UTirso de Molina Ungomunye wababhali bemidlalo abakhulu balokho okubizwa ngeGolden Age, wagqama ngokuba imbongi enkulu kanye nomlandisi wenkathi yeBaroque, walandela umugqa wokubhala weLope de Vega, kulesi sihloko uzokwazi ukufunda okwengeziwe. mayelana nalo mbhali.
UTirso de Molina
Obizwa nangokuthi uFray Gabriel Téllez, uthathwa njengomunye wababhali bemidlalo abakhulu bolimi lwesiSpanishi futhi wayengomunye wabameleli ababaluleke kakhulu benkathi ebizwa ngokuthi inkathi yegolide yezincwadi zeSpanishi lapho abanye ababhali abakhulu baze bagqama.
Wayengumlandeli kanye nomfundi we-Lope de Vega futhi wagcina umugqa wakhe wokubhala ufana kakhulu nalowo omunye umbhali omkhulu, umsebenzi wakhe wawubonakala ngokuhlaziya ngokujulile i-psychology yama-protagonists akhe, ikakhulukazi abesifazane ababemele kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe.
Izinhlobonhlobo kanye nokucatshangelwa kokuthuthukisa imidlalo namahlaya abhaliwe avunyelwe ukudala kokuqukethwe kwawo, imisebenzi emikhulu eyamangaza abafundi abaningi nezazi zangaleso sikhathi, kangangokuthi yaba nemiphumela ebandleni yaze yacishe yaxoshwa futhi yadingiswa, ukuze icutshungulwe. okuqukethwe okungafanelekile. .
Ngokuphathelene nokuphila kwakhe kwangasese, azikho idatha eminingi ehlobene nobuntwana bakhe, kodwa ngokuphathelene nobusha bakhe, kuyaziwa ukuthi wayebuswa ulwazi nokufunda eceleni kukaLope de Vega, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe omdala wayephethe izikhundla ezihlukahlukene njengomphathi izindela nezinye izikhundla, nokho impilo yakhe yayigcwele izinkinga eziningi.
Ngesinye isikhathi wayengumbhali wezincwadi zezenzakalo futhi waze waxoshwa edolobheni lakubo ngenxa yokwephula imibono yababusi bangaleso sikhathi emisebenzini yakhe yamahlaya nokubhuqa. Lo mbhali omangalisayo washiya izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-300 lapho umshini wokunyathelisa ungakafinyeleli ekuthuthukisweni kwawo ngokugcwele, okusenza sibone ukuthi wayenekhono elikhethekile lokubhala.
Uhlobo lwakhe oluyinhloko kwakuwumdlalo wamahlaya, ngakho kwezinye izikhathi wayethinta imizwa nemizwa yezinye izicukuthwane nabaholi bezenkolo, nokho wagqama ngokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yesakramente kanye nenani elikhulu lemibhalo yefilosofi ehlobene nemfundiso yenkolo.
I-Biography
Lo mlingiswa omkhulu wazalwa ngo-March 24, 1579 edolobheni laseMadrid, wabhapathizwa ngegama elithi Gabriel José López y Téllez, abazali bakhe u-Andrés López noJuana Téllez, babeyizinceku ezazisebenzela uMnu Pedro Masía de Tovar, futhi kamuva. ku-Count Molina de Herrera.
Ukubhapathizwa kwakhe kwenzeka ngokusho kwezibuyekezo ezithile ngoMashi 29, 1579 endaweni yesifunda saseSan Sebastián eMadrid, ezinye izazi-mlando zithatha usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa ngonyaka we-1584, kodwa lokhu namanje akukacaci ngokuphelele, nokho isazi-mlando uBlanca de los Ríos ugcizelela. inkolelo-mbono yokuthi imibhalo yobhapathizo lwangalolo suku yafika ezandleni zakhe.
Ngokusho kwakhe, leso sitifiketi sobhapathizo asifundeki, kodwa ungakwazi ukuqaphela ngokucophelela imininingwane ethile eqinisekisa usuku oluchaziwe, isonto nezazi-mlando eziningi ziyakuphikisa futhi zilulaza lolu lwazi ngoba ukuze u-Tirso de Molina abhapathizwe ngalolo suku, kwakufanele abazali bathole. inkathi yobupapa ukungena ohlelweni lwesihe.
Iminyaka yokuqala
U-Tirso de Molina wayehlala nabazali bakhe kanye nezinkomba zokuntula kwakhe imibhalo ebuntwaneni, okuyinto eyaziwa ngempela umsebenzi wakhe nokuthuthukiswa njengensizwa, wafunda eceleni kukaLope de Vega, owayengumfundi omkhulu. Wahlangana naye edolobheni lase-Alcalá de Henares.
Kulelo dolobha wakha uchungechunge lwemidlalo yaseshashalazini ebizwa ngokuthi i-lopista (Yamanje eyayivikela imibono kaLope de Vega), eyasungulwa uTirso de Molina ngokwakhe. Ekupheleni konyaka we-1600, lapho eseneminyaka engu-21 ubudala, wangena ohlelweni lukaMercy futhi ngemva kokuzama i-novitiate wathatha imikhuba ngoJanuwari 1, 1601 endlini yezindela yaseSan Antolin eGuadalajara.
Ngo-1606 wagcotshwa njengompristi edolobheni laseToledo. Ngaleso sikhathi uTirso de Molina wafunda ezobuciko nemfundiso yenkolo, kwathi ngo-1609 waqala ukubonisa izimpawu zobizo lwakhe lokubhala, kamuva wathuthela eGalicia, eSalamanca naseLisbon, uhambo olwathatha cishe iminyaka emi-5.
Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala kanye nokukhula kwemibhalo
Ngonyaka ka-1611, u-Tirso de Molina wayesebhale uchungechunge lwamanoveli ukuthi, ukuze akwazi ukuzondla ngokwezimali, wawadayisela abafundi abathile ababebheka indlela yokuthola ulwazi nokuzijabulisa, kulo nyaka. wayekholelwa ukuthi uqambe imisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu ethi "The shameful in Palacio", "La villana de la Sagra", "El punishement del Penseque" kanye ne-trilogy yamanoveli "Santa Julia".
Ngayinye yale misebenzi yabhalwa phakathi kuka-1611 no-1615. Ngokufanayo, ukukhiqizwa kwamanoveli namadrama kwathuthukiswa kakhulu, u-Tirso de Molina wabhala ngokushesha, ithalente lakhe lalihlaba umxhwele, waze wathatha nethuba lokwethula izingqikithi zenkolo kokuqukethwe okulandisayo.
Ngo-1615, ngesikhathi esifanayo edlala imidlalo eminingana, enokuqukethwe okuhlekisayo nokuhlekisayo, kwamvumela ukuthi afunwe abafundi abaningi abathola umsebenzi wakhe uthakazelisa. Phakathi kuka-1617 no-1618 wayehlala e-Santo Domingo, lapho athola khona umsebenzi wokuba uprofesa eNyuvesi yalelo dolobha, ayisebenze iminyaka emithathu.
Ngaleso sikhathi. Wahlangana nabantu abaningi bezenkolo namasiko abamsiza ukuba akhule njengombhali wemidlalo kanye nomculi, ehlala ethatha uhlelo lwezenkolo eceleni kwakhe angazange alulahle, wathola ulwazi oluhlobene nokunqotshwa, okwamsiza kamuva ukuba awafake kokuqukethwe kwakhe kwemibhalo.
Ekupheleni kuka-1618, wabuyela edolobheni lakubo eMadrid, lapho azinikezele khona ngokugcwele ekubhaleni imisebenzi ehlukahlukene eyavela ekukhanyeni komphakathi phakathi kuka-1623 no-1633, lapho kuvela imisebenzi yakhe yamahlaya enezingxenye ezinhlanu ebizwa ngokuthi "Profanes comedies", eyabangela. isiyaluyalu impela ezweni lezenkolo.
Ukudingiswa kwango-1625
Imisebenzi yesitayela samahlaya kaTirso de Molina ayizange yehle kahle kakhulu neziphathimandla zaseMadrid, ngakho-ke u-Count-Duke wase-Olivares wabiza umhlangano ngenhloso yokuguqula amasiko namasiko athile, kuye ngokuthi yini eyayizolandelwa, ngokomyalelo. ngosuku afaka ngalo ukuziphatha kukaTirso de Molina.
Kulo mhlangano, isibalo sizwakalise ukuthi ihlazo elidalwe yimisebenzi yohlobo lwamahlaya yalowo okuthiwa uthisha we-Téllez inhlamba futhi yakha izibonelo ezimbi nezikhuthazo, okuvunyelwene ngakho futhi ngenxa yokuthi kuyicala elibi kakhulu, ukubonisana no. ubukhosi bakhe, kangangokuthi uMvumelwano uzwakalisa kuNuncio futhi uyamxosha kule ndawo, amthumele kwenye yezindela ezikude kakhulu zenkolo yakhe.
U-Tirso de Molina waxoshwa esontweni ngenxa yokwephula imithetho yenhlonipho nokuziphatha, okwamphoqa ukuthi angaphinde enze amahlaya nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwevesi elingcolile. Sesikushilo lokho, u-Tirso de Molina uxoshiwe e-Seville futhi uhlaliswa esigodlweni sezindela sase-La Merced, okwamanje leso sakhiwo siyingxenye yeMuseum of Fine Arts e-Seville.
Lesi sinqumo asizange simethuse umfundisi, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala nokuqamba nokubhala, ukuthi Ngawo lowo nyaka wabamba iqhaza emqhudelwaneni wezinkondlo ngesikhathi kwenziwa iSan Isidro ibe ngcwele, umsebenzi wakhe awuzange wamukelwe futhi umphumela wawungaziwa.
Ngonyaka we-1626, iBhodi Lezinguquko lihlangana futhi, elakhiwe ngalesi sikhathi ngesicelo soMbusi wase-Olivares, lapho kunqunywe ukuthi ajezise uTirso de Molina futhi ngokuboshwa esigodlweni sezindela saseCuenca, ngokubhala amahlaya angcolile nagcwele okuqukethwe. .yezisusa ezimbi.
Ukuxoshwa nokuxoshwa okukhulu ebandleni kuyacelwa futhi uma ephinda ona. Lokhu akuzange kunciphise umsebenzi wokubhala kaTirso de Molina, futhi le nsizwa yaqhubeka nokubhala, okuxakayo ukuthi azikho izinyathelo ezithathiwe zokugunyazwa futhi izinhlinzeko zikaDuke zashiywa eceleni.
Buyela eMadrid nokufa
Ngalowo nyaka uTirso de Molina wabuyela eMadrid futhi wamiswa njengomkhuzi weTrujillo, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1929 lapho ebuyela eSeville futhi ngo-1632 wazinza eCatalonia, phakathi naleso sikhathi uTirso de Molina waqhubeka ebhala imisebenzi ehlekisayo namahlaya, phakathi kweminye yemisebenzi eminingi. ezibalulekile "Umlando Jikelele we-Order of Mercy", onikezelwe kumalungu e-Order yakhe...
Ngo-1639 wayeseCatalonia, lapho aqokwa khona njengomchaza jikelele kanye nombhali we-Order yakhe futhi waqamba umsebenzi othi "General History of the Order of Mercy", okwambangela ukungezwani okuthile namalungu oHlelo, nokho uPapa Urban VIII waklonyeliswa ngendondo. degree of master.
Imiphumela yokuqukethwe umsebenzi wakhe yamholela ekungqubuzaneni ngonyaka ka-1640, namalungu ohlelo lukaMercy, owacela ukudingiselwa futhi esifundeni saseCuenca, lapho agcina edluliselwe khona, kamuva wathuthela edolobheni. waseSoria lapho ayekhona kusukela ngonyaka we-1645 esigodlweni se-Our Lady of Mercy, lapho aqokwa ukuba abe ngumkhuzi.
Ngo-1646 wayehlala edolobheni lase-Almazán lapho afela khona ngo-1648. U-Tirso de Molina washiya ifa elikhulu lobuhlakani kanye nethonya elikhulu emasikweni omhlaba, ikakhulukazi ekuzalweni kwemvelaphi yenganekwane kaDon Juan, iTrickster yaseSeville. kanye nesivakashi setshe, okuyizinhlamvu eziyizifanekiselo futhi sisebenza ngemibhalo ye-Baroque.
Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu
Ngokwezinkomba zomlando, imisebenzi kaTirso de Molina idlula ama-300, nokho kunobufakazi bombhali uqobo lapho esho esandulela ukuthi ukwazile ukubhala imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-400, okusiholela ekubeni sicabange ukuthi wayengumuntu omkhulu. umpetha wolimi futhi Wayekwazi kahle ukubhala.
Nakuba imininingwane inganembile, ezinye izazi-mlando zicabanga ukuthi kuyihaba ukucabangela lelo nani lezincwadi, okungangabazeki ukuthi wayengumbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi owaziwa kakhulu we- Golden Age. uhlobo lugciniwe.idrama, amahlaya, nezinye izikhombo ezifakazelwe zemibhalo yohlobo lwephrozi.
Okuqukethwe okulandisayo, ikakhulukazi kumadrama, kuveza indlela amahlaya ahlinzeka ngayo umbukiso obalulekile wezinzwa nobuhlakani, u-Tirso de Molina wathatha ithiyetha njengendlela yokukhuluma edlalwayo neyokwenziwa, ebalulekile ezingxenyeni zobuciko kusukela, ngokuhlukahluka kwayo kukuvumela ukuba ukhulume. zitholele okwakho okuqukethwe.
Ukuhlaziywa komsebenzi wakhe kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola izakhi ezamvumela ukuba asize omunye ukuba alandele indlela ngendlela yamahlaya, ekwamukela njengendlela yokubonisa ubuciko, acabanga ukuthi ayihambisani noma iqhathaniswa nobuhle bemvelo, ihluke kakhulu kwezobuciko kuya kwezobuciko.
Kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe, wabhala esanduleleni izici ezihlobene nokubaluleka kwemidlalo yaseshashalazini echaza umehluko phakathi kwemvelo nobuciko, lapho imvelo kusukela ekudalweni kwayo yaba yinto engenakushintshwa, ukuze izihlahla zezithelo zihlale zithela izithelo, nezinhlanzi. iyohlala izalwa emanzini.
Ngobuciko, ukuhlukahluka kungenzeka futhi kuhlanganiswe nokuguquguqukayo nokunyakaza lapho imithetho yamadlozi ingashintshwa ukuze ithathelwe kusukela kuhlaya iye kodabukisayo noma okuphambene nalokho, lapho izinhlaka zokuqukethwe zivumela ubucayi bomuntu ukuthi bunikezwe njengento ethile. ezihlekisayo nezihlekisayo.
Izingxabano emsebenzini kaTirso de Molina zivezwa ngenkinga ethile, ngisho nangezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuzilandela, kukhona i-manifesto eyimfihlo maqondana nobuqili bakhe obubeka umfundi ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlala njalo ukuze asebenzise umcabango wakhe.
Mayelana nabalingiswa, baphathwa ngendlela engokwengqondo kakhulu kunabanye ababhali bemidlalo yangaleso sikhathi, isici sowesifazane emisebenzini yabo sivelele, kukhona ukubamba iqhaza okubalulekile emisebenzini yobulili besifazane, sibona indlela umlingisi kaMarta de Marta emdlalweni othi "La pious" ugcwele inethiwekhi yezimo eziveza ubuntu bakhe njengobudidekile.
Umdlalo wamahlaya kaTirso de Molina ugqame ngokwethula izimo eziphoxayo abalingisi lapho bebehlale benganakile, ohlotsheni lwamahlaya e-palatine lolu hlobo lokuziphatha belubonakala. Ukubaluleka komsebenzi wakhe futhi kulele eqinisweni lokuthi akazange akhohlwe indikimba yenkolo, futhi siyakwazisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-autos sacramentales njengentuthuko enhle.
Le misebenzi enecala elibalulekile lezenkolo izosakaza ingxube yedrama namahlaya ngezinye izikhathi eyadala izinkinga ezithile, khumbula ukuthi isonto laliqinile emibonweni yokuziphatha nobuhle. U-Tirso de Molina wenza izincwadi eziningi zalolu hlobo ezisiza abantu abaningi ukuba bazi amaqiniso enkolo.
Isitayela semisebenzi yakhe saphawulwa ngokugcina amafomu omqondo, okungukuthi, usebenzisa incazelo yezinto ukuze aphikisane nesimo. Ubunkimbinkimbi bengqondo yabanye abalingisi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetiyetha, amahlaya noma idrama, kuvumele u-Tirso de Molina ukuthi athole umlingiswa womuntu ngamunye.
U-Tirso de Molina uthathwa njengonezithelo kakhulu futhi ocebile phakathi kwababhali bemidlalo yakudala, abagunyazwe abanye ababhali futhi nguyena, kukholakala ukuthi wazama ukugcina umugqa wemibhalo kaLope de Vega ezala inhlangano ebizwa ngeLopismo, efuna ukukhuthaza. umsebenzi kanye nezici zokulandisa zalo mbhali omkhulu.
Izimo emisebenzini kaTirso de Molina zibonakaliswa ngendlela engenakwenzeka, ukuguqulwa kobuntu bezinhlamvu kanye nokuguqulwa okuqhubekayo kwezingubo kuvumela ukunikeza umbandela wokuphatha okukhethekile kakhulu anikeze emisebenzini yakhe, okwamenza sungula ukuphathwa kokwazisa kwemvelo ngendlela ehlukile.
Udumo nedumela kweqa imingcele yemvelo yakhe, kwedlulwa kuphela uLope de Vega kanye noCalderón de la Barca ngokwakhe, isikhathi esithile imisebenzi yakhe yalibaleka, ikakhulukazi eSpain, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili eminye imisebenzi yatholwa futhi yalethwa ekukhanyeni komphakathi.
Ngezansi sizobona uhlu lwemisebenzi ka-Tirso de Molina lapho ihlukaniswa khona ngokwesitayela sayo nakuba eminye inezinhlobo zezilimi ezehlukene futhi ingeyemidlalo yaseshashalazini neyeshashalazi, kanti eminye ingeyedrama namahlaya, sizama ukuyihlukanisa ngokwezigaba zayo. ukulandelana kwazo .
- I-Jewel of the Mountains, i-Santa Orosia (okukholelwa ukuthi ingomunye wemisebenzi yokuqala ka-Tirso ngesitayela samahlaya sezenkolo nesefilosofi)
- 1607 The Lakes of San Vicente (Amahlaya Ezenkolo Nefilosofi)
- Ngo-1611, Indoda Enamahloni Esigodlweni (Amahlaya), I-Melancholy (IDrama), I-Republic Upside Down (Amahlaya Omlando), I-Galician Mari-Hernández (Amahlaya Ezenkolo Nefilosofi)
- 1612, Kufanele babe kanjani abangani, La villana de la Sagra (Drama), El Aquiles (ihlaya eliyinganekwane) La peña de Francia (ihlaya lezenkolo nelefilosofi), Owesifazane ophethe indlu (endabeni kaJezebeli, Amahlaya Ezenkolo nefilosofi ).
- Ngo-1613 Inyosi yezulu (Ihlaya lezenkolo nelefilosofi lokubhuqa kwezombusazwe), Umlimi wezinyosi zaphezulu (I-Auto Sacramental), angiqashisi inzuzo (Auto Sacramental), Unkulunkulukazi wezulu (Auto Sacramental, obuye athathwe njengehlaya labangcwele)
- 1614 Isijeziso se-penseque, Ovala izibonelelo (I-Comedy), uMarta the pious (IDrama), Inkosikazi yasemnqumo (i-Villain history novelistic comedy), i-La Santa Juana (Ihlaya lezenkolo nefilosofi, Kokubili ikhulu kakhulu futhi okungenani ( Amahlaya ezenkolo nezefilosofi), The best gleaner (Amahlaya ezenkolo nefilosofi, mayelana nendaba kaRuthe)
- 1615 U-Don Gil wezinsimbi eziluhlaza, Uthando ngezimpawu (Idrama). Uthando nomhawu hlakanipha (Amahlaya Omlando), Abathandi beTeruel (Amahlaya Omlando), Abagwetshelwe ukungathembeki (Amahlaya Enkolo nawefilosofi), Impilo nokufa kuka UHerode (Amahlaya Ezenkolo Nawefilosofi), Abazalwane Abafanayo (I-Auto Sacramental), I-Labyrinth yaseKrethe (I-Auto Sacramental)
- Ngo-1620 Uthando lwezokwelapha (IDrama), Umhawu ngaye (IDrama), Isikhohlakali saseVallecas (IDrama) Iqili laseSeville (Amahlaya ezenkolo nefilosofi), I-labyrinth yaseCrete (Auto Sacramental)
- 1621 Umona onomona uyelapheka (IDrama,), Thola uVargas (Amahlaya Omlando), I-Arcadia eyenziwe sengathi (Amahlaya Ezinganekwane) Ukuphoxeka okukhulu (Amahlaya ezenkolo nefilosofi), impindiselo kaTamar (Amahlaya ezenkolo nefilosofi), Los cigarrales de Toledo ( Iphrozi)
- 1622 U-Antonia García (Ihlaya Lomlando) Ubuhlakani kwabesifazane (Amahlaya ezenkolo nefilosofi), mayelana neNdlovukazi uMaría de Molina
- 1623 Through the Cellar and the Lathe (Drama)
- 1624 Amavulandi aseMadrid (IDrama) Ubani ongawi, akavuki (Amahlaya efilosofi yezenkolo)
- 1625 Uthando ngenxa yesimo (IDrama), Akukho yisithulu esibi kakhulu (IDrama),
- 1626 There is no worse deaf (Comedy), From Toledo to Madrid (Drama), La huerta de Juan Fernández (Drama). Los Pizarros trilogy (Amahlaya Omlando)
- 1630 Uthando ngobuciko obukhulu (Amahlaya)
- 1632 Nciphisa ukunambitheka kwakho (Idrama, Amahlaya)
- 1635 Ukuthokozela Ukuthatha Inzuzo (Prose)
- 1637 Umlando Ojwayelekile We-Order of Our Lady of Mercy (Prose)
- 1638 The Quinas of Portugal (Amahlaya Omlando)
- 1640 Uhlu Lozalo lwe-Count of Sástago (Prose)
- 1644 Ukuqina Ebuhleni (IDrama).
- Ukuphila kukaMama Ongcwele u-Doña María de Cervellón, okutholwe futhi kwalethwa ekukhanyeni komphakathi ngo-1908.
Inganekwane kaDon Juan Tenorio
Ukuzalwa kwalo mlingiswa kuthiwa ku-Tirso de Molina, lapho emsebenzini wakhe (okubhekwa njengophakeme kakhulu kumlobi) "El Burlador de Sevilla" kubonakala umlingiswa ophethe ukunqoba kwabesifazane abaningi, akahloniphi izimpilo zabanye futhi uzithathela phezu kwakhe ukweqa imithetho yemvelo yomuntu.
Mayelana nomsebenzi, kunezinguqulo eziningi ezikhombisa usuku nendawo yohlelo lwawo, nokho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwacaciswa ukulandelana kwezikhathi okude lapho kuchazwa khona umsuka weqiniso, usuku kanye nendawo yokuzalwa komsebenzi.
Ngokusho kwezinye izazi-mlando zase-Italy, lo msebenzi uhlobanisa inganekwane kaDon Juan inganekwane eyavela e-Italy ngo-1620, endabeni ebizwa ngokuthi "Isivakashi samatshe", lapho kuvela khona incazelo efana kakhulu nekaTirso de Molina.
Inguqulo yesiJalimane iphakamisa ukuthi inganekwane kaDon Juan Tenorio iyidrama eyenziwa izazi zezomthetho zesifunda sase-Ingolstadt phakathi nonyaka ka-1615. AmaSpanishi abheka ukuthi umzuliswano kaDon Juan Tenorio uTirso de Molina abhekisela kuwo usekelwe ezehlakalweni zomlando ezihlobene no inganekwane.
Kukholakala ukuthi umlingisi u-Lope de Vega ayethule emisebenzini yakhe, njenge-Count of Villamediana, uphefumulelwe.Enye inkolelo-mbono iphakamisa ukuthi izakhi zomsebenzi othi "El Burlador de Sevilla" ziqukethwe esenzweni sesakramente esenziwa eSpain phakathi nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neshumi nesithupha, emizamweni yamasiko ebizwa ngokuthi ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu okuphelele.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3e-wV9ZK5w
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona komlingiswa u-Don Juan Tenorio kubalulwe ohlotsheni lwezinganekwane zenkathi ephakathi. Ezinye izazi-mlando zaseSpain zithola ukuthi ngaphambi kukaTirso de Molina kwakunemibono yenkantolo yaseSpain eyayiqukethe izinto abanye abacabanga ukuthi umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi wayengasebenzisa ngokwakhe ukudala umlingiswa wakhe.
Uhlelo lokuqala
Uhlelo lokuqala lomsebenzi lwenziwa ngonyaka we-1630 edolobheni laseBarcelona, eSpain ngumshicileli uGerónimo Margarit, uhlelo okwamanje lukuNational Library of Spain eMadrid. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunomunye umsebenzi obizwa ngokuthi "Tan Largo me lo fiais", ongenalo usuku noma indawo yokunyathelisa futhi kuthiwa yi-Calderón de la Barca.
Ongoti bathi lo msebenzi ungaphambi kwedrama kaTirso de Molina, nokho imibono iyangqubuzana ngokuphelele, ngoba kwavela imininingwane ethi ngosuku lomsebenzi u-El Burlador de Sevilla ungaphambi kombhalo othi «Tan Largo me you trusted him. ».
Okuwukuphela kombhalo othembekile kuhlelo lwayo lokuqala wakhiwe yilowo owanyatheliswa eSeville phakathi kuka-1627 no-1629 nguManuel de Sande, futhi umsebenzi othi "Tan Largo me lo fiais", uvela ubuyekezwa futhi wanyatheliswa nguSimón Faxardo phakathi kweminyaka engu-1634 no-1635. Zombili zikuNational Library of Spain.
umbhali wangempela
Ngokusho kolunye ulwazi, le misebenzi emibili ethi "El Burlador de Sevilla" nethi "Tan Largo me lo fiais" yimisebenzi kaTirso de Molina ngokwakhe, nokho akukho datha engaqinisekisa lesi siphakamiso, nakuba yanyatheliswa eminyakeni ehlukene. zingaphakathi kwenkathi yokuphila yombhali, ngaphezu komsebenzi othi «so Largo me lo fiais», azibalulwa kunoma yimuphi umbhali kuze kube manje.
Umlingiswa
UDon Juan Tenorio ungumlingisi ovela emdlalweni lapho ekhohlisa uDuchess Isabela edolobheni laseNaples, wabe esebalekela idolobha lakubo lapho ehlangana nenye intokazi egama layo linguTisbea, umdobi ngokomsebenzi, naye amkhohlisayo, uDon Juan aphinde abaleke futhi. ufika eSeville, lapho eqala khona olunye uthando noDoña Ana de Ulloa, abulala ngisho noyise.
UDon Juan ubalekela eSeville ngenxa yokwesaba ukutholwa futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ubuyela edolobheni lapho engena khona esontweni futhi wabona isithombe somphathi, esiphezu kwethuna lakhe, uDon Juan ummemela esidlweni sakusihlwa futhi isithombe siyasamukela. , Lapho befika ngesikhathi sokuqokwa, lesi sithombe sithatha uDon Juan ngesandla simyisa esihogweni.
Lokhu kungaphezulu noma okuncane encazelweni emfushane umsebenzi ongaphakathi komdlalo othi "El Burlador de Sevilla" u-Don Juan Tenorio alingisa kuwo, phakathi kwezici zomlingiswa yilezi ezilandelayo: Insizwa ebukekayo nencane, evela emndenini omuhle, isebenzisa. amathonya akhe amandla okudlula zonke izinkambiso nemithetho yezenhlalo nezokuziphatha.
Ungumkhohlisi, unesibindi esikhulu nokuzikhukhumeza, uyenga abesifazane ukuze bajabule, emsebenzini umlingisi uvela ngokusho kwencazelo kaTirso de Molina emele izici eziningana, zomdukisi, futhi yilesi sici esavumela ukudala inganekwane ngaphakathi kwemibhalo yeSpanishi kaDon Juan Tenorio.
Izimo eziyengayo, ukuziphatha kanye nokuqukethwe kwesakhiwo lapho u-Tirso de Molina emele khona umlingiswa, kwenza abaholi abaningi nababusi baseMadrid bazizwe benenzondo, bembheka njengenhlekisa isonto nombuso, kodwa hhayi kuphela izinsolo ezithiwa umsebenzi. i-"Burlador de Sevilla", futhi ngenxa yeminye imisebenzi yombhali wemidlalo, unswinyo lwasetshenziswa.
Kulo msebenzi kunabalingiswa abaningana ababukeka kahle kakhulu nabashaqisayo, nokho owadlula isikhathi futhi wathathwa njengereferensi kwakunguDon Juan Tenorio, oseke wasebenza njengesithenjwa sabanye ababhali.
Lezi zinamanoveli anemininingwane, izindaba nezindaba ezihlobene nezici zikaDon Juan, umlingiswa oyisithonjana ka-Tirso de Molina owamvumela ukuba eqe imingcele yokungafi kwemibhalo.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi uvakashele ingosi yethu ngokuchofoza izixhumanisi ezilandelayo:
Biography of Jose Emilio Pacheco