Kulesi sihloko sizobona ifayela le- izinhlobo zezulu ezenzeka nsuku zonke ngenxa yezinhlelo zezulu zomhlaba. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zesimo sezulu ezahlukene emhlabeni wethu, okuhlanganisa imvula, iqhwa, umoya, inkungu nelanga.
Abantu abaningi bathola izinsuku ezinelanga zimnandi, ngokungabi bikho Amafu, ilanga lingakhanya futhi linikeze imfudumalo. Nokho, usuku olunelanga akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi kuyashisa, amazinga okushisa abandayo nomoya kungaba khona ngezinsuku ezinelanga.
Ngosuku oluguqubele, imisebe yelanga ayikwazi ukufika emhlabeni. Nokho, kusengashisa ngosuku oluguqubele ngenxa yokuthi ifu lingakwazi ukubamba ukushisa eduze nomhlabathi.Cishe njalo, imvula ihlotshaniswa namafu, ifu limane nje liyinqwaba yomhwamuko wamanzi. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lehla, umhwamuko wamanzi osefwini uyaphola futhi uhlangane ube amathonsi emvula.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesimo Sezulu
Isimo sezulu sendawo siwukuhlanganisa izimo zemvelo (umhlabathi, izimila, isimo sezulu, njll.) eziye zavela lapho isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuhilela okumaphakathi kwezinto zesimo sezulu kanye nezilinganiso zokuhlukahluka (njengamanani adlulele namathuba).
Kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokuhlukanisa izimo zezulu. Izindawo zokuqina kwezitshalo ezivame ukushicilelwa ngamaphakethe embewu ziyindlela yokuhlanganisa isimo sezulu somhlaba. Leyo ndlela isekelwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi ebusika, kodwa ukusizakala kwayo kulinganiselwe ngoba ibalazwe elihle lesimo sezulu kufanele lihlanganise izinkomba zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu esingaphezu kokukodwa.
Ngalokhu kuhlukaniswa kungenzeka kube semthethweni kwezinhlelo eziqaphela, ezicacisa futhi zibe lula ukufana kwesimo sezulu kanye nomehluko phakathi kwezindawo zendawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqonda kwesayensi kwesimo sezulu, izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa zisekelwe emizamweni ehlukanisa futhi iqoqe inani elikhulu lezemvelo. idatha yokuthola amaphethini phakathi kwezinqubo zesimo sezulu ezisebenzisanayo.
Zonke lezi zigaba zilinganiselwe ngokuthi azikho izindawo ezimbili ezingaphansi kwamandla afanayo angokwenyama noma ezinto eziphilayo ngendlela efanayo ncamashi, ukudala uhlelo olulodwa lwesimo sezulu kulandela indlela yofuzo noma yokuhlola.
Izici Zokulawula Isimo Sezulu
Isimo sezulu sanoma iyiphi indawo ethile sithonywa izinto eziningi ezisebenzisanayo. Lezi zici ziyizi:
- Ububanzi
- Ukuphakama
- amanzi aseduze
- Imisinga ye-Ocean
- Ukuma kwendawo yendlela
- Izimila
- imimoya enamandla
Isimiso sezulu somhlaba wonke nanoma yiziphi izinguquko ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwaso nazo zinethonya isimo sezulu sendawo.
amaphethini sezulu
Iphethini yesimo sezulu yenzeka lapho isimo sezulu sihlala izinsuku noma amasonto ngesikhathi. Amaphethini wesimo sezulu ahlotshaniswa nezinkathi ezine zonyaka: ihlobo, ubusika, intwasahlobo, nekwindla.
izimila kanye nesimo sezulu
Izimila zihlanganisa zonke izitshalo, kusukela emahlathini ahlala eluhlaza kuya ezindaweni ezinotshani nasemapulazini, zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo zidlala indima kukho kokubili umjikelezo wamanzi kanye nokulingana kwamandla omhlaba. Zithinta isimo sezulu futhi zibe nomthelela ekuhlukaniseni kwazo ikakhulukazi nge-evapotranspiration.
Ngezimila ezihlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-20 eplanethi yethu. Nokho, kuyamangaza ukuthi zingaki izitshalo ezithinta isimo sezulu, izitshalo zicubungula futhi zikhiphe umhwamuko wamanzi (odingekayo ekwakhekeni kwamafu), zimunce futhi zikhiphe amandla asetshenziswa ukushayela isimo sezulu.
Izitshalo nazo zikhiqiza i-microclimate yazo ngokulawula Izinga lokushisa kanye Nomswakama ukuthi ngokushesha azungeze amaqabunga awo ngokusebenzisa ukuphefumula. Izitshalo eziningi zasehlathini nenhlabathi zinemisebe ephansi kakhulu futhi zimunca amandla amaningi. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo azifaki isandla ekufudumaleni konke ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa okweqile kuqedwa ukupholisa okuhwamukayo okuvela ekujulukeni.
I-Holdridge Life Zone Classification System
Umsebenzi ka-Holdridge uhlose ukuhlobanisa ukwakheka kwezitshalo zomhlaba nedatha elula yesimo sezulu, uhlelo oluhlanganisa zonke izici eziyinhloko zezemvelo emazingeni amathathu okulandelana kwezigaba.
Izinga I - The Life Zone
Lokhu kunqunywa ububanzi obuthile bobuningi bemvula emaphakathi yesikhathi eside yonyaka, isilinganiso sonyaka se-biotemperature, kanye nesilinganiso esingaba khona sokuphefumula kwe-evapotranspiration. Lezi ziguqulelwe kumasistimu e-montane.
Izinga II - Inhlangano
Lena indawo yezwe, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaguquki, esekela umphakathi wemvelo ohlukile oguqulelwe ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kububanzi obuthile obuncane bezimo zomoya. Akukho ukuhlotshaniswa okungenzeka endaweni yokuphila engaphezu kweyodwa.
Izinga III - Isigaba esilandelayo
Okwaziwa nangokuthi uhlobo lwe-hedge, okucabangela ukuthi umphakathi ungase ungabi esimweni sakho sezulu.
Izici Zezinhlobo Zesimo Sezulu
Izindawo ezishisayo zivame ukuba seduze nenkabazwe. Isimo sezulu siyashisa lapho ngoba ukukhanya kweLanga yikho ngqo enkabazwe, kanti iNorth neSouth Poles ipholile ngoba ukukhanya nokushisa kweLanga yikona okuqondile kakhulu lapho. Nazi izinhlobo zesimo sezulu nezici zazo:
Izinhlobo Zesimo Sezulu
Izigaba zabo bezisekelwe ezingeni lokushisa, inani lemvula, nezikhathi zonyaka lapho imvula iba khona. Izigaba zaphinde zathonywa i-latitude yesifunda - imigqa ecatshangwayo esetshenziselwa ukukala uMhlaba wethu ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu ukusuka enkabazwe.
Namuhla, izazi zezulu zihlukanisa uMhlaba ube yizinhlobo ezinhlanu zesimo sezulu ezibalwe ngezansi:
Tropical
Kule ndawo eshisayo, enomswakama, amazinga okushisa anesilinganiso esingaphezu kuka-64°F (18°C) unyaka wonke futhi kunamayintshi angaphezu kuka-59 wamayintshi emvula unyaka ngamunye.
Kunemvula eningi ngenxa yokuphakama okuma mpo okusebenzayo noma ukuhanjiswa komoya okwenzeka lapho futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuduma kwezulu kungaba khona nsuku zonke.
Nokho, leli bhande lisathola ukukhanya kwelanga okukhulu futhi, njengoba lina kakhulu, linikeza izimo ezikahle zokukhula kwezimila eziluhlaza.Izifunda eziyinhloko ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo i-Amazon Basin eBrazil, iCongo Basin eNtshonalanga Afrika nase-Indonesia.
Ihlathi lemvula noma isimo sezulu esinemvula enkabazwe
Amazinga okushisa ehlathi lemvula aphakeme unyaka wonke, amazinga okushisa onyaka ngokuvamile afinyelela ku-28°C futhi abonisa ukuhluka okuncane kwansuku zonke.
Isimo sezulu se-Tropical monsoon noma i-subequatorial
Ama-monsoon yizwe nomoya wasolwandle ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokungafani nesimo sezulu senkabazwe esiswakeme, isimo sezulu semonsoon sibonakala ngezinkathi ezihlukile ezimanzi nezomile ezihambisana nokuphenduka kwemimoya yezinkathi ezithile zonyaka.
Izikhukhula ngenkathi yemvula kanye nesomiso senkathi eyomile zivamile. Ngokuvamile, kunezinkathi ezintathu zonyaka, okuyizi: ihlobo, ubusika kanye nenkathi yemvula.
I-savannah eshisayo noma isimo sezulu esishisayo emanzi
Isimo sezulu sase-savanna sibonakala ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Amazinga okushisa avamise ukuhlala ngaphezu kuka-0°C ezindaweni eziningi ze-savanna, isici esiphawuleka kakhulu ezifundeni ze-savanna imvula yezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, ekhonya phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu zenkathi yasehlobo.
Imininingwane yesimo sezulu ikhombisa ukuthi cishe wonke ama-savannah asezifundeni ezinamazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-15°C kuya ku-25°C kanye nemvula yonyaka engu-81 cm.
Umile
Lezi zindawo zesimo sezulu zome kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi umswakama uhwamuka ngokushesha emoyeni futhi kuba nemvula encane kakhulu. I Isimo sezulu esomile ukugeleza kwamanzi angcolile ohlelweni lokukhucululwa kwendle, ngesikhathi sezulu esomile lapho kungenelwa khona kancane, izinhlelo zokukhuculula indle zithembele kumandla adonsela phansi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi okuqinile noketshezi kuyaqhubeka endleleni eya ezindaweni zokuhlanza.
Isimo sezulu esogwadule noma esogwadule
Izingwadule ezomile ezine-latitude ephansi zitholakala phakathi kobubanzi obungu-15º ukuya ku-30º. Yilapho umoya oshisayo nowomile ushona khona ezindaweni ezinomfutho omkhulu, izingwadule zangempela zakha cishe amaphesenti angu-12 omhlaba womhlaba.
isimo sezulu esimaphakathiáewugwadule noma asemaqeleni
Izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esomile zimele uhlobo lwesimo sezulu sesibili esomile emhlabeni ngemuva kwezingwadule. Ezaziwa ngesimo sezulu esomile nesomile, isimo sezulu esomile ngokuvamile zithola imvula ephindwe kabili kunezindawo eziwugwadule, kufika kuma-intshi angu-20 ngonyaka.
Omnene
Izimo zezulu ezipholile zinebanga elikhulu lamazinga okushisa kunesimo sezulu esishisayo futhi zingabandakanya ukuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Lezo zimo zezulu, ezibonakala ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi lasebusika, zitholakala eningizimu yeTropic of Capricorn (eParaguay, izingxenye zeBolivia, Brazil, Argentina, naseChile).
Isimo sezulu saseMedithera
Isimo sezulu saseMedithera isimo sezulu esinehlobo elomile elishisayo, kanye nobusika obupholile noma obuthambile obunemvula ephakathi kuya phezulu. Kuhlanganisa nesimo sezulu sengxenye enkulu yezwe eduze noLwandle iMedithera.
Ngaphandle kweMedithera, lesi simo sezulu sitholakala ezindaweni ezincane kuphela, ezitholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezicishe zibe phakathi kwe-latitudes engu-30° ukuya ku-45° enyakatho naseningizimu yenkabazwe.
Isimo sezulu sase-Ocean noma esipholile
Izimo zezulu zase-Oceanic zidalwe amaphethini omoya amabili, i-jet stream kanye ne-Gulf Stream, i-jet stream evunguza emhlabeni wonke ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga.
Isimo sezulu solwandle singesinye sezinhlobo zezulu, esibuye sibizwe ngokuthi yisimo sezulu sasolwandle. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokukhomba isimo sezulu solwandle:
- Azikho eziningi izinhlobo zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu phakathi kwehlobo nobusika, izinkathi zonyaka azibandi, ihlobo liyabanda, nobusika buyabanda kodwa abubanda kakhulu.
- Imvula neqhwa unyaka wonke ngaphandle kwenkathi eyomile.
- Amafu amaningi.
Isimo sezulu esipholile se-Subhumid
Ibuswa uquqaba lomoya we-tropical kanye ne-polar, i-mid-latitudes ingaphansi kweziphepho; Imvula eningi kuleli bhande isuka ekukhuphukeni komoya oswakeme eduze kwalezi zishingishane.
yezwekazi
Isimo sezulu sasezwekazini siwuhlobo lwesimo sezulu lapho kunomehluko omkhulu wokushisa wesizini, singachazwa njengesimo sezulu esijwayelekile sesikhathi eside njengomfutho womoya, izinga lokushisa, umoya, imvula kanye nomswakama okwenzeka endaweni ethile.
isimo sezulu esipholile sezwekazi
Izimo zezulu ezipholile zezwekazi zitholakala emazwenikazi aseNyakatho nenkabazwe phakathi kuka-40 kuya ku-70 degrees, lezi zindawo zilawulwa ukuthi azikho eduze nolwandle lapho amazinga okushisa elinganisa khona.
Isimo sezulu se-subpolar
Isimo sezulu se-subpolar sitholakala kuphela eNyakatho Nenkabazwe ngoba akukho mhlaba omkhulu endaweni eyi-latitude efanayo eNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Njengesimo sezulu esinomswakama wezwekazi, izwekazi lidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izici zesimo sezulu esingaphansi komhlaba.
polar
Isimo sezulu esimaphakathi somile kanti ezinye izindawo zinemvula engaphansi kuka-250mm ngonyaka, amazinga okushisa aphansi aze afike ku-10°C.
Isimo sezulu se-tundra polar
Esinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo zesimo sezulu umoya oqinile, ongafinyelela amakhilomitha angu-60 ngehora futhi ungalokothi ungabi khona, ngoba kunezihlahla zokudiliza umoya, esinye isici esivelele se-tundra ukuntuleka kwemvula.
Isimo sezulu esibandayo noma esibandayo
Ukuze babone umlando wesimo sezulu wesikhathi eside, ososayensi bangamba futhi bakhiphe amaqhwa eqhweni nasezingosini zeqhwa.” Lesi simo sezulu senzeka ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi ePeru, eCanada, eGreenland, e-Antarctica, eYurophu nase-Asia.
