Ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kanye nezinga lokushisa nomoya, kukhiqiza ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamafu, ukudalwa kwawo kuyisisekelo sokujikeleza nokongiwa kwamanzi emhlabeni.
Ukwakhiwa kwamafu
Ukudalwa kwamafu kungenxa yokuhwamuka kwamanzi ebusweni bomhlaba, akhuphuka futhi njengoba ekhuphuka, umoya omanzi uyaphola, uguqule umhwamuko ube amanzi noma amakristalu amancane eqhwa.
Lezi, njengoba zimiswe umphumela womoya ojikeleza emkhathini, zihlangana ndawonye, zikhiqize ukwakheka kwefu. Lapho amaconsi amaningi amanzi ehlangana, akha amaconsi aminyene, okuthi, aqukethe isisindo esanele, awe futhi afinyelele phansi, abangele imvula.
Amafu angantanta ngenxa yobuningi bomoya obungaphansi kwawo, njengoba isisindo sawo sinesisindo esikhulu kakhulu kunesamafu.
Ukuze amafu aqhubeke, amanani amasha omhwamuko kufanele afinyezwe, ukuze kwakheke amaconsi amasha athathe indawo yalawo ahlala ewa futhi ahwamuke. Izinhlobo zamafu zihluka enkungwini kuphela ebangeni lawo ukusuka emhlabeni.
Inqubo yokuqeqesha
Ukwakheka kwamafu kwenzeka ngezinqubo ezintathu:
Amafu akhuphukayo e-Orographic
Amafu akhiwa ngenxa yobuningi bomoya oshisayo noswakeme, okuthi lapho ehlangana negquma endleleni yawo, aphoqeleke ukuba akhuphukele emazingeni aphezulu, lapho umhwamuko wamanzi uhlangana wenze lolu hlobo lwefu. izici zesimo sezulu sezintaba izifunda.
Lamafu ahlala phezu kwe-cusps lapho athuthukiswa khona. Amafu e-Orographic ngokuvamile anomumo ovundlile oyisicaba futhi aboniswa ngosayizi abahlukahlukene.
Amafu e-convective ashisayo
Ziwumkhiqizo wokunyakaza kwezixuku zomoya eziqondile, okubangelwa ukushintshashintsha kokushisa phakathi komhlaba nezingqimba ezingaphezulu zomkhathi. Zikhuphukela ezindaweni ezinokushisa kwenhlabathi ephezulu (ezishisayo) futhi zehlela ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi obandayo (ama-subpolar latitudes).
Amafu e-Convection akhiqizwa ngaphambili
Lokhu kwenzeka lapho izixuku ezimbili ezinkulu zomoya zishayisana. Ingaphambili elifudumele lishayisana nengaphambili elibandayo, ngaleso sikhathi umoya ofudumele ushibilika phezu kwenqwaba yomoya obandayo, futhi ukuthola ukucindezela okuncane, kuqhubeke kwanda futhi kuphole, okubangela ukuthi amanzi adlulele aminyene futhi akhe amafu.
Izinhlobo zamafu
Isevisi yesimo sezulu yamazwe ngamazwe isungule izinhlobo eziyishumi zamafu, ezihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane, lawa aphinde ahlukaniswe ngokuvumelana nokwakheka kwawo kanye nokumiswa kwawo, athole amakilasi nama-subclass ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa okunembe kakhudlwana. Phakathi kwalokhu kukhona:
amafu aphezulu
Zikhula phakathi kwamamitha ayi-6.000 kanye ne-13.000 ukuphakama, ngoba kulezi zindawo eziphakeme umoya ubanda ngokwanele, zenziwe ngamakristalu eqhwa. Amafu aphezulu awadli, kodwa angabonisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:
I-Cirrus
Ifu elimhlophe elibukeka elikhanyayo, elivame ukukhazimula okusilika, i-fibrous kanye ne-fragile, elibukeka njengezintambo ezinde, ezifana noboya obunamakhadi.
Kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphakeme, phakathi kwe-6 ne-10 km ukuphakama komkhathi, ngaphandle kwethunzi. Yenziwe ngamakristalu eqhwa amahle kakhulu (izinaliti zeqhwa) ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Amafu e-Cirrus athatha ukushisa okukhishwa emhlabeni ngesikhathi se-greenhouse effect futhi asize ukukhombisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphandle kokuba imisebe yelanga ifinyelele phezulu.
Ukususwa ngenxa yomphumela womoya kubonisa ingaphambili elifudumele, kanye nemvula engaba khona. Uphawu lwakhe: Ci.
I-Cirro-cumulus
Ifu elitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaphezu kuka-6 km, elimhlophe ngombala, elakhiwe ama-sphere amancane afana namachashaza kakotini, angenayo izithunzi, ahlelwe ngobuningi obukhulu noma imigqa (izihlahla eziyindilinga noma amabhange).
Ivamise ukwakhiwa ngamakristalu eqhwa futhi ukuphakama kwayo kuhambisane nokwamafu aphansi e-cirrus. Yakha okuthiwa isibhakabhaka se-mackerel, lapho yakha amasimu amakhulu.
Ngezinye izikhathi ashiselwe komunye nomunye, emishweni emihle kakhulu, emhlophe kanye nehambisanayo, evezwa phezu kwesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza.
Amafu e-ephemeral, ngokuvamile avela kanye ne-cirrus noma i-cirrostratus, ukubukeka kwawo njalo kwandulela imvula. Uphawu lwayo: Cc.
i-cirrostratus
Ifu elisesimweni seveli elimhlophe kakhulu noma elinobisi, elakhiwe ngamakristalu eqhwa, kwesinye isikhathi liyahlakazeka ngokubukeka kanye nesakhiwo esinemicu, efana neyamafu e-cirrus. Kwesinye isikhathi ingaveza umucu omude nobanzi, futhi ifinyelele ukumboza ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yesibhakabhaka.
Leli veli libonakala lilungiswe kahle ngezinye izikhathi, noma linemiphetho engacacile kwabanye. Ilanga alinabo ubunzima obukhulu bokudlula efwini, yingakho bekhiqiza ama-solar nenyanga.
Zitholakala endaweni engaphezu kuka-6 km ukuphakama. Ziyizinkomba zokufika kwengaphambili elifudumele, lingashintsha libe yi-altostratus futhi libangele izimvula ezimaphakathi. Uphawu lwakhe: Cs.
Amafu Amaphakathi
Azidli, zidalwe endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-2000 kuya ku-6000, zenziwe ngamaconsi amanzi futhi, lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi ngokwanele, ngamanye amakristalu eqhwa, angasibekela isibhakabhaka ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye. Phakathi kwamafu aphakathi sina:
i-altostratus
Ungqimba lwamafu olumpunga, oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma olumhlophe noma olumhlophe olubukeka luqinile olufana ngokuphelele noma olwakhiwe izendlalelo ezibukeka njengemicu, ezinobubanzi obuqondile obuvundlile, njengoba zingamboza isibhakabhaka ngokuphelele noma kancane.
Zakhiwe yiqhwa namanzi, anogqinsi oluncane njengoba kwenza ilanga libonakale. Cishe iphakathi kuka-2 no-6 km ukuphakama, futhi nakuba ingamafu asezingeni eliphakathi angakhuphukela emazingeni aphezulu. Uphawu lwakhe: Ace.
I-Altocumulus
Ifu elimhlophe noma elimpunga, ngokuvamile elinengxenye enomthunzi, elakhiwe amaconsi amanzi.
Kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphakeme phakathi kuka-2 no-6 km, kwakheka amabhange noma izendlalelo zokubukeka okuzungezayo noma okune-fibrous, okunezithunzi phakathi kwazo, okufana nokugandaywa.
Amafu avame ukuvela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene futhi ngokuqhubekayo ehlangene nezinye izinhlobo zamafu. Abavamisile ukubangela imvula, kodwa bangaveza isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ezinsukwini ezizayo. Uphawu lwakhe: IzE.
I-Nimbostratus
Inqwaba yamafu amnyama, a-amorphous futhi anemiphetho edabukile, okubangela imvula, iqhwa eliqhubekayo noma isichotho.
I-Nimbostratus ingasuka eduze nomhlabathi iye ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000.
Zivela ngemimoya enamandla futhi zihlotshaniswa nezindawo ezifudumele, futhi zihlangene kangangokuthi zifihla ilanga ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile zimboza ingxenye enkulu yesibhakabhaka, futhi i-cirrostratus noma i-altostratus ingabonwa ngezikhala zazo. Uphawu lwakhe: Ns.
Amafu aphansi
Zenzeka ezingeni elingaphansi kwamamitha angu-2.000, ngokuvamile zakhiwe ngamaconsi amanzi futhi zingahle zihlehle. Lokhu kubandakanya:
Isigaxa
Amafu akhiwe ngezingqimba ezacile zomfaniswano, ezibonakala ezinomoya omncane futhi ezakhiwe ngamaconsi amanzi.
Zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngo-2,5 km, zimboza isibhakabhaka ngokulinganayo, ngokuvamile zinombala ompunga futhi zifana nenkungu.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, lolu hlobo lwamafu lungakhiqiza imvula encane kakhulu (i-drizzle) futhi lapho ungqimba lwalo luncane kakhulu, kungenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukukhiqizwa kwe-corona yokukhanya, ezungeze ilanga noma inyanga. Uphawu lwakhe: iSt.
i-stratocumulus
Ifu eliwugqinsi neliminyene ngesimo esinamagagasi, amathoni amhlophe ngokuvamile anamabala amnyama, abonakala njengongqimba lwamafu endaweni yemigqa.
Zingakhiwa kusuka ku-altocumulus noma i-nimbostratus, zenziwe ngamaconsi amanzi, ziyingxenye yeqembu lamafu aphansi futhi atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaphansi kuka-2 km.
Zivame ukuvela ekushoneni kwelanga futhi zakhe izingubo zokulala eziqhubekayo ebusika, azivamile ukuhambisana namathonsi emvula noma ama-pellets eqhwa. Uphawu lwakhe: Sc.
I-Vertical Development Clouds
Lezi zinhlobo zamafu zitholakala kumamitha ambalwa ukusuka phezulu, ziwumkhiqizo wokukhuphuka okusheshisa komoya nokukhula kwawo okuma mpo, kungadlula amamitha ayi-10.000 ukuphakama. Amafu okuthuthukiswa okuqondile ahlanganisa:
I-Cumulus
Ifu eliminyene lokunwebeka okuqondile kanye nesimo esiyindilinga, esibukeka njengesiponji, ingxenye yaso engaphezulu inomumo wedome, inama-protuberances acishe abe ngaphezulu noma angaphansi kombala omhlophe ogqamile, kuyilapho ingxenye engezansi icishe ibe isicaba.
Amafu e-Cumulus ayisici samafu wezinsuku zasehlobo. Zakha uquqaba olukhulu, olunemithunzi empunga egqame kakhulu noma emnyama. Ukwakheka kwansuku zonke, kubangelwa ukukhuphuka kwezifundo zomoya ofudumele.
Zitholakala endaweni ephakeme encike ekushiseni nasesimeni se-hygromethrikhi yezendlalelo eziphansi, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamamitha ayi-1200 kanye ne-1400. Uma umswakama kanye nezimo zokushisa zivuma, zishintsha ngokushesha zibe amafu e-cumulonimbus. Uphawu lwayo: Cu.
Cumulonimbus
Ifu elinesakhiwo esime mpo, elisuka ku-cumulus, elisuka kumamitha angu-500 lifinyelele ekuphakameni kwe-cirrus, lomthethosisekelo oxubile, ngoba engxenyeni engezansi, lakhiwa amaconsi amanzi kuyilapho engxenyeni yalo engenhla lakhiwa amakristalu eqhwa. .
Ngokuvamile, uquqaba oluwugqinsi lwakhiwa ngendlela engayodwa enobukhulu obukhulu, ngokukhula okuqinile okuqondile ngenxa yemvelaphi yabo yokuguquguquka. Zinomumo wombhoshongo futhi phezulu zibonisa ukwakheka okunjengomucu.
Bangadala imvula enkulu, ngendlela yemvula, Iqhwa leqhwa noma isichotho, nazo zibangela ukuduma, umbani futhi ngokuvamile zenzeka ehlobo. Uphawu lwayo: Cb.
ukubaluleka kwamafu
Amafu anomfanekiso oyisisekelo wokongiwa nokuthuthukiswa kokuphila emhlabeni, anikeza izinzuzo nezinzuzo eziningi, ngaphandle kwawo bekungeke kube khona ukuphila eplanethini enguMhlaba, ngoba:
- Banikela ekusekeleni imvelo eplanethini enguMhlaba.
- Zisiza ekusakazeni amandla elanga ngokulinganayo phezu komhlaba kanye nasemoyeni.
- Amafu anesikweletu esikhulu ngesimo sezulu, isimo sezulu kanye nempilo yasemhlabeni.
- Asiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa elilinganayo, njengoba evimbela imisebe eyeqile yokushisa komhlaba, amafu amunca cishe u-3% wokukhanya kwelanga.
- Izinhlobo zamafu zingamela izimo ezithile zomkhathi noma izimo zezulu, yingakho zibaluleke kakhulu kwisibikezelo sezulu.
- Bangakwazi futhi ukwelula ukushona kwelanga imizuzu embalwa, kuye ngohlobo lwamafu ukukhanya kwelanga okubonakala kulo.
- Banikela ku umjikelezo wamanzi kanye nalo lonke uhlelo lwesimo sezulu.
- Amafu athatha ukushisa okukhishwa nguMhlaba ngesikhathi se-greenhouse effect futhi asize ukukhombisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphandle kokuba imisebe yelanga ifinyelele phezulu.
- Ngaphandle kwabo, besingayeka ukuthola uketshezi oluvela esibhakabhakeni, ngakho-ke imifula, izilwandle namachibi, kanye nawo wonke amadiphozithi amanzi, bekuyokoma.
- Zinikeza umthunzi osivikela emisebeni yelanga.
- Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafu zihlobisa ama-horizons, kanye nokuba umthombo omuhle wogqozi.
