Izinsalela zithathwe kunoma yiziphi izinsalela ezisekhona, okuvelayo noma imikhondo yanoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo kusukela esikhathini esidlule sokuma komhlaba, izibonelo zifaka amathambo, amagobolondo, ama-exoskeleton, izilwane noma izigxivizo zamatshe ezincane, izinto zenhlaka, izinwele, izinkuni eziboshiwe, uwoyela, amalahle nezinsalela ze-DNA. Hlanganani kule post Izinhlobo Zamathambo!
Iyini iFossil?
Ekuqaleni, igama elithi fossil linencazelo ebanzi, lisho yonke into ephuma emhlabathini, leli gama namuhla lihlanganisa bonke ubufakazi obushiywe yizinto eziphilayo ezindala eziye zaphila futhi ezivame ukulondolozwa yi-sedimentation, ngakho-ke kukhona amathambo e-dinosaur , kanye. njengamaqabunga noma imilobo yezinyawo.
Izinsalela zamathambo zivame ukugcinwa emadwaleni e-limestone kanye nesihlabathi sedimentary, kodwa azivamile, inqubo ye-fossilization ithatha isikhathi eside, futhi amathuba okugcinwa kweqabunga elilodwa mancane.
I-paleontology iwucwaningo lwezinsalela, icwaninga iminyaka yazo, indlela yokwakheka nokubaluleka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amasampula ngokuvamile abhekwa njengezinsalela uma eseneminyaka engaphezu kuka-10,000 ubudala, izinsalela ezindala kunazo zonke zineminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3,48 kanye neminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,1.
Uphenyo ngekhulu nesishiyagalolunye ukuthi izinsalela ezihlukahlukene zazihlobene ezithile Izinhlobo zamadwala, okwaholela enkolelweni yezinsalela zemivubukulo yesikhathi sokuma komhlaba kanye neminyaka elandelanayo yezinsalela eziningi ezihlukahlukene.
Izici
Izici zezinsalela zincike ohlotsheni lwezinsalela. Izinsalela zesikhunta yizinto ezibonakalayo ezenziwe ku-substrate (ngokuvamile idwala le-sedimentary), izinsalela zokulandelela zifana nezinsalela zesikhunta ngokuthi ziyimibono.
Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zokulandelela azimeli indalo ngokwayo, esikhundleni salokho izinsalela zokulandelela zimelela impilo yansuku zonke yento ephilayo efana nezinyathelo zezinyawo, izidleke noma imigodi, izinsalela ezikhonjiwe ziyizinsalela zesikhunta ezigcwaliswe ngamadiphozithi ukuze zakhe isakhiwo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu.
Enzani izinsalela?
Izinsalela ziwusizo kakhulu ocwaningweni lomlando we-tectonic, lapho i-fossil yohlobo oluthile itholakala emazwenikazi amaningana anamuhla, inikeza inkomba eqinile yokuthi la mazwekazi ayekade emunye.
Izinsalela ziphinde zisetshenziselwe ukukhomba amatshe e-sedimentary, ezinye izinhlobo ezinokusabalalisa okubanzi Emhlabeni kanye nempilo emfushane (isibonelo, ama-ammonites) ziyizinkomba ezinhle kakhulu zokukhomba izikhathi ezithile ze-geological.
Zingaki izinhlobo zezinsalela ezikhona?
Izinsalela, izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo zangaphambi komlando noma obunye ubufakazi bempilo yangaphambi komlando, ziveza okuningi mayelana nokuthi umhlaba wawunjani ezigidini noma ngisho nezigidigidi zeminyaka edlule.Ngo-2017, abacwaningi baqinisekisa ukuthi izinsalela ezindala kunazo zonke, ezatholakala edwaleni eNtshonalanga Australia, zibonisa ukuthi impilo yayikhona emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.500 edlule.
izinsalela zomzimba
Izinsalela zomzimba wonke ziyizinsalela zezinhlaka zangaphambi komlando, kanye nezicubu ezithambile njengezinambuzane ezigaywe ngencindi yesihlahla eziqiniswa ukuze zisethe inhlaka.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi izicubu ezithambile njengesikhumba, izicubu nezitho zomzimba ziyaphuka ngemva kokufa, kushiye igobolondo eliqinile noma uhlaka lwamathambo; izilwane ezinohlaka lwamathambo abuthakathaka njengezinambuzane nezimfanzi, mancane amathuba okuba zife. , izibonelo ezimbili zezinsalela zomzimba, amathambo namazinyo, ziyizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezinsalela.
ukulandelela izinsalela
Izinsalela zezinsalela zitholakala ikakhulukazi emigwaqweni nasemigodini, kodwa futhi iqukethe ama-coprolites (indle yezinsalela) futhi izinsalela ezisele ngesikhathi sokuphakelwa, izinsalela zokulandelela zibaluleke kakhulu njengoba zihlanganisa umthombo wedatha ongakhawulelwe ezilwaneni ezinezingxenye eziqinile ezingaba namandla. kube lula futhi kubonise ukuziphatha kwezilwane.
Izinsalela eziningi zokulandela umkhondo zivela ngaphambi kwesikhathi kakhulu kunezinsalela zomzimba zezilwane okukholakala ukuthi zazenza, nokho ukuphindisela okuqondile kwezinsalela zomkhondo kubenzi bazo ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka, imikhondo ingase, ngokwesibonelo, inikeze ubufakazi bokuqala bokubonakala kwemvelo ngokusesilinganisweni. izilwane eziyinkimbinkimbi (eziqhathaniswa nezibungu zomhlaba).
ama-macrofossils
Ama-macrofossil abamba izinto eziphilayo ezilondoloziwe ezingabonwa ngaphandle kwesidingo se-microscope, ama-macrofossil ezitshalo ahlanganisa amaqabunga, izinaliti, izigaxa, nezinsalela zesiqu, futhi angasetshenziswa ukukhomba izinhlobo zezitshalo ezake zamila endaweni.
Idatha enjalo ye-botanical macrofossil inikeza ukuhambisana okubalulekile kwempova nedatha yezilwane engasetshenziswa ukwakha kabusha indawo yangaphambi komlando wasemhlabeni, ama-macrofossil olwelwe (isb., ulwelwe olunsundu, ulethisi wasolwandle, nama-stromatolite amakhulu) kuya ngokuya kusetshenziswa. izimiso zemvelo.
Ama-macrofossil ezilwane ahlanganisa amazinyo, ama-skulls, namathambo ezilwane ezinomgogodla, kanye nezinsalela ezingenamgogodla njengamagobolondo, ukuhlolwa, izikhali zezilwane, nama-exoskeletons, ubulongwe obuyi-fossil (okungukuthi, ama-coprolites) nawo angama-macrofossils.
ama-microfossil
Ama-Microfossils ayizinsalela ezincane zamabhaktheriya, abaculi, isikhunta, izilwane nezitshalo, ama-microfossil ayiqembu elihlukahlukene lezinsalela ezitholakala njengendlela eyodwa, ngoba amamodeli wamadwala kufanele acutshungulwe ngezindlela ezithile ukuze awasuse futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe i-microscopes ukuze uwafunde. .
Ngakho-ke, ama-microfossils, ngokungafani nezinye Izinhlobo Zamathambo, aziqoqwa ngokobudlelwane bazo komunye nomunye, kodwa ngenxa nje yobukhulu bazo ngokuvamile obuncane kanye nezindlela zabo zokutadisha, isibonelo, izinsalela zamagciwane, i-foraminifera, i-diatom, amagobolondo noma amathambo ezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezincane kakhulu, impova, namathambo amancane. namazinyo ezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinkulu, phakathi kokunye, angase abizwe ngokuthi ama-microfossils.
Akhiqizwa kanjani amathambo?
Izinsalela zamathambo zakhiwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa eziningi zakhiwa lapho isitshalo noma isilwane sifa endaweni enamanzi futhi sigqitshwe odakeni nodaka, izicubu ezithambile zibhidlika ngokushesha kusale amathambo aqinile noma amagobolondo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inzika inqwabelana phezulu futhi iqina ibe yidwala.
Njengoba amathambo amboziwe ebola, amaminerali aphuma ngokushintsha ingqamuzana lezinto eziphilayo ngeseli ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "petrification", kungenjalo, amathambo angase abole ngokuphelele ashiye uhlaka lwento ephilayo, isikhala esisele ngemuva singagcwaliswa ngamaminerali futhi umfuziselo wamatshe womzimba.
Izitho ezithambile zangaphakathi, imisipha, nesikhumba kuphuka ngokushesha futhi akuvamile ukulondolozwa, kodwa amathambo ezilwane namagobolondo kuyizinto ezinhle zokuthi zivuthwe. I-fossilization ingenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene:
Okwezimbiwa
Amaminerali ashintsha kancane kancane izingxenye zomzimba kuze kube yilapho konke okusele kuyinsalela eyenziwe ngamaminerali aqinile, lokhu kuyindlela ekhethekile yokubunjwa nokubunjwa kwesikhunta, uma i-chemistry ilungile umzimba ungasebenza njenge-nucleus yokukhipha amaminerali afana ne-siderite, okuholela ekutheni i-nodule nxazonke.
Isikhunta kanye Nesikhunta
Isikhunta kanye nezibunjwa ezinye Izinhlobo Zamathambo umzimba, isikhunta umbono oshiywe igobolondo lohlaka lwamathambo oluqinile edwaleni elizungezile, njengamathambo e-dinosaur angcwatshwe ngaphansi kwezingqimba eziningi ze-sediment, isikhunta singaba sangaphakathi noma sangaphandle.
Kukhona isikhunta sangaphakathi ngaphansi kwegobolondo esishiywe phezu kwedwala esakhiwa lapho isihlabathi noma udaka lugcwala ngaphakathi kwegobolondo, isikhunta sangaphandle singaphandle kwegobolondo, isikhathi ngasinye lapho igobolondo noma ithambo liphuka. idwala, lishiya isikhunta sangaphandle ngemuva.
Izifanekiso zesikhunta zaziwa ngokuthi isikhunta, esingase senzeke ngokwemvelo lapho isikhala esishiywe ngemva kokususwa kwesikhunta sigcwala i-sediment, izazi ze-paleontologists zingaphinde zikhiqize isikhunta esibunjwe ngerabha ye-latex noma i-plasticine ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinsalela.
Kumiselela
Ukushintshwa kwenzeka lapho igobolondo, ithambo noma esinye isicubu sithathelwa indawo enye amaminerali, kwezinye izimo ukushintshwa kwamaminerali ongqimba lokuqala kwenzeka kancane kancane futhi ngesilinganiso esincane kangangokuthi izici ze-microstructural zigcinwa, naphezu kokulahlekelwa okuphelele kwezinto zokuqala.
I-coating kuthiwa i-recrystallized lapho i-aggregates eyodwa yamathambo isekhona, kodwa ngendlela ye-crystalline ngaphandle kwe-aragonite ukuze i-calcite.
Ukucindezela
Izinsalela zokucindezela, ezifana nama-ferns, akhiqizwa ukuncishiswa kwamakhemikhali ama-molecule e-organic eyinkimbinkimbi akha izicubu zomzimba, kulokhu i-fossil iqukethe into yokuqala, nakuba isesimweni esishintshiwe ngokwe-geochemically, le khemikhali yoshintsho iwuphawu lwe-diagenesis. .
Izingibe zokulondoloza
Ngenxa yobudala bayo, okuhlukile okungalindelekile ekushintsheni izicubu zomzimba ngokunciphisa ngamakhemikhali ama-molecule e-organic eyinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi se-petrifaction kwaba ukutholakala kwezicubu ezithambile ezinsalela ze-dinosaur, okuhlanganisa imithambo yegazi, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaprotheni kanye nobufakazi bezingcezwana ezitholakala emanzini. Isakhiwo se-DNA, kubonakala sengathi akukho ukuhlobana phakathi kweminyaka yobudala kanye nezinga lokulondolozwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi.
Yini esingayifunda emivubukulweni?
Ukuqoqwa kwezinsalela kudala kusukela okungenani ekuqaleni komlando, izinsalela ngokwazo zaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlola izinsalela, izinsalela zazingomunye wemithombo yokuqala yedatha esekelwe ocwaningweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi isaqhubeka iphawuleka emlandweni wokuphila Emhlabeni. , izazi ze-paleontology zizama ngomlando wezinsalela ukuze ziqonde inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zazo.
I-Biostratigraphy
Irekhodi lezinsalela kanye nokulandelana kwezilwane kwakha isisekelo sesayensi ye-biostratigraphy noma ukuguga kwedwala elisekelwe ezintweni ezimbiwa phansi ehlanganiswe, eminyakeni yokuqala eyi-150, i-geology, i-biostratigraphy kanye ne-superposition kwaba ukuphela kwendlela yokunquma iminyaka ehlobene yamadwala, umugqa wesikhathi we-geologic wathuthukiswa. ngokusekelwe eminyakeni ehlobene ye-rock strata, njengoba kuchazwe izazi ze-paleontologist zakuqala kanye nama-stratigrapher.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Besebenzisa izinsalela ezitholakele, izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zakha kabusha izibonelo zokuguquguquka okukhulu kokuziphendukela kwemvelo esimweni kanye nokusebenza, isibonelo, umhlathi ongezansi wezilwane ezihuquzelayo uqukethe amathambo amaningana, kodwa lelo lezilwane ezincelisayo elilodwa kuphela, amanye amathambo emhlathini wesilwane esihuquzelayo avela ngokungangabazeki emathanjeni manje atholakala ku- indlebe yezilwane ezincelisayo.
i-DNA yezinto eziphilayo
Kuze kube muva nje, ukubuyiswa nokuhlaziywa kolwazi lofuzo olufakwe ekulandeleni kwe-DNA yasendulo evela ezinsalela ze-Pleistocene kwakungenakwenzeka, intuthuko yakamuva kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana inikeze amathuluzi obuchwepheshe ukuze bathole ukulandelana kwe-DNA yasendulo emivubukulweni ye-Quaternary egcinwe kahle futhi kwavula amathuba okutadisha ngokuqondile izakhi zofuzo. izinguquko ezinhlobonhlobo zezinsalela zokubhekana nemibuzo ehlukahlukene yezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-paleontological.
Izifundo ze-DNA yasendulo ezibandakanya izinto ezimbiwa phansi ze-Pleistocene kanye nokucekelwa phansi nokugcinwa kwe-DNA yasendulo kuma-Quaternary deposits kuyabuyekezwa.
Aqoqwa kanjani amathambo?
Ukuqoqwa kwezinsalela ngezinye izikhathi ngomqondo ongewona owesayensi, ukuzingela izinsalela zasendulo kuyiqoqo lezinsalela zocwaningo, izinto zokuzilibazisa, noma ukuze uthole inzuzo, ukuqoqwa kwezinsalela, njengomkhuba wokuzilibazisa, kungumanduleli we-paleontology yesimanje futhi abaningi basaqoqa izinsalela kanye nezinsalela zokutadisha njengabathandi bokuzijabulisa. , ochwepheshe nabathanda ukuzilibazisa baqoqa izinsalela zensalela ngenani lazo lesayensi.
izibonelo zamathambo
Izindlela ezihlukene eziphilayo ezilondolozwa ngayo zinikeza izinsalela izici ezihlukahlukene, ake sihlole izibonelo ezithile zokuthi izinsalela zingakheka kanjani.
Lucia
Yigama lenkathi yohlaka lwamathambo e-Upper Paleolithic kowesifazane wasePaleoindian owatholwa emhumeni eBrazil, uhlaka lwamathambo oluneminyaka engu-11500 lwatholakala emhumeni eBelo Horizonte, eBrazil, ngo-1974 ngumvubukuli u-Annette Laming-Amperer. Isiteketiso "Lucia" sihlonipha i-Australopithecus fossil "Lucy".
I-Triceratops
I-Triceratops yayiyi-dinosaur enkulu evela e- Isikhathi seMesozoic, eyayifinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayishumi namamitha amane ukuphakama futhi inesisindo esingamathani ayishumi nambili, futhi ukuze ivikele ubukhulu bayo obukhulu, i-triceratops yayinezimpondo ezingamamitha amabili noqhwaku olucijile, njengopholi, owawunamandla amakhulu okuluma, izinsalela zezilwane. "ubuso obunezimpondo ezintathu," njengoba igama layo lesiLatini livame ukuhunyushwa, lisuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezintathu zokugcina zenkathi yeCretaceous.
I-Archeopteryx lithographic
Yinyoni encane yangaphambi komlando, eyayikhona cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu edlule ngesikhathi seJurassic, ngenxa yalokho, ithathwa abaningi njengenyoni endala kunazo zonke eyaziwayo.
I-Archeopteryx yabelana ngezici ze-theropod dinosaurs nezinyoni zesimanje, ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi iyinsalela yesikhashana phakathi kwezinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezisondelene kakhulu nama-theropod dinosaurs amancane kunezinyoni zesimanje.
Kodwa-ke, umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo we-Archeopteryx awukaze ube lula kangako, ubulokhu uphikisana kakhulu esikhathini esidlule, futhi uhlala uyingxenye ebalulekile yezimpikiswano eziningi zesayensi mayelana nemvelaphi nokuziphendukela kwezinyoni.
I-Gondwanagaricites magnificus
Ifaka ukhunta omdala wezinsalela kuze kube yimanje kanye nesikhunta sokuqala sezinsalela zasendulo esivela ezwekazini elikhulu lase-Gondwana, emi cishe amayintshi amabili namayintshi amabili ubude futhi sikhula eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyikhulu neshumi nanhlanu edlule (inkathi yakudala yaseCretaceous) endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi enyakatho-mpumalanga ukusuka eBrazil.
i-diploria strigosa
I-Pleistocene fossil reef egcinwe kahle futhi evezwe kahle, ehlanganisa imibhede engambedelwe noma engalele kahle, ingahlelwanga kahle, emahhadlahhadla, ama-aragonitic fossiliferous limestones (agayiwe futhi ahlelwe), amelela amadiphozithi angashoni olwandle ezindaweni zamadwala namadwala.
Ilungu le-Cockburn Town reef facies liqala ngomcimbi we-sea level plateau (Early Late Pleistocene), amakhorali angosuku olutholakala endaweni yaseCockburn Town yobudala obusuka ku-114 kuya ku-127 ka.
I-Trilobite Ellipsocephalus hoffii
Olunye lwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu e-Bohemian Cambrian i-Ellipsocephalus hoffii, eyaqala ukuchazwa futhi yaboniswa ngo-1823, iyi-trilobite ebukeka ilula ene-cephalon ecishiwe ngokulingene, ama-exoskeleton aphelele ale trilobite maningi ezinkathini ezithile ze-Jnce Fm, trilobites lapha. zigcinwa njengesikhunta sangaphakathi, ngokuvamile esingcoliswe kakhulu nge-limonite ephuzi, ku-shale enodaka oluluhlaza ngokumpunga.
Izinsalela zamanga noma ama-pseudofossils
Izinsalela ezingamanga ziyizinto zemvelo ezibukeka njengezinsalela zamathambo kodwa ezingezona izinsalela, ezinye izinsalela namaminerali ngokuvamile kwenziwa iphutha njengezinsalela.
Ngeshwa ezinye izinsalela azilondolozwanga kahle kanti ezinye izinto esizibiza ngezinsalela aziyona nhlobo imivubukulo, ukuthakasela kwethu izinsalela kanye nalokho ezikumelelayo ngezinye izikhathi kungase kusenze “sibone” esifuna ukukubona kunokuthi sibone lokho empeleni.
Ezinye zezimpi zesayensi ezishube kakhulu kube mayelana nokuhlonzwa okufanele kwezinto abanye abazibheka njengezinsalela zangempela kanti abanye babhekwa njengezinsalela zomgunyathi. izinto okuthi, naphezu kwezimangalo ezihlukahlukene, okungenzeka noma kungabi izinsalela zangempela.
