Izinhlobo zendlela yephrojekthi Izibonelo!

Ukuze iphrojekthi iphumelele, kubalulekile ukuyifeza ngokulandela uhlelo oluqinile lomsebenzi. Ngakho-ke inzuzo yokuqonda okuhlukile izinhlobo zendlela yephrojekthi. Asizithole.

Ithini indlela yokusebenza yephrojekthi?

Ngaphambi kokuthi siqale ngesihloko sethu esikhulu ku izinhlobo zendlela yephrojekthi, kuhlale kukuhle ukuya kuqala ezincazelweni. Indlela yokusebenza yephrojekthi imane iyisethi yamakhono, izihloko, amathuluzi, amasu nolwazi olusetshenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo ezinembayo ohlelweni olujwayelekile.

Lezi zindlela zokufundisa bezilokhu zithola izinhlobo ezahlukene eminyakeni edlule ngokwezinhlelo ezakhiwe ngokusekelwa kwedijithali. Le nqubo isifinyelele ezingeni lapho ukukhuluma ngendlela yokuphatha iphrojekthi kuvame ukuqoka ngokuzenzakalelayo ithuluzi, ifomethi noma isofthiwe esetshenziswa esimweni esithile, nalo msebenzi. Ithuluzi libe seligunyaza igama elingaziwa lomsebenzi.

Phakathi kwalezi zinhlaka ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlela amaphrojekthi kunezinhlobonhlobo ezibalulekile zamafomethi. Ukucabangela ukunemba noma ukungalungi kwento ngayinye ngokwesikulindele kungaba yize: umongo ngamunye, nenjongo yawo, iqembu labasebenzi kanye neklayenti elamukelayo, inquma uhlobo lwendlela yokusebenza okufanele isetshenziswe.

Izinhlobo zendlela yokusebenza yephrojekthi

Lapha sibala ezimbalwa izinhlobo zezindlela zephrojekthi njengezibonelo; Ukusiza ukucacisa imibono ngokuqhubekayo:

Agile

Ukushesha okubhekiselwa kukho igama layo akuyona ingozi. I-Agile iyindlela esekelwe embonweni wokusebenza okungcono kakhulu okulethwa ifomethi evumelana nezimo kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokubukeka kwenguquko ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule nasekuqaleni kwamanje, i-Agile yasetshenziswa ngokushesha ngempumelelo emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe futhi yahlukaniswa yaba yiqembu elikhulu lamathuluzi emisebenzi ethile.

Ku-manifesto eyagqekeza ngayo emhlabeni, i-Agile yenza izisekelo zemfundiso yayo elula yacaca, ehlanganisa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezingalindelekile ngaphezu kwepulani lensimbi elisungulwe ngaphambili, isipho sokusondelana komuntu ngamunye kanye nobudlelwane ekuxhumaneni phakathi ithimba, ukuzilawula kwamamojula omsebenzi ahlukene, ukulindela ukuthola ubuso obambisene ngaphezu kokufunwa yiklayenti, isofthiwe enyakazayo phezu kokuhlanganiswa ngokucophelela kwemibhalo kanye nokuhlukaniswa komzamo kube izigaba zezikhathi ezahlukene ezibizwa ngokuthi. i-sprints.

I-sprint ngayinye iqukethe isikhala sesikhashana sesonto elilodwa noma inyanga eyodwa futhi isekelwe emsebenzini ogxile ekukhiqizeni umkhiqizo osebenza ngokushesha, osatshalaliswa ngezikhathi zansuku zonke zomsebenzi ohlangene. I-sprint encane ingashintsha ngokujulile isuka ekubeni phambili kwezinye izinjongo ngaphezu kwezinye ibe uhlobo lwezinjongo ngokwazo. Lokhu kuhlukana kubangela intuthuko eguquguqukayo futhi eguquguqukayo.

Ukuvumelana nezimo ikona kanye okukhanga okukhulu kakhulu kwefomethi ye-Agile. Ukushayela imoto ogwadule olungaziwa, ithimba lilungisa ukungalingani kwendawo, ukushintsha indlela, amathayi kanye nesitayela sokushayela njengoba isikhathi sidinga. Indlela yokusebenza ikhansela umbono wendabuko wokubikezelwa okuphelele kwezimo ukuphakamisa ukunyakaza okusongayo ngokusebenzisa iqiniso eliguqukayo.

Uma kunikezwe lo mlingiswa oguquguqukayo onenkani, kungashiwo ukuthi, phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zendlela yephrojekthi, I-Agile iwuhlelo olwakhelwe kakhulu kumafilosofi omsebenzi kunezinqubo ezihleliwe ezihleliwe. Uma inqubo encane ngayinye inamandla okuguqula kuwo wonke umsebenzi, akwenzi mqondo ukugxila ezinhlelweni ezinkulu ezimile eziqukethe iphrojekthi.

Yiziphi izindawo lapho le ndlela yokusebenza eguquguqukayo inokuthuthukiswa okugcwele kuzo? Ukuqagele. Ukuthuthukiswa kwegeyimu nesofthiwe ngokuvamile kuvame ukuba yindawo ekahle yefomethi ye-Agile, ngenxa yemvelo yayo ehlala ishintsha, abasebenzi abasebasha, nokusebenzisana okuzenzakalelayo nokuguquguqukayo komsebenzi okucishe kufinyelele nje okungajwayelekile. Indawo yokuhlala efanelekile yokubamba okuhlanzekile.

Isikram

I-Scrum yindlela yephrojekthi enhloso yayo ekhona kungukwazisa nokunikeza isiteshi esisebenzayo kufilosofi ye-Agile. Ethambekele kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuqhubeka okukhiqizayo kwesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esesivele sisunguliwe, iScrum sigxile ekuqeqeshweni okufanele kwamaqembu azilawulayo afana nalawo atholakala kumfowabo osekhulile, kodwa kulokhu kuhlelwe ngezikhathi zomsebenzi ezibizwa ngokuthi. ukuphindaphinda, ngokuvamile kuthatha ingxenye yenyanga noma inyanga yonke.

Nsuku zonke, ithimba eliziphethe ngokwalo labantu abangafika kwabayisishiyagalolunye libika ngenqubekelaphambili, izithiyo kanye nokuma kwephrojekthi okwabelwana ngayo emihlanganweni ebizwa ngokuthi. izikrimu eholwa ngu-a I-Scrum Master, okuholela kuqala ekubonisweni komsebenzi oqediwe ukuze kunqunywe ukugunyazwa kwawo futhi okwesibili, ekubuyiseleni emuva, kulandisa konke okwenzekile, okufanele kuqhutshekwe nokuthi yini okufanele iphazamise.

I-Scrum ifomethi eguquguqukayo ehloselwe ukuba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe engakwazi ukujwayelana nomhlaba wamasu wegridi, ukuqina kwezezimali nemijikelezo evaliwe, yanoma iyiphi i-ejensi. Kungakho indlela ye-Scrum ifundiwe futhi yaxutshwa kabusha ezinkampanini eziningi ukuze ziqondise izakhiwo zendabuko ngaphandle kokuzishintsha ngokuphelele, ngokulingana okuhlakaniphile phakathi kokusebenza kahle, isici sobudlelwano beqembu kanye nokushesha.

Impophoma

I-Waterfall iyindlela ephendula imingcele evamile esiyifundile esikhathini esidlule mayelana nokuzuzwa kwamaphrojekthi. Konke kuhlelwe ngokuzungeza a ihlasele wezigaba eziqala ezidingweni zokuqala zalokho okuhlongozwayo. Njengoba sehla empophomeni sibona ukulandelana kwe-hermetic kwezigaba ezivulana ngaphandle kokuhlukahluka. Isigaba ngasinye kufanele siqedwe ukuze sikwazi ukudlulela kwesinye, ngaphandle kokugqagqana.

Le Waterfall eqinile ayivumi ukuguqulwa okungalindelekile, ngaphandle kwezicelo eziqondile eziya phezulu kwesibopho futhi ezinganqatshwa. Lonke uhlelo lubekwe endaweni eyodwa ohlelweni olulodwa olunqunywe kusengaphambili, lwesikhathi eside nasemaqenjini amakhulu okubulala, olunikeza amalungelo okubikezelwa ngaphezu kokuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Njengoba singabona, lokhu kuphambene ngokuphelele ne-Agile ne-Scrum. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-Waterfall ivame ukubonwa njengomkhulu wezindlela zephrojekthi, ezenziwe ngemibono yakudala, engakhiqizi futhi ehamba kancane. Futhi kuyiqiniso ukuthi ohlelweni lomsebenzi kuba nzima kakhulu ukubuyela emuva ukuze ulungise iphutha nanoma yimuphi umniningwane ongaphazamisa lonke uhlelo. Phela i-cascade esekela indlela eyodwa kuphela.

Ungaphinda uxwayise ngobungozi obukhona kulolu hlobo lwesikimu ngokuphathelene nokulethwa komkhiqizo wokugcina. Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo ezithambile kakhulu zisungula isidingo sokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kweqembu neklayenti, i-Waterfall igcina inkolelo-mbono elondolozayo ebeka iklayenti kuphela ekupheleni kwempophoma, lilungele ukwamukela noma ukwenqaba. Akukho ukulethwa kwezitolimende. Akukho ukubuyekezwa okuqhubekayo.

Impela, singakhomba ngombono omuhle ukuthi I-Waterfall iyatholakala ezimeni lapho ifomethi yokukhanya ingahle ingafaneleki noma iphikise. Izimo lapho izinjongo zicacile, ukuvikeleka okujwayelekile kuyadingeka, indawo yokuthuthukiswa isivele isungulwe kahle futhi ukushintsha okuthile ngokuqhubekayo kungasho ukulahlekelwa umqondo walokho okwenzekayo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuthatha umkhulu onolwazi ukuthwala izinhloso zakho kude. Kulokhu kukhona i-Waterfall.

XP

I-XP, emfushane ye-Extreme Programming, iyindlela yephrojekthi egxile ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yesofthiwe ngefomethi yomsebenzi evumela ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwezidingo zamakhasimende. Ngalo mqondo, ayihlukile kakhulu ezinhlelweni ze-agility enezingqimba nezokuxhumana ze-Agile ne-Scrum.

Nokho, i-XP ihlanganisa izimfuneko ezivamile ezihlanganisa izincazelo ezilula zenhloso (izindaba zabasebenzisi), ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo okuqhubekayo (TDD), ukuhlela uhlelo nomuntu oyedwa obhala ikhodi nomunye oqondisayo, kanye nokuhlanganisa zonke izingxenye zokwenza izivivinyo eziphindelelayo zalo lonke uhlelo (ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo ).

Njengoba kubonakala, kuyindlela yokusebenza eguquguqukayo kodwa elawulwa kakhulu ukuxazulula amaphutha isinyathelo ngesinyathelo esikhundleni sokuwathola ngomzuzu wokugcina lapho sekwephuze kakhulu, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yekhodi nokunciphisa imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi. ukusebenza kahle ngokwedlulele.

Kulungile

I-Lean ingenye ye izinhlobo zendlela yephrojekthi lapho umgomo wesiNgisi othi okuncane okuningi, okuncane okuningi. U-Lean uncoma ukuthi kukhishwe yonke into engathathwa njengengabalulekile esakhiweni sabaphathi ukuze kubekwe iqembu endleleni engcono kakhulu yokuthuthukisa. Ngokugxila kulo myalo nomgomo oyinhloko, akuphumeleli ngempela endleleni enezakhiwo ezihlongozwayo ezicacile. Okuthakaselayo u-Lean ukuthi isakhiwo sincane futhi siyasebenza, noma ngabe sinjani.

U-Lean uhlukanisa le nqubo yokuthuthukisa ibe yizici ezintathu, ezibhapathizwa ngamagama anelukuluku lokuthi yisimungulu, mura y Muri.

I-Muda igxile ekuhlaseleni umqondo wokumosha: yonke leyo misebenzi engakhiqizi lutho olunenani lokwanelisa amakhasimende kodwa ehlanganisa isikhathi, umzamo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zeqembu.

I-Mura ihlobene nokuphikisana nombono wokuhlukahluka: ukuhluka okwethulwa njalo enqubweni kuyaguga futhi alinganiseli amakhono eqembu abengasindiswa ngokubheja okwengeziwe ekumisweni kwenqubo.

UMuri ubhekana nethuba lokulayisha ngokweqile uhlelo: ukusebenza ngezinga elivimbela amakhono ethu kuqeda umdlandla weqembu ngenxa yokukhathala okulula futhi kubambezela ukukhiqiza kwalo. Ubuningi obungu-70% buwumkhawulo ofanelekile wokugxilisa umzamo.

Ngakho-ke, i-Lean iyindlela yokwenza izinto ezibalulekile. Kuwusizo kakhulu ukuqondisa kabusha iphrojekthi endleleni ehambisana nayo ngemva kokulahleka kokukhukhuleka okungenamsebenzi nokubizayo. Nge-Lean, okungahlangani ekukhiqizeni inani leklayenti, kufanele kuvele kushiywe ngaphandle.

I-Kanban

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Kanban kungafingqwa njengendlela yephrojekthi ehloselwe ukugxilisa umsebenzi emsebenzini owodwa kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuboniswa komsebenzi owenziwayo, omele ukuhamba kwawo. Ibhodi le-Kanban liwuhlobo lwakudala lwamaphrojekthi ahlangene, lapho ama-oda alindile, umsebenzi oqhubekayo kanye nemisebenzi eqediwe ihlelwa ngamakholomu alandelanayo. Ngomqondo othile, ukwenza lula okuvumelekile kwesistimu ye-Scrum, okujwayelekile kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwayo.

Umbono oqhubekayo wobudlelwano phakathi kwalokho okuceliwe nalokho okuqediwe, udlula inani lalokho okusathuthukiswayo, uqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakwa kubekwa lapho kufanele kube khona, ubala ngokuqiniseka okwengeziwe ijubane umkhiqizo ongenwa ngalo ngenhlonipho. Isicelo sokuqala senza okuceliwe kube sobala futhi sigwema ukumila.

Ezimweni ezinikelwe ekunakekeleni, i-Kanban ingaba usizo kakhulu, ngenxa yokulula kwayo ekuhleleni ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kanye nokuzimisela kwayo ukuqondisa kabusha izinto eziza kuqala kuye ngezidingo eziphakanyisiwe.

Sikumema ukuthi ubukele le vidiyo ethokozisayo lapho uMarta Falcón waseSpain echaza kafushane ukuthi iphrojekthi iphathwa kanjani kusetshenziswa indlela ye-Kanban. Nebhodi layo lendabuko lifakiwe.

i-scumban

Uma sikhulume esigabeni esandulele mayelana nokufana kweScrum neKanban, kulokhu kufanele sikhulume ngokuhlangana okusobala phakathi kwazo zombili izindlela, nesihloko esithi Scrumban. Lena izama ukusebenzisa indlela ephakathi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zefomethi, ikhipha kolunye nakwenye lokho ekubona njengokungcono kakhulu kweziphakamiso zayo.

Isibonelo, isistimu igcina umbono oguquguqukayo womsebenzi ohlelekile mayelana nama-oda athile e-Kanban, kodwa futhi igcina umqondo womhlangano wesikram wansuku zonke, ukuze kuqondiswe inqubo eqhubekayo.

Kungafingqwa ngokuthi uScrumban ususa imijikelezo yomsebenzi ngokuphindaphinda ingxenye yenyanga noma inyanga yonke yeScrum yakudala ukuze amukele isimo sokulethwa esivumelana nezimo kakhulu futhi esivumelane nephrojekthi yamanje, futhi futhi sishiya eceleni indawo evulekile. ifomethi ye-Kanban ukuze kunikezwe iphrojekthi ukuqhubeka okusebenzayo kwenkomfa yesikram. Ukuxoxisana okunengqondo phakathi kwezinhlelo ezimbili ezinkulu zokuphatha.

I-PMBOK

I-Project Management Body of Knowledge, echazwa ngesifinyezo sayo njenge-PMOBK, iqukethe umhlahlandlela wezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuqedela iphrojekthi. Iwuhlelo lwethiyori kunawo wonke, njengoba lubonisa kuphela uhlaka olujwayelekile lapho uhlelo kufanele luqondiswe ngaphansi kwalo, ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu ukwakheka okunembayo kwenhlangano esebenza kulo. I-PMBOK iveza izigaba ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo nezibalulekile zokwenza uhlelo lomsebenzi lwenzeke: ukuqala, ukuhlela, ukwenza, ukulawula kanye nokuvala.

Nakuba kuyindlela engeke ikwazi ukwenzeka ngokwayo, kusewusizo ezingeni eliphathekayo kakhulu, ukuthola ukuhleleka okuhleliwe kwephrojekthi yakho ngaphakathi kwezinga lomsebenzi womhlaba wonke.

PRINCE2

Sivale nge-PRINCE2 ngesizathu esilula: iyi-giant yezindlela zephrojekthi. I-PRINCE2 ihlanganisa ngayinye yezici eziye zaboniswa ngokuphathelene nenhlangano ephumelelayo yomsebenzi. Indlela yokusebenza idinga ukuthi kuqalwe phansi, okusekelwe ekuziphenduleleni okunengqondo mayelana nokuthi bukhona bunjani ubukhona bomkhiqizo wokugcina, ngubani ngempela obezohlomula, kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kwezindleko zethimba elilungiselela ukuwenza. Isinyathelo ngasinye se-PRINCE2 siyisheke eliqinile langempela lesibukeli.

Umkhiqizo wombuso waseBrithani phakathi nawo-90s, i-PRINCE2 iyindlela ebanzi engasebenzi ikakhulukazi ekuhlosweni okuncane kwezinkampani ezincane. Uhlelo luhloselwe ukuletha intuthuko enkulu yezobuchwepheshe ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Iphrojekthi engaphansi kwalolu hlelo ilawulwa ngokuqinile ibhodi elingumnikazi ocacile wokuhlela futhi nsuku zonke ibuyekeza imisebenzi engaphansi kwesigaba sayo sabaphathi ngokusebenzisa umphathi oqokiwe.

I-PRINCE2 iyindlela evaliwe ku-vacuum ngokuphathelene nazo zonke izinhlobo zobungozi. Izindima zommeleli ngamunye wephrojekthi zisakazwa kahle futhi zichazwe, izinjongo zicacile, ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yonke kufundwa kahle kusukela ekuqaleni kanti abaphathi bebonke bahlukaniswe izigaba eziningi, nazo zinendima echaziwe futhi izinqubo siqu. I-PRINCE2 iyindlela yokusebenza yamaphrojekthi anobubanzi obukhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha indlela enhle, phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zendlela yephrojekthiKungaba nzima, kodwa kungenzeki. Kuncike kakhulu ezidingweni zakho ezithile lapho usetha iphrojekthi yakho. Bala ukuthi ibikezelwa kangakanani indawo okufanele usebenze kuyo, kukhulu kangakanani ukusebenzisana okufanele ukwenze kanye nejubane lomsebenzi ozimisele ukuwugcina ngokuya ngefilosofi yakho yobungcweti futhi uzokwazi ukukhetha ohlwini isiqiniseko cishe.

Uhlu alusona isifinyezo esiphelele sazo zonke izindlela ezingaba khona ezimakethe. Nokho, imele kakhulu amagama ayo akhethiwe kakhulu. Isinqumo esihle esisekelwe endleleni yakho yokusebenza singaqinisekisa impumelelo yebhizinisi lakho.

Uma ube nentshisekelo kulesi sihloko mayelana nezinhlobo zendlela yokusebenza yephrojekthi, cishe ugxile kakhulu emcabangweni wokuhlela osetshenziswa ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini okhiqizayo. Kusixhumanisi esilandelayo uzothola esinye isihloko esinikezelwe kuso izinjongo zohlelo oluhle lwebhizinisi. Landela isixhumanisi!