanayo
Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, inkolelo-mbono ye-geocentrism yayikholelwa, okungukuthi, ukuthi indawo yonke yayizungeza umhlaba, futhi abantu baphila ngokuthula, becabanga ukuthi ilanga lizungeza umhlaba nokuthi umhlaba uyisicaba, kwaze kwaba yilapho kufika Abanye abahlubuki ababesekela umthetho. inkolelo-mbono ye-heliocentrism kanye nokujikeleza komhlaba.
Khona-ke umuntu wacabanga ukuthi indawo yonke yakhiwe umthala owodwa, i-Milky Way, okuwumthala wethu. Namuhla, sesiyazi kakade ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso nokuthi kumane kungomunye wemithala engaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu ekhona.
Ezikhathini zangaphambili, iplanethi yethu sonozungezilanga kwakukholelwa ukuthi iyona yodwa ekhona, kwase kutholakala amanye amaplanethi azungeza ezinye izinkanyezi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwatholakala izinkulungwane zamaplanethi sonozungezilanga aqukethe amaplanethi anezici eziningi, kusukela kumaplanethi amakhulu abunjwe igesi, kuya kumaplanethi asemhlabeni, anezici ezifana nezethu.
Ngenxa yentuthuko kwezesayensi, namuhla siyazi ukuthi kukhona indawo yonke. Nokuthi lendawo yonke, okungeyethu, iyofinyelela eqophelweni lapho izoba yiqhwa, ngohlobo lokufa ngenxa yokuntuleka kokushisa, lapho inkanyezi yokugcina iyeka ukukhanya kwayo futhi iyeka ukukhiqiza ukushisa, incibilikisa yonke into ibe mnyama ngokuphelele. Noma akunjalo. Lokho kungase kube ukushabalala kweyodwa yama-universe amaningi akhona.
Ukuthuthuka kwe-quantum physics kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-conjugate theory, i-quantum theory of gravity, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori yezintambo, kuye kwasungula inkolelo yesayensi, okungenani ngombono, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona ama-universe amaningi afanayo ayingxenye. yezinhlobonhlobo.
Ngokwezibalo ezisetshenziswayo, kungenzeka ukuthi zikhona. Ama-universe ahambisanayo, ama-bubble universes, indawo yonke lapho yonke into eyenzekayo ngokuphambene nalokho okwenzeka endaweni yonke yethu, ama-universe akho konke ukuthanda. Ngakho izibalo zikhomba ukuthi zikhona kodwa asinalo ikhono lokuzibona.
U-Albert Einstein wayengowokuqala
Ku umlando we-physics, kwakuyizibalo ezaklanywa u-Einstein ezazingachaza ukuba khona kwezinye izindawo ezizungezile ezingafani nezethu, aphethe ngokuthi uma zingachazwa kungenxa yokuthi zikhona. Lokhu kuyisimo sezibalo zokuhlobana okujwayelekile, okungase kudalulwe indlela umkhathi wethu osebenza ngayo.
Kodwa, ziphinde zibonise ukuthi kunezinye izixazululo ezingenzeka, lapho kuvela khona i-hypothesis phakathi kososayensi bendawo yonke efanayo. Ngokwesayensi baphetha ngokuthi ukube ezinye izindawo ezizungezile bezikhona, ezinye izixazululo beziyosebenza ngemithetho yemvelo esiyaziyo. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuzibona, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi zikhona.
Ngakho uma zikhona, izazi zefiziksi zithi zingase zishiye ubufakazi obubonakalayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, babonisa ukuthi, inkolelo-mbono akuyona inganekwane noma inganekwane, ngoba ngesikhathi esithile isayensi yethu iyobe isithuthuke kakhulu okudingekayo ukuze ikwazi ukuthola ubufakazi obunamandla bokuba khona kwaleyo eminye imikhathi.
Omunye wemibono ekhangayo yesayensi usebenzisa umqondo we ama-parallel universe quantum physics iwukuhunyushwa kwemikhathi eminingi noma ukuhumusha kwe imihlaba efanayo, eboniswe nguHugh Everett. Lo mbono uvela ngaphakathi kwe-quantum mechanics njengempendulo engaba khona yenkinga yokulinganisa ku-quantum mechanics.
U-Everett uthe ukuhumusha kwakhe kungase kubhekwe njengenkolelo-mbono. Ngokombono onengqondo, ukwakhiwa kuka-Everett kugwema imibuzo eminingi exhunywe kwezinye izincazelo ezivamile ze-quantum mechanics.
Nokho, muva nje kuye kwahlongozwa umbono wokuthi indawo yonke eseduze neyethu ingakwazi ukushiya umkhondo ongabonwa emisebeni engemuva ye-microwave, evula nethuba lokuhlola lo mbono ngokuhlolwa. .
I-Big Bang njengesiqalo
Kodwa lezo ezinye izindawo ezizungezile zakha kanjani? Phakathi kwemibono echaza i Umsuka wendawo yonkeIzazi zesayensi yesayensi yemvelo zithi eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.800 edlule, indawo yonke yayincane kunezinhlayiyana, kodwa kwakuyindawo lapho zonke izinto ezikhona, wonke amandla, indawo nesikhathi, kwakugxilwe khona. Kodwa lelo phuzu elincane labhidlika futhi kwenzeka ukuqhuma okukhulu, okwadala amagagasi okushisa ashubile ayephola njengoba izinto zanda.
Akunakwenzeka ukuqinisa lokho okwakukhona ngaphambi kweBig Bang ngoba akukho ngaphambili, njengoba isikhathi sasingekho, futhi kungashiwo ukuthi kwakukhona ngaphandle, njengoba indawo yayingekho, kungathiwa kwakuyinto engekho. .
Kodwa ngokuqhuma, indawo yonke yaqala ukwanda ilandela umkhathi. Okusho ukuthi, ukusuka lapho kwaba khona isikhathi futhi kwaba khona isikhala. Kusukela kulelo phuzu elincane elingenakulinganiswa, zonke izinto zaxoshwa ukuze indawo yonke ikwazi ukuzakhela, iqhutshwa ngokwanda, efana namaza emanzini. Futhi lokho kuxoshwa kwezinto zokwakha kwalandela isiqondiso ngesikhathi nendawo, okungeyethu.
Uma lokho kwenzeka kanjalo, pho kungani umuntu kufanele acabange ukuthi indawo yonke eyodwa yavela kulokho kuqhuma? Kungani iphoyinti elingapheli elitholakala ebukhulu belutho lingaveza ukuqhuma okukodwa komugqa? Kungani kungabi ngaphezu kokukodwa noma ukuqhuma okuningi?
Kufanele futhi sizibuze, kuthiwani uma kube nokuqhuma bese kuba okunye, bese kuba okunye? Lokhu bekuyoveza ama-universe amaningi, uhlobo lwamabhamuza aqhelelene kwelinye kusetshenziswa izindawo ezingenalutho ezineqhwa. Futhi thina bantu, sizithola sicwile kwenye yazo, singakwazi ukuqaphela ezinye.
Ngakho ososayensi abazifunayo bangase ngolunye usuku bakwazi ukubamba inhlayiya evela ebhamuzeni elixhumene, noma endaweni yonke eqala ngakolunye uhlangothi lwembobo emnyama.
Izimo zama-universe ahambisanayo
Impela, phakathi kwezazi zesayensi yefiziksi akukho kuvumelana endabeni futhi imibono ehlukahlukene iye yadalulwa yalokho okufanele kubhekwe njengama-universe ahambisanayo. Phakathi kwezidume kakhulu kukhona okulandelayo:
Umkhathi oqala lapho ukubona kwethu kungeke kufinyelele khona
Kuyaziwa ukuthi noma yimuphi umugqa phakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili ungahamba kuphela ngesivinini sokukhanya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunobudlelwano bebanga/isikhathi endaweni esingeke sikwazi ukububona. Kungumngcele lapho ngokubuka kwethu kungekho lutho.
Uma sicabanga ngomuntu okucatshangwa ukuthi oyisibukeli owayeseduze nalowo mkhathi esingakwazi ukufinyelela kuwo, wayekwazi ukubona enye indawo yonke futhi asithumelele amasignali ukuze sazi ukuthi kanjani ngezici zolunye uhlangothi, khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi enye indawo yonke kanye nempendulo yombuzo wethu iyoba yebo. Kodwa ngeke sizibonele thina noma sazi ngayo. Umkhathi ngaphandle kowethu oweqa umngcele kungaba owokuqala kuphela.
Umnyango ovulekile wobunye ubukhulu
Ukutholwa okukhulu kwethiyori emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ukuthi kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi kukhona okungaphezu kwethiyori yokuhlobana okujwayelekile kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana kuyadingeka ukuze ukwazi ukuchaza ubukhona boMkhathi, kubhekiselwe kowethu kuphela. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule kwazalwa i-hypothesis enhle kakhulu, eyayibizwa ngokuthi inkolelo yezintambo.
Le mbono ichaza ukuthi lokho esikucabanga njengamaphuzu, ebhekisela ezinhlayiyeni ze-subatomic ezine-electron, empeleni akuzona amaphuzu, kodwa izintambo. Lokhu kunikeza ithuba lokucabanga ngenketho yokuthi kukhona obunye ubukhulu, ngama-universe akhula ezindaweni ezihlukene kunalezi esizaziyo.
Lo mbono uphelezelwa isitatimende sokuthi lezi zintambo ziyandindizela ngesikhathi esinezinhlangothi ezingaphezu kwezine; Eqinisweni, ukuthuthukiswa kwethiyori yalo mbono kungenzeka kuphela uma indawo yonke inezilinganiso eziyishumi nanye futhi ngokusho kwendlela ubukhulu obunye obunyakaza ngayo, sizokwazi ukukubona noma cha, noma sizokubona ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Zingathatha isimo se-quark, i-photon, noma i-electron, noma noma yini evelayo njengoba sibheka. Kodwa lezi zinhlayiya ezifanayo ziboniswa ngobukhulu esingaziboni futhi zonke zihlangene, kodwa kwesinye isici, zakha indawo yonke ephelele.
Lona omunye wemibono emihle kakhulu eyakhiwe kusukela kuzibalo kanye ne-physics. Uphethe umbono wokuthi ama-universe angaqukethwe kwelinye.
kolunye uhlangothi lwebhola
Ngokwale mibono, sisohlangothini olulodwa lwebhola, okuyilona esilibonayo, kanti amanye ama-universe asohlangothini lwebhola esingakwazi ukulibona, ngoba siphila engxenyeni yethu kuphela futhi yilokho esikwaziyo. . . Leyo ngxenye enye yileyo esifulathela futhi eye yakwazi ukukhula ngendlela ephambene nendawo yethu yonke.
Ngenxa yalokhu, yonke into ekulowo mkhathi esingayiboni izoba ngokuphambene ngokoqobo, ikhule iye kolunye uhlangothi. Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi imvelo ngokuyisisekelo i-symmetrical, nakuba singakwazi ukuyibona, singakwazi ukuqonda okushiwo ekuqukethe, ngoba yingxenye esiqedelayo.
Eqinisweni, ngesinye isikhathi kwasakazwa izindaba zokuthi kutholwe indawo yonke efanayo, kodwa kwakungezona izindaba eziyiqiniso ngokuphelele, iqiniso lalezo zindaba liwukuthi isibonakude somsakazo i-ANITA sikwazile ukubona izenzakalo ezimbili ezimangalisayo.
Observatory endaweni I-Antarctica
Isibonakude somsakazo we-ANITA, i-Antenna ye-Antarctic Impulsive Transient, ikwazile ukuqopha isignali yomsakazo yemisebe ye-atypical cosmic, umsuka wayo ongachazwanga okwamanje, ngokombono wefiziksi eyaziwayo.
Elinye iqiniso elimangalisayo liwukuthi lezo zimpawu zomsakazo ezithwetshulwe i-ANITA, esikhundleni sokuvela esibhakabhakeni, zazivela eqhweni elifanayo lase-Antarctic, lapho kwavela khona lezi zinhlayiya ezinenani elingavamile lamandla.
Ngokusho kososayensi, inhlayiya enalezi zici ngeke ikwazi ukuwela uMhlaba, ngakho-ke, kuze kube namuhla akukho ncazelo etholakele yalezi zinhlayiya ezimbili ezikhokhiswe amandla amaningi kangaka ukuba ziphume ngaphakathi komhlaba. Lokho, ngokombono, angeke kwenzeke.
Njengoba ingekho incazelo ebambekayo eyanikezwa, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi babevela ekuhlakazweni kodaba olumnyama, beza ekuvezeni lokho okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kumnyama izinto ezidingekayo ukuze zibaxhumanise nezinhlayiya ezaziphuma ngaphesheya kwebhola, okungukuthi. , kusukela kuleyondawo ecatshangelwayo efanayo ekhula ngokuphambene neyethu.
Kodwa lezo zinkulumo zaziyiphutha elikhulu, ngoba kusukela ku-ANITA akuzange kumenyezelwe ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya eziyinqaba zazivele emhlabeni zivela endaweni yonke ngaphandle kweyethu.
Okwathathwa ngempela amasignali omsakazo akhishwa izinhlayiya ezimbili ezinamandla kakhulu, okungenzeka ukuthi zibangelwa ama- neutrino, atholakala kuma- neutrino amakhulu okwenziwa ngawo izinto ezimnyama, ukuze ukukhuthaza umbono wokuthi zavela kwenye indawo yonke kubonakale kuwumbudane.
Kodwa umsuka walezo zinhlayiya ungase uthakazelise njengoba kwakucatshangwa. Lapho usebenza nama-neutrinos we Amandla Enuzi Ebuthakathaka ezivela kuma-neutrino amakhulu akha izinto ezimnyama, indida yokuhlola ivuliwe, ngoba i-ANITA ithole okudidayo okungaziwa ukuthi injani.
Kungani zazihlobene nokuba khona kwendawo yonke efanayo?
Ukuze siqale, kufanele sichaze ukuthi izazi zefiziksi ezintathu okwamanje zisebenza ku-quantum hypothesis ezindaweni ezigobile futhi ngezifundo zazo zikwazile ukuqala embonweni onengqondo oyi-CPT symmetry (Charge, Parity and Time inversion). Bacabanga ukuthi yonke into yabo emvelweni iyalingana, ngakho-ke indawo yonke kufanele ibe njalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, babecabanga ukuthi i-neutrinos yokukhanya ngayinye emithathu eyaziwayo esikwazile ukuyibona iminyaka eminingi ngemishini ehlukene kufanele ibe yizitha zayo, ngakho-ke, kufanele ibe nokulingana okukhulu kakhulu futhi okunamandla, kakhulu. okulinganayo okukhulu.
Emkhathini wethu, bekungeke kwenzeke ukubona ngokuqondile okufanayo okukhulu kangaka. Kodwa umqondo uwukuthi, uma livela endaweni yonke ehambisana neyethu, leyo engaba sengxenyeni yebhola esingeke siyibone futhi ikhule ibheke kolunye uhlangothi, bebeyoba nezinto ezithile ezingenza ukuba libonakale lapha. Ukuqinisekisa lokho okulingana kuzoba nobuningi buka-X, obuphezulu kakhulu, futhi kungaba namandla kakhulu.
Manje, ukuthola lawo ma-neutrino adlulisiwe, nalezo zici, kunzima kakhulu, noma akunakwenzeka. Okubalulekile ukuthi i-ANITA balloon traveler radiodetector ikwazile ukuthola into efana nayo kakhulu. Uthole izenzakalo ezimbili ezingavamile ezihambisana nezinhlayiya ezinkulu kakhulu nezinamandla anamandla ezingeni elifanayo nalezo ezichazwe izazi zefiziksi ezintathu.
Pho zingaba yini?
Kungaba izinto eziningi ngempela. Ngempela, zingaba izimpawu zokuthi indawo yonke ehambisanayo ikhona, kodwa ingxenyana yalezi zici ingaba uphawu lokuthi kunento emnyama equkethwe eMhlabeni. Eqinisweni, kuthiwa ama-neutrino amakhulu futhi anamandla nawo azalwa ne-Big Bang.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ahlanganiswa amandla adonsela phansi futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ingxenye yawo yahlala ingaphakathi emhlabeni, ivaleleke lapho kwakheka iplanethi. Ekugcineni, zingahlakazeka futhi zikhiqize i-neutrino ekhanyayo kodwa enamandla kakhulu, enesisindo esincane futhi ekwazi ukuphunyuka enkabeni yoMhlaba.
Uma lokho kuvuza kwenzeka, isignali yomsakazo iyakhiqizwa njengoba inqamula iqhwa e-arctic futhi itholwe yi-ANITA. Ngakho-ke, le thiyori isekela ubukhona bezimpawu ezivela endabeni emnyama evaleleke ngaphakathi eMhlabeni.
Impela, lezi zigigaba ezimbili ezitholiwe ziyizehlakalo ezihambisana nethiyori echazwe ngenhla, kodwa akukakakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kunjalo. Into nje u-ANITA angakusho ukuthi akazi ukuthi yini etholakele.
Okwamanje, okufanele kwenziwe ukuthola ukuthi bekuyizimpawu ezingokoqobo nokuthi zihambisana nezinhlayiya esingakazazi, kodwa into engenzeka kakhulu ukuthi incazelo yalezi zimo eziyingqayizivele itholakala endaweni yethu yonke. .
Mayelana nokuba khona kwe Amayunivesithi afanayoOsosayensi banethemba lokuthola ngokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri ukuthi ziyini izici zento emnyama, ukuze baphendule imibuzo enjengokuthi kungani kungekho antimatter endaweni yonke.
Kungenzeka ukuthi izimpendulo zemibuzo enjengaleyo zingasenza siveze ukuthi kunomunye umkhathi ngaphandle kwalo esizithola sikuwo. Yebo, amathuba ezibalo avumelana nokuba khona kwayo, kodwa asikabi nabo ubufakazi obuphathekayo obungabonisa ukuthi kunjalo.
