Cishe usubone inkanyezi edubulayo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Kukhona izehlakalo ezinkulu zazo, njengasendabeni ye-The Perseids. Akungabazeki ukuthi ziyizindawo ezinhle ongazibona, kodwa ingabe uyazi ngempela ukuthi iyini inkanyezi edubulayo? Ubuwazi ukuthi mhlawumbe i-meteorite? Hlala nathi ukuze wazi izinhlobo zamameteorite ezakhiwa ngazo.
Iyini i-meteor?
Ngokusho kwe-RAE, ama-meteorite "ayizingxenyana zendikimba yasezulwini eziwela eMhlabeni, noma kunoma iyiphi enye inkanyezi." Kusukela kule ncazelo kuyaqondakala ukuthi awekho ama-meteorite kuphela emhlabeni, kodwa ukuthi singawathola cishe kuzo zonke izindikimba zasezulwini zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Kodwa akuchazi ukuthi bavelaphi. Ngokocwaningo osekuyisikhathi eside lukhona, zingavela kuma-asteroids, izinkanyezi ezinomsila, ngisho nakwamanye amaplanethi.
Ngakho, lapho lezi zingcezu zamatshe amancane zihlangana nomkhathi endleleni yazo, ziyabola, zishiye umzila okhanyayo ngemva kwazo, Izinkanyezi ezidubulayo. Kodwa, uma leso siqeshana singesincane kakhulu futhi sikwazi ukusinda ebhulashini nomkhathi, sizoya ngqo phansi njengebhola lomlilo. Yilolu cezu lwedwala elisaphila esilibiza ngokuthi i-meteorite.
Singasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ungqimba loMhlaba esilubiza ngokuthi umkhathi lusebenza njengesivikelo kulezi zicucu. Umkhathi uwungqimba lwegesi olumboze iplanethi futhi umphumela wawo ukuthi iningi lezinsongo ezingaba khona ziyahlakazeka ngaphandle kokufika phansi. Kodwa-ke, ngama-meteorite amakhulu kwenzeka ukuthi azophuka abe yizicucu ezincane, ezingashaya phansi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kakhulu ngokwesayensi kangangokuthi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka owodwa amathani angama-40.000 XNUMX ama-meteorite angawela eMhlabeni.
Kunjalo, iningi in microscopic futhi imperceptible ifomu. Kodwa kube khona, futhi kusazoqhubeka, izimo lapho ama-meteorite anobukhulu obuhloniphekile akwazile ukuwela phansi futhi atholakale futhi ahlaziywe. Ezinye zikhulu njenge-meteorite evela e-El Chaco (Argentina) ene-37.000 kg.
Izinhlobo zamameteorite
Kuvele ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-meteorite anokwakheka okufanayo. Siphinde sibe nesithakazelo ngemvelaphi yabo, ukubunjwa kwabo kanye neminyaka yabo, ngoba ngenxa yalezi zici, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa. Njengoba isikhathi sesidlulile futhi nesayensi ithuthukile, kuye kwaba nokwenzeka ukusungula ukuhlukaniswa kwama-meteorite, kuye ngamakhemikhali, i-geological noma izici zokongiwa kwemvelo.
Ngezinjongo zalesi sihloko, sikhethe ukuhlukaniswa okungokwesiko kakhulu ngokwemvelaphi nokwakheka kwayo. Lawa ayinhloko izinhlobo zamameteorite:
Ama-chondrite okuqala noma ama-meteorite
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi umsuka wayo uqhamuka Sakheka kanjani isimiso sonozungezilanga, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.500 edlule, engashintshile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Kuzo kungabonakala ukuthi azizange zidlule ezinqubweni zokuhlanganisa noma zokuhlukanisa, futhi azizange zibe ngaphansi kokuguqulwa yizimo ze-geological, ezifana nomoya, amanzi noma amagagasi.
Lawa aqhelelene kakhulu ne-Solar System yethu futhi abalulekile ukutadisha ukwakheka kwamaplanethi. Lezi zingcezu zamatshe ziyizingcezu eziyigugu zesayensi. Ama-Chondrite abuye abizwe ngokuthi ama-meteorite akudala noma angahlanganisiwe futhi anesici esithile esingamaphesenti aphansi ensimbi, angaphansi kuka-10%.
Igama elithi chondrites livela esimweni lesi sigaba samadwala asemkhathini esinaso ngaphakathi, esiveza inqwaba yezimbulunga ezibukeka njengengilazi. Lawa ama-meteorite avame kakhulu futhi amelela ngaphezu kwama-85% awo wonke ama-meteorite atholakele.
Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba sama-Chondrites, singathola izinhlobo ezahlukene, ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo namaphesenti ensimbi:
ama-chondrites e-carbonaceous
Lawa ma-chondrite angama-5% kuphela ama-chondrite awele eMhlabeni. Ukwakheka kwayo kuvame ukuqukatha kuze kufike ku-5% wekhabhoni, kodwa kuvamile ukuthola amanzi angafika ku-20% kanye nezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo. Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi yizona ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinto eziguquguqukayo, yingakho kucatshangwa ukuthi zakha ukude kakhulu neLanga.
ama-chondrite ajwayelekile
Ziyikilasi elivame kakhulu lama-chondrite afinyelele eMhlabeni. Zakhiwe ngezinsimbi nama-silicates. Ngokuvamile zivela kuma-asteroid amancane futhi ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngengxenye yensimbi equkethe.
Faka ama-chondrites
Lawa ama-meteorite angamatshe, ukwakheka kwawo ikakhulukazi i-mineral ebizwa ngokuthi i-enstatite (MgSiO3). Aziningi kakhulu, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi ziyizinsalela zamaminerali, okuvela kuwo iplanethi yethu, njengoba ukwakheka kwawo, phakathi kwama-meteorite awaziwayo, yiwo afana kakhulu nomhlaba.
Ngaleso sizathu, ososayensi beplanethi basikisela ukuthi ingxube yalezi zinhlobo zama-meteorite, ngenxa yenqubo yokuhlanganisa, kwakuyimvelaphi yombungu woMhlaba. Le thiyori iphinde ichaze isizathu sokushoda kwazo. Izingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela ezihlakazekile esifundeni lapho amaplanethi asemhlabeni akha ibhande eliyinhloko, futhi bambalwa kakhulu abehlele kithi besuka lapho.
ihlukaniswe noma ihlanganiswe
Lawa ma-meteorite avela njengomphumela wezinqubo zokuhlanganisa ingxenye noma ingqikithi yemizimba evela kuyo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umsuka wayo usuka emizimbeni yendawo yonke yesandiso esikhulu, esingaba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ububanzi, futhi senziwe izinqubo ze-metamorphic ngaphakathi kwazo. Ngokusho kokwakheka kwayo, izinhlobo ezintathu zingahlukaniswa. izinhlobo zamameteorite ahlukene: amadwala (noma ama-acondrite), i-metallorocosos ne-metallic.
ama-achondrites
Njengoba igama labo libonisa, banjalo izinhlobo zamameteorite abanawo ama-chondrules. Ama-Achondrites ikakhulukazi amadwala emvelaphi evuthayo, avela kwezinye izidumbu zeSolar System. Kuye kwenzeka ukusungula ukuhlukaniswa kwama-achondrites, ngokusho kwemvelaphi yawo.
Kutholwe ama-Achondrites avela ku-Mars (Shergotites, Nakhlites, Chassignites), iNyanga noma iVesta (Ecrites, Diogenites, Howardites). Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi iningi laba nemvelaphi yalo emizimbeni esendaweni yonke engakaziwa.
I-Metallic
Ama-meteorite e-metallic yilawo ukwakheka kwawo kuyinsimbi engama-90%, ngokuvamile inhlanganisela yensimbi ne-nickel. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ngokuvamile zivela ezinkambeni zama-asteroids amakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele zikhishwe lapho zithola umthelela omkhulu.
Ngokulandelayo, zihlukaniswa ngokuyisisekelo ngokwesisekelo sesakhiwo sazo. Ngakho-ke, ama-hexahedrite aqukethe i-nickel engu-4-6% ne-90% yensimbi. Bathola leli gama ngoba bakhiwe ngamakristalu angama-cubic, ohlobo lwe-hexahedral, lwe-camacita. Bese sinama-octahedrites, angu-6-14% we-nickel futhi abonisa imigqa eyaziwa kakhulu ye-Windmanstätten. Lezi yizi izinhlobo zamameteorite izinsimbi ezivame kakhulu.
I-Rockmetal
wakhe izinhlobo zamameteorite ezibazungezile ezinengxenye yezakhi zensimbi kanye nengxenye yempahla ye-silicate. Kuye kwanqunywa ukuthi zivela engxenyeni engaphakathi yama-asteroids amakhulu. Ngokusho kokwakheka kwawo, ahlukaniswa ngokuthi: ama-pallasites nama-mesosiderite.
Ama-pallasites angenye yezinhlobo izinhlobo zamameteorite amahle kakhulu akhona, ngoba abonisa inhlanganisela yezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi i-iron ne-nickel, nama-silicates, ikakhulukazi i-olivine. Bathatha ezabo kusazi sesayensi yezilwane nesazi sezitshalo esingumJalimane uPeter Simon Pallas, owathola ngo-1772 isibonelo sokuqala salolu hlobo lwe- meteorite eSiberia, eRussia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-mesosiderite akhombisa ingxube ehlukahlukene nengalungile yamaminerali njenge-pyroxene noma i-plagioclase ne-nickel namakristalu ensimbi.
Sithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko sikusize ukuba ufunde indlela yokubona izinhlobo zamameteorite ekhona